909 resultados para Lymphocyte T CD8
Resumo:
Retroviral transfer of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes selected by circumventing tolerance to broad tumor- and leukemia-associated antigens in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic (Tg) mice allows the therapeutic reprogramming of human T lymphocytes. Using a human CD8 x A2.1/Kb mouse derived TCR specific for natural peptide-A2.1 (pA2.1) complexes comprising residues 81-88 of the human homolog of the murine double-minute 2 oncoprotein, MDM2(81-88), we found that the heterodimeric CD8 alpha beta coreceptor, but not normally expressed homodimeric CD8 alpha alpha, is required for tetramer binding and functional redirection of TCR- transduced human T cells. CD8+T cells that received a humanized derivative of the MDM2 TCR bound pA2.1 tetramers only in the presence of an anti-human-CD8 anti-body and required more peptide than wild-type (WT) MDM2 TCR+T cells to mount equivalent cytotoxicity. They were, however, sufficiently effective in recognizing malignant targets including fresh leukemia cells. Most efficient expression of transduced TCR in human T lymphocytes was governed by mouse as compared to human constant (C) alphabeta domains, as demonstrated with partially humanized and murinized TCR of primary mouse and human origin, respectively. We further observed a reciprocal relationship between the level of Tg WT mouse relative to natural human TCR expression, resulting in T cells with decreased normal human cell surface TCR. In contrast, natural human TCR display remained unaffected after delivery of the humanized MDM2 TCR. These results provide important insights into the molecular basis of TCR gene therapy of malignant disease.
Resumo:
CD8 T cells play a key role in mediating protective immunity against selected pathogens after vaccination. Understanding the mechanism of this protection is dependent upon definition of the heterogeneity and complexity of cellular immune responses generated by different vaccines. Here, we identify previously unrecognized subsets of CD8 T cells based upon analysis of gene-expression patterns within single cells and show that they are differentially induced by different vaccines. Three prime-boost vector combinations encoding HIV Env stimulated antigen-specific CD8 T-cell populations of similar magnitude, phenotype, and functionality. Remarkably, however, analysis of single-cell gene-expression profiles enabled discrimination of a majority of central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) CD8 T cells elicited by the three vaccines. Subsets of T cells could be defined based on their expression of Eomes, Cxcr3, and Ccr7, or Klrk1, Klrg1, and Ccr5 in CM and EM cells, respectively. Of CM cells elicited by DNA prime-recombinant adenoviral (rAd) boost vectors, 67% were Eomes(-) Ccr7(+) Cxcr3(-), in contrast to only 7% and 2% stimulated by rAd5-rAd5 or rAd-LCMV, respectively. Of EM cells elicited by DNA-rAd, 74% were Klrk1(-) Klrg1(-)Ccr5(-) compared with only 26% and 20% for rAd5-rAd5 or rAd5-LCMV. Definition by single-cell gene profiling of specific CM and EM CD8 T-cell subsets that are differentially induced by different gene-based vaccines will facilitate the design and evaluation of vaccines, as well as enable our understanding of mechanisms of protective immunity.
Resumo:
Antiretroviral-therapy has dramatically changed the course of HIV infection and HIV-infected (HIV(+)) individuals are becoming more frequently eligible for solid-organ transplantation. However, only scarce data are available on how immunosuppressive (IS) strategies relate to transplantation outcome and immune function. We determined the impact of transplantation and immune-depleting treatment on CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV-, EBV-, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-viral loads and virus-specific T-cell immunity in a 1-year prospective cohort of 27 HIV(+) kidney transplant recipients. While the results show an increasing breadth and magnitude of the herpesvirus-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response over-time, they also revealed a significant depletion of polyfunctional virus-specific CTL in individuals receiving thymoglobulin as a lymphocyte-depleting treatment. The disappearance of polyfunctional CTL was accompanied by virologic EBV-reactivation events, directly linking the absence of specific polyfunctional CTL to viral reactivation. The data provide first insights into the immune-reserve in HIV+ infected transplant recipients and highlight new immunological effects of thymoglobulin treatment. Long-term studies will be needed to assess the clinical risk associated with thymoglobulin treatment, in particular with regards to EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.
