Use of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene as compatibilizer for HDPE-tapioca starch blends: Effects on mechanical properties

Tapioca starch in both glycerol-plasticized and in unplasticized states was blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using HDPE-g-maleic anhydride as the compatibilizer. The impact and tensile properties of the blends were measured according to ASTM methods. The results reveal that blends containing plasticized starch have better mechanical properties than those containing unplasticized starch. High values of elongation at break at par with those of virgin HDPE could be obtained for blends, even with high loading of plasticized starch. Morphological studies by SEM microscopy of impact-fractured specimens of such blends revealed a ductile fracture, unlike blends with unplasticized starch at such high loadings, which showed brittle fracture, even with the addition of compatibilizer. In general, blends of HDPE and plasticized starch with added compatibilizer show better mechanical properties than similar blends containing unplasticized starch. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Formulation development and evaluation of lamivudine controlled release tablets using cross-linked sago starch

Objectives: Modified starches based polymeric substances find utmost applicability in pharmaceutical formulation development. Cross-linked starches showed very promising results in drug delivery application. The present investigation concerns with the development of controlled release tablets of lamivudine using cross-linked sago starch. Methods: The cross-linked derivative was synthesized with phosphorous oxychloride and native sago starch in basic pH medium. The cross-linked sago starch was tested for acute toxicity and drug-excipient compatibility study. The formulated tablets were evaluated for various physical characteristics, in vitro dissolution release study and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbit model. Results: In vitro release study showed that the optimized formulation exhibited highest correlation (R) in case of zero order kinetic model and the release mechanism followed a combination of diffusion and erosion process. There was a significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters (T-max, C-max, AUC, V-d, T-1/2, and MDT) of the optimized formulation as compared to the marketed conventional tablet Lamivir (R). Conclusion: The cross-linked starch showed promising results in terms of controlling the release behavior of the active drug from the matrix. The hydrophilic matrix synthesized by cross-linking could be used with a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients for making their controlled/sustained release formulations.

Nanocomposites of crosslinked starch phthalate and silane modified nanoclay: Study of mechanical, thermal, morphological, and biodegradable characteristics

Biodegradable composites comprising of modified starch and modified nanoclay have been prepared. Starch has been modified by esterification and subsequently crosslinked. The thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation characteristics of the composites have been investigated. The compressive properties of the composites with the addition of nanoclay were twice that of crosslinked starch phthalate without addition of nanoclay. Predictive theories were used to analyze the obtained experimental results. SEM studies on fracture morphology indicated quasi-brittle fracture. Flexural properties showed considerable improvement due to nanoclay addition. The water uptake increased up to 6% nanoclay, beyond which the uptake decreased. Biodegradation studies showed an initial time lag prior to the onset of degradation.

Evaluation of microwave assisted grafted sago starch as controlled release polymeric carrier

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to develop a new co-polymeric material for controlled release tablet formulations. The acrylamide grafting was successfully performed on the backbone of sago starch. The modified starch was tested for acute toxicity and drug-excipient compatibility study. The grafted material was used in making of controlled release tablets of lamivudine. The formulations were evaluated for physical characteristics such as hardness, friability, %drug content and weight variations. The in vitro release study showed that the optimized formulation exhibited highest correlation (R) value in case of Higuchi model and the release mechanism of the optimized formulation predominantly exhibited combination of diffusion and erosion process. There was a significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters (T-max, C-max, AUC, V-d, T-1/2 and MDT) of the optimized formulation as compared to the marketed conventional tablet Lamivir (R) was observed. The pharmacokinetics parameters were showed controlled pattern and better bioavailability. The optimized formulation exhibited good stability and release profile at the accelerated stability conditions. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cross-linked Chitosan/Thermoplastic Starch Reinforced with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Maleate Esters as Coupling Agent: Mechanical, Tribological and Thermal Characteristics

Bio-nanocomposites have been developed using cross-linked chitosan and cross-linked thermoplastic starch along with acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT). The nanocomposites developed were characterized for mechanical, wear, and thermal properties. The results revealed that the nanocomposites exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. The composites containing 3% f-MWCNT showed maximum compression strength. Tribological studies revealed that, with the addition of small amount of f-MWCNTs the slide wear loss reduced up to 25%. SEM analysis of the nanocomposites showed predominantly brittle fractured surface. Thermal analysis showed that the incorporation of f-MWCNTs has improved the thermal stability for the nanocomposites.

