Progression from high insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes does not entail additional visceral adipose tissue inflammation.

Obesity is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammation state. As a consequence, adipose tissue expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines that propagate inflammatory responses systemically elsewhere, promoting whole-body insulin resistance and consequential islet β-cell exhaustation. Thus, insulin resistance is considered the early stage of type 2 diabetes. However, there is evidence of obese individuals that never develop diabetes indicating that the mechanisms governing the association between the increase of inflammatory factors and type 2 diabetes are much more complex and deserve further investigation. We studied for the first time the differences in insulin signalling and inflammatory pathways in blood and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of 20 lean healthy donors and 40 equal morbidly obese (MO) patients classified in high insulin resistance (high IR) degree and diabetes state. We studied the changes in proinflammatory markers and lipid content from serum; macrophage infiltration, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors, activation of kinases involved in inflammation and expression of insulin signalling molecules in VAT. VAT comparison of these experimental groups revealed that type 2 diabetic-MO subjects exhibit the same pro-inflammatory profile than the high IR-MO patients, characterized by elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, STAT3 and NFκB. Our work rules out the assumption that the inflammation should be increased in obese people with type 2 diabetes compared to high IR obese. These findings indicate that some mechanisms, other than systemic and VAT inflammation must be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes in obesity.

Risk of type 2 diabetes according to traditional and emerging anthropometric indices in Spain, a Mediterranean country with high prevalence of obesity: results from a large-scale prospective cohort study.

Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A proper anthropometric characterisation of T2DM risk is essential for disease prevention and clinical risk assessement. Methods: Longitudinal study in 37 733 participants (63% women) of the Spanish EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort without prevalent diabetes. Detailed questionnaire information was collected at baseline and anthropometric data gathered following standard procedures. A total of 2513 verified incident T2DM cases occurred after 12.1 years of mean follow-up. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios of T2DM by levels of anthropometric variables. Results: Overall and central obesity were independently associated with T2DM risk. BMI showed the strongest association with T2DM in men whereas waist-related indices were stronger independent predictors in women. Waist-to-height ratio revealed the largest area under the ROC curve in men and women, with optimal cut-offs at 0.60 and 0.58, respectively. The most discriminative waist circumference (WC) cut-off values were 99.4 cm in men and 90.4 cm in women. Absolute risk of T2DM was higher in men than women for any combination of age, BMI and WC categories, and remained low in normal-waist women. The population risk of T2DM attributable to obesity was 17% in men and 31% in women. Conclusions: Diabetes risk was associated with higher overall and central obesity indices even at normal BMI and WC values. The measurement of waist circumference in the clinical setting is strongly recommended for the evaluation of future T2DM risk in women.

FADD adaptor and PEA-15/ERK1/2 partners in major depression and schizophrenia postmortem brains: Basal contents and effects of psychotropic treatments.

Enhanced brain apoptosis (neurons and glia) may be involved in major depression (MD) and schizophrenia (SZ), mainly through the activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. In the extrinsic death pathway, pro-apoptotic Fas-associated death domain (FADD) adaptor and its non-apoptotic p-Ser194 FADD form have critical roles interacting with other death regulators such as phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15kDa (PEA-15) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The basal status of FADD (protein and messenger RNA (mRNA)) and the effects of psychotropic drugs (detected in blood/urine samples) were first assessed in postmortem prefrontal cortex of MD and SZ subjects (including a non-MD/SZ suicide group). In MD, p-FADD, but not total FADD (and mRNA), was increased (26%, n=24; all MD subjects) as well as p-FADD/FADD ratio (a pro-survival marker) in antidepressant-free MD subjects (50%, n=10). In contrast, cortical FADD (and mRNA), p-FADD, and p-FADD/FADD were not altered in SZ brains (n=21) regardless of antipsychotic medications (except enhanced mRNA in treated subjects). Similar negative results were quantified in the non-MD/SZ suicide group. In MD, the regulation of multifunctional PEA-15 (i.e., p-Ser116 PEA-15 blocks pro-apoptotic FADD and PEA-15 prevents pro-survival ERK action) and the modulation of p-ERK1/2 were also investigated. Cortical p-PEA-15 was not changed whereas PEA-15 was increased mainly in antidepressant-treated subjects (16-20%). Interestingly, cortical p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 ratio was reduced (33%) in antidepressant-free when compared to antidepressant-treated MD subjects. The neurochemical adaptations of brain FADD (increased p-FADD and pro-survival p-FADD/FADD ratio), as well as its interaction with PEA-15, could play a major role to counteract the known activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in MD.

Dosimetria dos cones radiocirúrgicos Radionics de diâmetros de 5 mm a 50 mm para um feixe de 6 MV de um acelerador linear Mevatron MD digital

Os parâmetros dosimétricos de um feixe de raios X de pequeno diâmetro para um sistema de radiocirurgia comercial foram medidos em água com um detector de diodo de Si do tipo p. As razões tecido-máximo, o fator de espalhamento total e os perfis dos feixes a profundidades de 5 e 10 cm foram medidos para 17 feixes de diâmetros circulares de 5 mm a 50 mm, em incrementos de 2,5 mm. Os fatores de espalhamento totais caíram lentamente, de 0,947 para 0,888 entre os cones de 50 mm e 12,5 mm de diâmetro (variação de 7%); para os cones entre 10 mm e 5 mm de diâmetro, esta queda foi bem maior, de 0,854 para 0,666 (variação de 28%). Os valores obtidos para a relação tecido-máximo são consistentes com dados publicados. Os perfis dos feixes foram medidos nas direções x e y, e estão dentro de 0,2 mm para todos os cones entre as duas direções. A medida da largura à meia-altura se encontra dentro de 1 mm com o diâmetro nominal dos cones.