Resumo:
The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is a negative regulator of activated T cells and is up-regulated on exhausted virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronically infected mice and humans. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed by multiple tumors, and its interaction with PD-1 resulted in tumor escape in experimental models. To investigate the role of PD-1 in impairing spontaneous tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in melanoma patients, we have examined the effect of PD-1 expression on ex vivo detectable CD8(+) T cells specific to the tumor Ag NY-ESO-1. In contrast to EBV, influenza, or Melan-A/MART-1-specific CD8(+) T cells, NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells up-regulated PD-1 expression. PD-1 up-regulation on spontaneous NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells occurs along with T cell activation and is not directly associated with an inability to produce cytokines. Importantly, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in combination with prolonged Ag stimulation with PD-L1(+) APCs or melanoma cells augmented the number of cytokine-producing, proliferating, and total NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells. Collectively, our findings support the role of PD-1 as a regulator of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion in the context of chronic Ag stimulation. They further support the use of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade in cancer patients to partially restore NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cell numbers and functions, increasing the likelihood of tumor regression.
Resumo:
Although increasing evidence suggests that CTL are important to fight the development of some cancers, the frequency of detectable tumor-specific T cells is low in cancer patients, and these cells have generally poor functional capacities, compared with virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. The generation with a vaccine of potent CTL responses against tumor Ags therefore remains a major challenge. In the present study, ex vivo analyses of Melan-A-specific CD8(+) T cells following vaccination with Melan-A peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides revealed the successful induction in the circulation of effective melanoma-specific T cells, i.e., with phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to those of CTL specific for immunodominant viral Ags. Nonetheless, the eventual impact on tumor development in vaccinated melanoma donors remained limited. The comprehensive study of vaccinated patient metastasis shows that vaccine-driven tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, although activated, still differed in functional capacities compared with blood counterparts. This coincided with a significant increase of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cell activity within the tumor. The consistent induction of effective tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells in the circulation with a vaccine represents a major achievement; however, clinical benefit may not be achieved unless the tumor environment can be altered to enable CD8(+) T cell efficacy.
Resumo:
The function of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which may protect against both infectious and malignant diseases, can be impaired by ligation of their inhibitory receptors, which include CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). Recently, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) was identified as a novel inhibitory receptor with structural and functional similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1. BTLA triggering leads to decreased antimicrobial and autoimmune T cell responses in mice, but its functions in humans are largely unknown. Here we have demonstrated that as human viral antigen-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated from naive to effector cells, their surface expression of BTLA was gradually downregulated. In marked contrast, human melanoma tumor antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells persistently expressed high levels of BTLA in vivo and remained susceptible to functional inhibition by its ligand herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). Such persistence of BTLA expression was also found in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with spontaneous antitumor immune responses and after conventional peptide vaccination. Remarkably, addition of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to the vaccine formulation led to progressive downregulation of BTLA in vivo and consequent resistance to BTLA-HVEM-mediated inhibition. Thus, BTLA activation inhibits the function of human CD8+ cancer-specific T cells, and appropriate immunotherapy may partially overcome this inhibition.
Resumo:
Large numbers and functionally competent T cells are required to protect from diseases for which antibody-based vaccines have consistently failed (1), which is the case for many chronic viral infections and solid tumors. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines aim at the induction of strong antigen-specific T-cell responses. Novel adjuvants have considerably improved the capacity of synthetic vaccines to activate T cells, but more research is necessary to identify optimal compositions of potent vaccine formulations. Consequently, there is a great need to develop accurate methods for the efficient identification of antigen-specific T cells and the assessment of their functional characteristics directly ex vivo. In this regard, hundreds of clinical vaccination trials have been implemented during the last 15 years, and monitoring techniques become more and more standardized.