Evaluación y adaptación de diez variedades de maíz (Zea mays L.) en la zona de Jalapa

La evaluación de los cultivares se realizó con el propósito de evaluar la adaptabilidad y rendimiento de 10 variedades de maíz y contribuir al incremento a la producción de maíz. El presente estudio se desarrollo en el Centro de Enseñanza Técnico Agropecuario (CETA-Jalapa), del municipio de Jalapa, departamento de Nueva Segovia, en la comarca La Angélica a 4 kilómetros de la ciudad de Jalapa, se estableció un diseño en Bloques Completamente Azar con tres Repeticiones y 10 Tratamiento cada uno; los factores en estudio fueron 10 cultivares híbridos de maíz (ACX-945 Y, ACX-844 Y, BILLY No 1, BIG TIME, 844, 8100 Y, 8101 WAC, PRIMA X, NUTRINTA AMARILLO y TLAYOLLY) las mismas fueron introducidas por el INTA, siendo estas, variedades dulces color amarillo de porte bajo, exceptuando la variedad TLAYOLLY que es una variedad de grano blanco y de porte alto. Los datos obtenidos fueron objeto de un análisis de variancia (ANDEVA) y separación de medias (Tukey = 0.05 %). Los cultivares evaluados presentaron diferencias en la mayorías de las variables evaluadas, como peso de la mazorca, alturas de planta, precocidad y área foliar, la variedades TLAYOLLY y NUTRINTA AMARILLO, fueron estadísticamente iguales en el rendimiento, pero cuantitativamente la variedad TLAYOLLY superó al testigo con 7069.50 kg/ha. El cultivar TLAYOLLY demostró adaptación durante este periodo a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona del municipio de Jalapa, producto de varios factores que influyeron en ese momento tales como: altura de planta, precocidad tardía y mayor área foliar, todo esto unido al buen manejo agronómico y semilla de buena calidad, sin embargo se necesitan realizar más estudios y así validar otras variables para ver totalmente su adaptabilidad en las zonas húmedas, ya que no se tomaron en cuenta, en este momento por ser las primeras evaluaciones que se realiza en la zona con estos cultivares.

Determinación preliminar de daños causados por gorgojos descortezadores en bosques de pinos del municipio de Jalapa Nueva Segovia, primer trimestre del año 2001

La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de documentar los antecedentes y determinar las pérdidas causadas por el presente brote de insectos descortezadores en el bosque de pinos de Jalapa. El presente brote inició sus manifestaciones en Octubre 1999 afectando un área aproximada de 30 hectáreas, prosiguiendo su actividad durante los años 2000 y 2001. Las primeras afectaciones graves se detectaron en la zona norte del municipio de Jalapa, particularmente en la comunidad de Teotecacinte causando daños en los bosques de pinos de las cooperativas Efraín Briones, Héroes y Mártires y Villa Quezada. En Teotecacinte, en Marzo del año 2000 se reportaron 1128 hectáreas afectadas, de las cuales 350 se consideran como dañadas. Para finales del mismo año la distribución y daño causados por el brote de descortezadores alcanzó gran magnitud. Al mes de Marzo, 2001, a escala nacional, las áreas afectadas por los descortezadores se estimaron en 7429 hectáreas, y a nivel especifico del municipio de Jalapa, el mas afectado por el brote, de un total aproximado de 23 062 hectáreas de bosque de pino, 5713 hectáreas se reportaron afectadas. Dentro de las áreas afectadas, cinco especies de descortezadores fueron reconocidas: Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus mexicanus, Dendroctonus valens,Ips grandicollis e Ips calligraphus.