Polymorphisms cyclooxygenase-2 -765G>C and interleukin-6 -174G>C are associated with serum inflammation markers in a high cardiovascular risk population and do not modify the response to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts

Inflammation is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Some studies have found that the Mediterranean diet (MD) can reduce serum concentrations of inflammation markers. However, none of these studies have analyzed the influence of genetic variability in such a response. Our objective was to study the effect of the -765G.C polymorphism in the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and the -174G.C polymorphism in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on serum concentrations of IL-6, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as well as their influence on the response toa nutritional interventionwithMD.An intervention study ina high cardiovascular riskMediterranean population (314 men and 407 women) was undertaken. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a low-fat control diet or a MD supplementedwith virgin olive oil ornuts.Measureswereobtained at baseline and after a 3-mointervention period.At baseline, the COX-2 -765G.C polymorphismwas associated with lower serum IL-6 (5.85 6 4.82 in GG vs. 4.74 6 4.14 ng/L in C-allele carriers; P ¼ 0.002) and ICAM-1 (265.8 6 114.8 in GG vs. 243.0 6 107.1 mg/L in C-carriers; P ¼ 0.018) concentrations. These differences remained significant aftermultivariate adjustment. The IL-6 -174G.C polymorphism was associatedwith higher (CC vs. G-carriers) serumICAM-1concentrations in bothmenandwomenandwithhigherserumIL-6 concentrations inmen.Following the dietary intervention, no significant gene x diet interactions were found. In conclusion, although COX-2 -765G.C and IL-6 -174G.C polymorphismswere associatedwith inflammation, consuming aMD(either supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts) reduced the concentration of inflammation markers regardless of these polymorphisms.

Asociación entre psoriasis y el control de diabetes mellitus tipo 2

La psoriasis es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por un proceso inflamatorio crónico y exagerado local y sistémico. Se ha encontrado en la literatura una relación entre la psoriasis y el desarrollo de patologías como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el mal control de estas patologías, lo cual aumenta la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes. El presente estudio mostró que no se encontró asociación entre psoriasis y el control de la DM2 , y que la variable mas significativa sobre el control es la adherencia al tratamiento hipoglicemiante.

Retribuciones complementarias 2006 (2).

Se analizan las retribuciones complementarias del personal docente universitario y de Secundaria en el año 2006. Se recogen los datos en varias tablas según el tipo de funcionario; el desempeño de cargos académicos o la actividad investigadora. Se añade información sobre los profesores asociados; el componente por el desempeño de puestos de trabajo docentes singulares en Secundaria; y función de Inspección Educativa.

La gestión de la clase 2.

Suplemento de la revista Padres y maestros n. 291

Evolución del rendimiento matemático temprano en una muestra de alumnos con discapacidad intelectual, mediante la prueba Tema-2.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Los conflictos en el grupo de 2 años.

Se estudia la naturaleza de los conflictos infantiles, las claves para su comprensión y las estrategias aplicadas por los niños para la resolución de los mismos. Se habla de cómo nos situamos ante la experimentación, la comprobación, la elaboración de las relaciones interpersonales, para con el otro y para con uno mismo. Todo lo que ocurre dentro del aula tiene que ver con el aprendizaje, y los conflictos están presentes en ella. Se explican tanto los conflictos entre niños como los surgidos entre el niño y el adulto.

Una biblioteca escolar 2.0.

En un colegio gallego de educación secundaria se realiza un blog para establecer un sistema de publicación, destinado a divulgar los contenidos de la biblioteca. La información incorporada al blog es utilizada para crear un portal en el que se vuelcan experiencias lectoras, referencias y recomendaciones. Se reseñan los servicios ofrecidos en el blog de la biblioteca, entre otros, un directorio de recursos que incorpora diccionarios, enlaces al catálogo en línea, un almacén virtual destinado a guardar el material elaborado por el grupo de trabajo y una página de cine como recurso educativo audiovisual. Finalmente se muestran las aportaciones ofrecidas por el propio colegio a la comunidad de blogs de bibliotecas escolares.

Equidad y respeto a la diversidad (2).

Se muestran una serie de testimonios relacionados con las pautas establecidas en la red DECET. Las contribuciones expuestas, conexionadas con lo publicado en el número anterior bajo el mismo título, vienen a recoger alguno de los principios de DECET. En este caso se trata el principio dos, en el que se aborda la posibilidad de potenciar las identidades individuales de cada niño.

Lectura, universidad y recursos 2.0.

El fenómeno de la lectura entre los universitarios es una de las nuevas funciones que las bibliotecas universitarias están asumiendo como propias. La lectura se concibe como algo esencial para el desarrollo personal y profesional de toda comunidad universitaria. Se recogen las características de las denominadas herramientas 2.0 y su vinculación con las universidades españolas. También se analizan las experiencias de las bibliotecas públicas en España en relación con la promoción a la lectura.