Resumo:
Limmunothrapie tumorale mdiation cellulaire est un traitement qui utilise le systme immunitaire des patients afin dinduire une rponse des lymphocytes T CD8+ (T CD8+) contre la tumeur. Cette rponse est produite suite la reconnaissance des antignes par les T CD8+. Ces cibles sont appeles antignes tumoraux (TAA) et dfinies comme des protines exprimes par les cellules cancreuses mais absentes des tissus normaux. Par une approche bio-informatique, notre laboratoire a identifi Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), une protine inhibitrice de la voie de Wnt, comme un TAA potentiel. Une immunothrapie mdiation cellulaire efficace requiert lidentification de TAA candidats pertinents. Le traitement de patients par immunothrapie pourrait galement tre amliores par laugmentation de la puissance daction anti-tumorale ainsi que la persistante des T CD8+ spcifiques aux TAA. Ce projet de doctorat se divise en deux parties : 1- La caractrisation de lexpression de DKK1 dans les cancers communs et la dtermination de son immunognicit afin de valider sa candidature comme TAA. 2- La reprogrammation des T CD8+, de patients atteints dun cancer commun, vers un phnotype moins diffrenti afin daugmenter leur potentiel anti-tumoral et leur persistance. Dans le premier objectif, nous avons caractris lexpression de DKK1 dans le cancer du sein et dans dautres cancers communs. Le profil dexpression de DKK1 a t tudi par RT-PCR et par ELISA dans plusieurs lignes cellulaires de cancer et dans les tissus normaux. Lexpression de DKK1 a aussi t tudie dans des chantillons cliniques provenant de cancers du sein, du poumon et du rein. Trente pourcents (30%) des tumeurs provenant dun cancer du sein exprimaient DKK1. La moiti des tumeurs DKK1(+) tait triple ngative, donc pas de rcepteurs dstrogne et de progestrone et tait Her-2/neu(-) (ces patientes ont des possibilits de traitements trs restreintes). De plus, 50% des chantillons cliniques de tumeurs du poumon et 30% des tumeurs de rein exprimaient DKK1. Les observations effectues dans le cancer du poumon ont t, par la suite, corrobores par d'autres groupes qui ont montr une corrlation entre l'expression de DKK1 et un mauvais pronostic. Aprs avoir confirme lexpression de DKK1 dans les cancers communs, justifiant ainsi sa candidature comme TAA, nous avons valu limmunognicit de DKK1. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectu des stimulations in vitro de cellules mononucles du sang priphrique (PBMC) de patient(e)s atteint(e)s dun cancer du sein ou du poumon avec des peptides drivs de DKK1 pouvant tre prsents par les complexes majeurs dhistocompatibilit (CMH) HLA-A*0201. Des clones de T CD8+ reconnaissant un peptide de DKK1 ont t identifis et isols. Par essai multiplex et cytomtrie de flux intracellulaire, la polyfonctionnalit dun ces clones T CD8+ spcifiques DKK1 a t tudie et a rvle un profil effecteur, renforant ainsi la candidature de DKK1 comme TAA. Dans lensemble, les rsultats obtenus dans cette premire partie de thse suggrent une possible utilisation de DKK1 en immunothrapie contre les cancers communs, attribuable son expression dans ces cancers et la possibilit de faire prolifrer des T CD8+ effecteurs spcifiques DKK1 partir de sang de patients. Dans la seconde partie de cette thse, je dcrirai la manipulation in vitro des T CD8+ de patients atteints dun cancer commun, afin daugmenter la force et la dure de leurs fonctions anti-tumorales. Il a t dmontr que des lymphocytes moins diffrentis sont capables dune rponse immunologique plus efficace et durable. Nous avons bas ce projet sur lutilisation dun inhibiteur pharmacologique de la GSK-3, pour activer de la voie de Wnt chez les T CD8+ et ainsi leur confrer un phnotype moins diffrenti, partageant des caractristiques de la cellule nave et de la cellule mmoire. Des cultures de T CD8+, spcifiques des antignes viraux, en prsence de linhibiteur ont permis daugmenter la scrtion dinterfron (IFN)- et leur activit cytotoxique. Ces rsultats indiquent un effet de lactivation de la voie de Wnt sur la fonction des T CD8+. Ces observations sont rapportes pour la premire fois chez les T CD8+ humains et suggrent une nouvelle stratgie, applicables limmunothrapie du cancer, afin de prolonger la persistance des cellules ainsi que leur activit anti-tumorale. En conclusion, ces travaux de recherche ont men la ralisation dune tape trs importante dans la validation de la candidature de DKK1 comme TAA pour les cancers communs, soit la dmonstration de son expression dans ces cancers et son absence dans les tissus normaux drivs dorganes importants. Ces travaux ont galement men la dmonstration de limmunognicit de DKK1, par lidentification dun peptide de DKK1 reconnu par les T CD8+. De plus, ltude de la polyfonctionnalit des T CD8+ spcifiques DKK1 a rvle un profil effecteur favorable pour lobtention dune rponse anti-tumorale efficace. Ces dcouvertes pourraient servir llaboration dune stratgie dimmunothrapie mdiation cellulaire pour les cancers communs. Pour sa part, ltude phnotypique et fonctionnelle de la modulation de la voie de Wnt dans les T CD8+ a donn lieu lobservation dun phnotype encore jamais rapport chez lhumain, confrant aux T CD8+ un aspect moins diffrenti avec des caractristiques propre un phnotype mmoire. Ces rsultats sont pertinents dans lamlioration de limmunothrapie du cancer, passant par laugmentation de la persistance des lymphocytes. En rsum, les rsultats prsents dans cette thse de doctorat fournissent des vidences indniables quant la validation de DKK1 comme TAA pour une immunothrapie mdiation cellulaire des cancers communs. Ces rsultats fournissent galement des preuves quant la pertinence de la reprogrammation des T CD8+ par lactivation de la voie de la voie de Wnt, afin de gnrer des lymphocytes mdiateurs plus efficaces pour ce type de thrapie.
