Comportamento de fundações superficiais apoiadas em aterros estabilizados com resíduos industriais

Neste trabalho foi estudado o comportamento de fundações superficiais apoiadas em sistema de dupla camada, quando a superior é cimentada. O estudo consistiu-se de três etapas, chamadas de Etapa de Laboratório, Etapa Numérica e Etapa de Campo. Na Etapa de Laboratório foi verificada a viabilidade técnica de utilizar os resíduos industriais cinza pesada e cal de carbureto na estabilização de um solo residual de arenito botucatu. Estudou-se a reatividade da cinza pesada com a cal de carbureto, a influência da temperatura e do tempo de cura no desenvolvimento das reações pozolânicas, a influência de diferentes teores de resíduos na resistência à compressão simples, compressão diametral e durabilidade, objetivando definir uma mistura ótima e, ainda, o impacto ambiental da utilização da mistura ótima, através de ensaios de lixiviação e solubilização. Na Etapa Numérica foi estudado, através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, o comportamento de fundações superficiais apoiadas em dupla camada. O modelo utilizado para representar o comportamento do material cimentado e não-cimentado foi o elástico-plástico com critério de ruptura de Drucker-Prager e fluxo não-associado. Verificou-se, através de análise paramétrica, a influência da espessura da camada cimentada e do diâmetro da fundação, bem como a influência dos parâmetros dos materiais cimentado e não-cimentado na resposta carga x recalque de fundações superficiais. Na Etapa de Campo foram construídos aterros experimentais utilizando a mistura ótima determinada na Etapa de Laboratório e, sobre estes aterros, foram executados provas de carga de placas. A análise dos resultados obtidos nas três etapas levou às seguintes conclusões: é possível utilizar cinza pesada e cal de carbureto para estabilizar o solo residual de botucatu; o comportamento de fundações superficiais sobre solos cimentados é controlado pela relação espessura da camada cimentada diâmetro da fundação; os parâmetros ângulo de atrito e módulo de elasticidade da camada cimentada não influenciam os resultados de prova de carga; a ruptura da fundação é função de dois mecanismos progressivos, os quais são função das tensões de tração geradas na parte inferior da camada cimentada e das tensões cisalhantes existentes logo abaixo das bordas da fundação.

Behaviour of displacement, cast-in-place piles on collapsible soil

The paper presents the results of instrumented compression load tests carried out in three uncased cast-in-place piles (pounded piles, called apiloadas in Brazil) which is largely used in interior part of the state of São Paulo. The tests were conducted with the soil in the natural condition and after soaking with water, before loading, in order to evaluate the influence of the soil collapsibility in the results. The values of the ultimate loads (total, point and lateral loads) obtained in the tests are presented and compared with the values predicted by empirical methods that utilize SPT and CPT results.

Avaliação de serviços de assistência ambulatorial em aids, Brasil: estudo comparativo 2001/2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro de assistência ambulatorial a adultos vivendo com aids em 2007 e comparar com a avaliação de 2001. MÉTODOS: Os 636 serviços cadastrados no Ministério da Saúde em 2007 foram convidados a responder a um questionário previamente validado (Questionário Qualiaids) com 107 questões de múltipla escolha sobre a organização da assistência prestada. Analisaram-se as frequências das respostas de 2007 comparando-as com as obtidas em 2001 na forma de variação percentual (VP). RESULTADOS: Responderam o questionário 504 (79,2%) serviços. Cerca de 100,0% dos respondentes relataram ter pelo menos um médico, suprimento sem falhas de antirretrovirais e de exames CD4 e carga viral. Vários aspectos mostraram melhor desempenho em 2007 comparados a 2001: registro de número de faltas à consulta médica (de 18,3 para 27,0%, VP: 47,5%), agendamento de consulta em menos de 15 dias no início da terapia antirretroviral (de 55,3 para 66,2%, VP: 19,7%) e participação organizada do usuário (de 5,9 para 16,7%, VP: 183,1%). Houve manutenção de dificuldades: pequena variação na disponibilidade de exames especializados em até 15 dias, como endoscopia (31,9 para 34,5%, VP: 8,1%), e a piora de indicadores como tempo ideal de acesso a consultas especializadas (55,9 para 34,5% em cardiologia, VP negativa de 38,3%). O tempo médio despendido nas consultas médicas de seguimento manteve-se baixo: 15 minutos ou menos (52,5 para 49,5%, VP negativa de 5,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação de 2007 mostrou que os serviços contam com os recursos essenciais para a assistência ambulatorial. Houve melhoras em muitos aspectos em relação a 2001, mas persistem desafios. Pouco tempo dedicado à consulta médica pode estar vinculado ao número insuficiente de médicos e/ou à baixa capacidade de escuta e diálogo. A acessibilidade prejudicada a consultas especializadas mostra a dificuldade das infraestruturas locais do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Effect of the aerobic capacity on the validity of the anaerobic threshold for determination of the maximal lactate steady state in cycling