Valoración económica de la afectación por descortezadores en cuatro comunidades de Jalapa, Nueva Segovia, 1999-2001

Se hizo una valoración económica de la afectación por descortezadores en las comunidades El Limón, Teotecacinte,br /Macaralí y Aranjuez, tomando como sujetos de estudio socios de las cooperativas forestales agrupadas en la Central de Cooperativas Forestales de Jalapa (CECOFOR). La metodología del estudio se baso en encuestas. En Jalapa se perdieronbr /17 000 ha de pino, lo que representa 85 % del área de pinos del municipio, con pérdidas económicas potenciales por más de cien millones de dólares. Los sectores más afectados fueron los madereros / transportistas, dueños de bosques y dueños de aserríos. Las comunidades más afectadas fueron Teotecacinte y Macaralí, con pérdidas de 96 y 84 % respectivamente de las áreas, con un potencial de perdida aproximado de cinco y cuatro millones de dólares, respectivamente, en concepto de madera y fijación de carbono. La menor afectación se dio en las comunidades El Limón y Aranjuez. La economía diaria de los dueños de bosques no se considera fuertemente afectada, ya que a excepción de la comunidad de Macaralí, no dependen exclusivamente del bosque. Los aserríos han disminuido sus utilidades en un 11 %, lo que puede llevar a un cierre parcial o total si siguenbr /disminuyendo, provocando desempleo en el municipio. Sin embargo, el efecto de la plaga ha despertado el interés de muchos organismos cooperantes, lo cual puede ser una oportunidad para el desarrollo del municipio.

Manual for starch gel electrophoresis: A method for the detection of genetic variation

The procedure to conduct horizontal starch gel electrophoresis on enzymes is described in detail. Areas covered are (I) collection and storage of specimens, (2) preparation of tissues, (3) preparation of a starch gel, (4) application of enzyme extracts to a gel, (5) setting up a gel for electrophoresis, (6) slicing a gel, and (7) staining a gel. Recipes are also included for 47 enzyme stains and 3 selected gel buffers. (PDF file contains 26 pages.)

Plastidic Phosphoglucose Isomerase Is an Important Determinant of Starch Accumulation in Mesophyll Cells, Growth, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Biosynthesis of Plastidic Cytokinins in Arabidopsis

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding beta-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic beta-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased beta-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P) H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.

Effect of modified starch on the shelf life of frozen fish Kamaboko with prepared spinach

Fish kamaboko with spinach was prepared by mixing fish kamaboko with spinach prepared with different combinations of ordinary starch (OS) and modified starch (MS), viz., 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 100%) MS and 100% OS. The products were frozen at -40°C and stored at -20°C, and subjected to biochemical (peroxide value, total titratable acidity, pH and moisture) organoleptic (appearance, taste and colour), microbiological (total plate count) and physical (folding and expressible water) tests at monthly intervals. Among the different combinations tried, it was observed that fish kamaboko with spinach prepared with 50:50 and 60:40 combinations of OS and MS could be stored for six months at-20°C.

Effects of crude, semipurified and purified starch of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on the water stability of pelleted shrimp diets

A study was conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of purified, semipurified and crude starch of sago as binders for pelleted shrimp diets. The diet containing semipurified sago starch had the highest water stability (79.1%). The values were nearly the same for the pellets bound with purified and crude sago starch. Reasons for the low binding capacity of purified and crude sago could be that the gel of purified sago is weakened due to purification, and that of the crude sago is due to the spongy material present in the product. Thus, semipurified sago starch is a better source of binder and purified crude sago. From the economic viewpoint, the cost of purified sago is prohibitive for use as binder. Both semipurified and crude sago palm starch are acceptable. Composition of shrimp diets containing various sources of sago palm starch, and binder cost and water stability of shrimp diets containing various sources of sago palm starch tested at 3, 6 and 12 hours, are tabulated.

Gum arabic, carrageenan of various types and sago palm starch as binders in prawn diets

An experiment was undertaken in order to investigate the use of sago palm starch, gum arabic and carrageenans as binders in prawn diets. Water stability data are presented; EPT-2 carrageenan was found to be the best binder for both steamed and unsteamed pellets.