Resumo:
Le diabte auto-immun rsulte de la destruction des cellules bta pancratiques scrtrices dinsuline par les lymphocytes T du systme immunitaire. Il sensuit une dficience hormonale qui peut tre comble par des injections quotidiennes dinsuline dorigine exogne, toutefois il demeure ce jour impossible de gurir les patients atteints de la maladie. De faon gnrale, un systme immunitaire sain reconnat une multitude dantignes diffrents et assure ainsi notre dfense lgard de diffrents pathognes ou encore de cellules tumorales. Il arrive cependant que, pour des raisons gntiques et/ou environnementales, les lymphocytes T puissent sactiver de faon aberrante suite la reconnaissance dantignes provenant du soi. Cest ce bris de tolrance qui mne au dveloppement de pathologies auto-immunes telles que le diabte auto-immun. Afin de limiter lauto-immunit, des mcanismes de slection stricts permettent dliminer la majorit des lymphocytes T prsentant une forte affinit envers des antignes du soi lors de leur dveloppement dans le thymus. Certains de ces lymphocytes russissent toutefois chapper lapoptose et migrent en priphrie afin dy circuler en qute dun antigne spcifiquement reconnu. Il est alors primordial que des mcanismes priphriques assurent le maintien de la tolrance immunitaire en faisant obstacle lactivation et la prolifration des lymphocytes T auto-ractifs. Lune des avenues afin dinhiber le dveloppement de rponses immunitaires aberrantes est la gnration de lymphocytes T rgulateurs. Ces cellules, dorigine thymique ou priphrique, peuvent arborer diffrents phnotypes et agissent via de multiples mcanismes afin dinactiver et/ou liminer les cellules impliques dans lapparition de pathologies auto-immunes. Lutilisation de modles murins transgniques a permis la mise en vidence dune population peu caractrise de lymphocytes T au potentiel rgulateur. En effet, la proportion de ces cellules T nexprimant pas les corcepteurs CD4 et CD8 (double ngatives, DN) a t inversement corrle la prdisposition lauto-immunit chez ces ii souris. Lobjectif principal de cette thse est de dmontrer la fonction immuno-rgulatrice des lymphocytes T DN, tout en investiguant les facteurs gntiques responsables du maintien de cette population cellulaire. Nous avons observ que les lymphocytes T DN exercent une activit cytotoxique lgard des lymphocytes B de faon spcifique lantigne, via la libration de granules cytolytiques contenant du granzyme B et de la perforine. Par ailleurs, nous avons tabli quun unique transfert adoptif de ces cellules est suffisant afin dinhiber le dveloppement du diabte auto-immun chez des htes transgniques prdisposs la maladie. Le recours des souris dficientes pour lexpression du gne CD47 a permis de constater que la voie de signalisation CD47-Sirp est essentielle dans le maintien de la proportion des lymphocytes T DN. De plus, le locus murin de prdisposition au diabte auto-immun Idd13, qui contient le gne Sirp, a t identifi pour son rle dans la rgulation de la proportion de ces cellules. Finalement, une analyse gntique a rvl que dautres intervalles gntiques sont impliqus dans le contrle de la population des lymphocytes T DN. Parmi ceux-ci, un locus situ en rgion proximale du chromosome 12 a t valid grce la cration de souris congniques. Grce aux rsultats prsents dans cette thse, notre comprhension de la biologie ainsi que de la rgulation des lymphocytes T DN est approfondie. Ces connaissances constituent un pas important vers la cration de thrapies cellulaires novatrices permettant de prvenir et de gurir diverses pathologies auto-immunes.
Resumo:
Lors dune infection par un pathogne, des lymphocytes T CD8+ nafs (LTn) spcifiques de lantigne sont activs, prolifrent et se diffrencient en LT effecteurs (LTe). Les LTe produisent diffrentes cytokines et acquirent une activit cytotoxique menant llimination du pathogne. Seulement 5 10 % des LTe survivront et se diffrencieront en LT mmoires (LTm), qui sont capables de rpondre plus rapidement lors dune seconde infection par le mme pathogne, contribuant au succs de la vaccination. Toutefois, la comprhension de lensemble des mcanismes rgulant le dveloppement des LTe et des LTm demeure incomplte. Afin de mieux comprendre les signaux requis pour la diffrenciation des LT CD8+ lors de la rponse immune, nous avons pos deux hypothses. Nous avons dabord propos que diffrentes cellules prsentatrices dantigne (CPA) fournissent diffrents signaux au moment de la reconnaissance antignique influenant ainsi le devenir des LT CD8+. Vu leur potentiel dutilisation en immunothrapie, nous avons compar la capacit dactivation des LT CD8+ par les lymphocytes B activs via le CD40 (CD40-B) et les cellules dendritiques (CD). Nous avons montr que limmunisation avec des CD40-B induit une rponse effectrice mais, contrairement limmunisation avec des CD, pratiquement aucun LTm nest gnr. Les LTe gnrs sont fonctionnels puisquils scrtent des cytokines, ont une activit cytotoxique et contrlent une infection avec Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Nous proposons quune scrtion plus faible de cytokines par les CD40 B ainsi quune interaction plus courte et moins intime avec les LT CD8+ comparativement aux CD contribuent au dfaut de diffrenciation des LTm observ lors de la vaccination avec les CD40-B. Ensuite, nous pos lhypothse que, parmi les signaux fournis par les CPA au moment de la reconnaissance antignique, la voie de signalisation Notch influence le dveloppement des LTe, mais aussi des LTm CD8+ en instaurant un programme gntique particulier. Dabord, grce un systme in vitro, le rle de la signalisation Notch dans les moments prcoces suivant lactivation du LT CD8+ a t tudi. Ce systme nous a permis de dmontrer que la voie de signalisation Notch rgule directement lexpression de la molcule PD-1. Ensuite, grce des souris o il y a dltion des rcepteurs Notch1 et Notch2 seulement chez les LT CD8+ matures, un rle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la rponse immune des LT CD8+ a t dmontr. Nos rsultats dmontrent que suite une infection avec Lm ou une immunisation avec des CD, la signalisation Notch favorise le dveloppement de LTe, exprimant fortement KLRG1 et faiblement CD127, destins mourir par apoptose. Toutefois, la signalisation Notch na pas influenc la gnration de LTm. De faon trs intressante, lexpression des rcepteurs Notch influence la production dIFN- en fonction du contexte dactivation. En effet, suite une infection avec Lm, labsence des rcepteurs Notch naffecte pas la production dIFN- par les LTe, alors quelle est diminue suite une immunisation avec des CD suggrant un rle dpendant du contexte pour la voie de signalisation Notch. Nos rsultats permettent une meilleure comprhension des signaux fournis par les diffrentes CPA et de la voie de signalisation Notch, donc des mcanismes molculaires rgulant la diffrenciation des LT CD8+ lors de la rponse immunitaire, ce qui pourrait ultimement permettre damliorer les stratgies de vaccination.
Resumo:
Une petite population de lymphocytes T exprimant les deux corcepteurs CD4 et CD8 et appele double positive (DP), a t dtecte dans le sang priphrique de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de diverses pathologies dont la sclrose en plaques (SEP). Nous avons mis lhypothse quil sagissait de lymphocytes T hautement activs pouvant contribuer linflammation chronique prsente dans la SEP. Nous avons compar les cellules T DP obtenues du sang de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de la SEP et non traits. La frquence des cellules DP tait similaire chez les patients et les donneurs sains. La proportion de lymphocytes T DP qui exprimaient les chaines du rcepteur de linterleukine-15 (IL-15) tait plus leve que pour les autres populations lymphocytaires. Des mesures dinduction de la phosphorylation du STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) ont dmontr que les cellules DP ont rpondu des doses plus faibles et pour de plus longues priodes lIL-15 comparativement aux autres lymphocytes T. Le pourcentage de lymphocytes T DP ayant la capacit de produire linterfron-gamma et des enzymes lytiques tait lev chez les tmoins sains mais ces niveaux taient significativement rduits chez les patients atteints de la SEP. La caractrisation phnotypique de cellules DP a suggr que ces cellules ont des proprits similaires aux lymphocytes T activs. Bien quil ne sagisse que dune caractrisation partielle, il semble que les lymphocytes T DP perdent une partie de leurs proprits chez les patients atteints de la SEP.
Resumo:
The clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in response to microbial infections is essential for adaptive immunity. Although IL-2 has been considered to be primarily responsible for this process, quantitatively normal expansion occurs in the absence of IL-2 receptor signaling. Here, we show that ligating CD27 on CD8+ T cells that have been stimulated through the T cell receptor causes their expansion in the absence of IL-2 by mediating two distinct cellular processes: enhancing cell cycling and promoting cell survival by maintaining the expression of IL-7 receptor alpha. This pathway for clonal expansion of the CD8+ T cell is not associated with the development of a capacity either for production of IFN-gamma or for cytotoxic T lymphocyte function and, therefore, is uncoupled from differentiation. Furthermore, ligating CD27 increases the threshold concentration at which IL-2 induces IFN-gamma-producing capability by the CD8+ T cell, suggesting that CD27 signaling may suppress effector differentiation. Finally, CD8+ T cells that have been stimulated by the TCR/CD27 pathway maintain their capacity for subsequent expansion and effector differentiation in response to a viral challenge in vivo. Thus, the TCR/CD27 pathway enables the CD8+ T cell to replicate by a process of self-renewal, which may contribute to the continuous generation of new effector CD8+ T cells in persistent viral infections.
Resumo:
Gastrointestinal complications in AIDS patients with diarrhoea are common clinical manifestations, frequently diagnosed by colonoscopy as non-specific colitis. We retrospectively study colon biopsies diagnosed as chronic colitis associated with HIV (CCH). Biopsies were sorted as patients with AIDS (serum CD4 < 200 cell/mm(3)) but without any clear infectious process (n = 12) and patients without HIV infection (n = 24). There are low numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes in lamina propria of AIDS patients, but CD8+ T populations in this area appear to be similar in all studied groups, regardless of HIV infection or laboratory evidence of a specific agent. We found the clear evidence of CD8+ T cells infiltration in colonic mucosa in HIV patients with microscopic colitis. An imbalance of lymphocyte subpopulations in the colon, both in the lamina propria and epithelium, could result in an intraepithelial CD8 infiltration, involved in the pathogenesis of CCH in AIDS patients.
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Fish oil supplementation has been shown to improve the cachectic state of tumor-bearing animals and humans. Our previous study showed that fish oil supplementation (1 g per kg body weight per day) for 2 generations had anticancer and anticachetic effects in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats as demonstrated by reduced tumor growth and body weight loss and increased food intake and survival. In this study, the effect of fish oil supplementation for 2 generations on membrane integrity, proliferation capacity, and CD4/CD8 ratio of lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus of Walker 256 tumor-bearing animals was investigated. We also determined fish oil effect on plasma concentration and ex vivo production of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-10]. Lymphocytes from thymus of tumor-bearing rats presented lower viability, but this change was abolished by fish oil supplementation. Tumor growth increased proliferation of lymphocytes from all lymphoid organs, and fish oil supplementation abolished this effect. Ex vivo production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 was reduced in supplemented animals, but IL-4 and IL-10 secretion was stimulated in both nontumor and tumor-bearing rats. IL-10 and IFN-gamma plasma levels was also decreased in supplemented animals. These results suggest that the anticachetic effects of fish oil supplementation for a long period of time (2 generations) in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats may be associated to a decrease in lymphocyte function as demonstrated by reduced viability, proliferation capacity, and cytokine production.
Resumo:
Lymphotoxin alpha (LTA) is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily, produced principally by lymphocytes. It plays an important role in immune and inflammatory responses. Many TNF superfamily members have functionally important isoforms generated by alternative splicing but alternative splicing of LTA has never been studied. The known LTA protein is encoded by a transcript containing four exons. Here we report seven new LTA splice variants, three of them evolutionary conserved. We demonstrate their presence in cytoplasmic RNA suggesting that they could be translated into new LTA isoforms. We observed that their expression is differentially regulated upon activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+). Our data suggest that the new LTA splice variants might play a role in the regulation of the immune response. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