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is the highest blood lactate concentration that can be identified as maintaining a steady state during a prolonged submaximal constant workload. The objective of the present study was to analyze the influence of the aerobic capacity on the validity of anaerobic threshold (AT) to estimate the exercise intensity at MLSS (MLSS intensity) during cycling. Ten untrained males (UC) and 9 male endurance cyclists (EC) matched for age, weight and height performed one incremental maximal load test to determine AT and two to four 30-min constant submaximal load tests on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer to determine MLSS and MLSS intensity. AT was determined as the intensity corresponding to 3.5 mM blood lactate. MLSS intensity was defined as the highest workload at which blood lactate concentration did not increase by more than 1 mM between minutes 10 and 30 of the constant workload. MLSS intensity (EC = 282.1 ± 23.8 W; UC = 180.2 ± 24.5 W) and AT (EC = 274.8 ± 24.9 W; UC = 187.2 ± 28.0 W) were significantly higher in trained group. However, there was no significant difference in MLSS between EC (5.0 ± 1.2 mM) and UC (4.9 ± 1.7 mM). The MLSS intensity and AT were not different and significantly correlated in both groups (EC: r = 0.77; UC: r = 0.81). We conclude that MLSS and the validity of AT to estimate MLSS intensity during cycling, analyzed in a cross-sectional design (trained x sedentary), do not depend on the aerobic capacity.

Avaliação da estrutura organizacional da assistência ambulatorial em HIV/Aids no Brasil

OBJETIVO: No contexto de acesso universal à terapia antiretroviral, os resultados do Programa de Aids dependem da qualidade do cuidado prestado. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do cuidado dos serviços ambulatoriais que assistem pacientes de Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em sete Estados brasileiros, em 2001 e 2002. Foi avaliada a qualidade do atendimento a pacientes com Aids quanto à disponibilidade de recursos e a organização do trabalho de assistência. Um questionário com 112 questões estruturadas abordando esses aspectos, foi enviado a 336 serviços. RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta foi de 95,8% (322). Os indicadores de disponibilidade de recursos mostram uma adequação maior do que os indicadores de organização do trabalho. Não faltam antiretrovirais em 95,5% dos serviços, os exames de CD4 e Carga Viral estão disponíveis em quantidade adequada em 59 e 41% dos serviços, respectivamente. em 90,4% dos serviços há pelo menos um profissional não médico (psicólogo, enfermeiro ou assistente social). Quanto à organização, 80% não agendavam consulta médica com hora marcada; 40,4% agendavam mais que 10 consultas médicas por período; 17% não possuíam gerentes exclusivos na assistência e 68,6% não realizavam reuniões sistemáticas de trabalho com a equipe. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam que além de garantir a distribuição mais homogênea de recursos, o programa precisa investir no treinamento e disseminação do manejo do cuidado, conforme evidenciado nos resultados da organização de trabalho.

SPT-T: test procedure and applications

Ranzini (1988) proposed the Standard Penetration Test with torque measurement (SPT-T) and some geotechnical engineers in Brazil have been using it since 1991. This paper presents the state of the art on SPT-T testing, emphasizing what is already established as common knowledge in Brazilian engineering practice, besides a suggestion for test procedure, including equipment and practical aspects. In addition, the study of the shape of the torque versus rotation-degree angle curve obtained by an electric torquemeter used in several SPT-T tests carried out on six experimental research sites in the southeast region of Brazil is discussed here. Four different methods to predict pile capacity based on SPT-T test results are briefly presented and a comparison with load tests carried out on different types of piles, on those six experimental research sites, is presented.

Maximal lactate steady state concentration independent of pedal cadence in active individuals

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is defined as the highest blood lactate concentration that can be maintained over time without a continual blood lactate accumulation. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of pedal cadence (50 vs. 100 rev min(-1)) on MLSS and the exercise workload at MLSS (MLSSworkload) during cycling. Nine recreationally active males (20.9 +/- 2.9 years, 73.9 +/- 6.5 kg, 1.79 +/- 0.09 m) performed an incremental maximal load test (50 and 100 rev min(-1)) to determine anaerobic threshold (AT) and peak workload (PW), and between two and four constant submaximal load tests (50 and 100 rev min(-1)) on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer to determine MLSSworkload and MLSS. MLSSworkload was defined as the highest workload at which blood lactate concentration did not increase by more than 1 mM between minutes 10 and 30 of the constant workload. The maximal lactate steady state intensity (MLSSintensity) was defined as the ratio between MLSSworkload and PW. MLSSworkload (186.1 +/- 21.2 W vs. 148.2 +/- 15.5 W) and MLSSintensity (70.5 +/- 5.7% vs. 61.4 +/- 5.1%) were significantly higher during cycling at 50 rev min(-1) than at 100 rev min(-1), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in MLSS between 50 rev min(-1) (4.8 +/- 1.6 mM) and 100 rev min(-1) (4.7 +/- 0.8 mM). We conclude that MLSSworkload and MLSSintensity are dependent on pedal cadence (50 vs. 100 rev min(-1)) in recreationally active individuals. However, this study showed that MLSS is not influenced by the different pedal cadences analyzed.

Comparative Study of the Mechanical Resistance of 2 Separate Plates and 2 Overlaid Plates Used in the Fixation of the Mandibular Condyle: An In Vitro Study

Purpose: The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative evaluation of the mechanical resistance of 2 rigid internal fixation techniques for fractures of the mandibular condyle using miniplates.Materials and Methods: Fort), polyurethane resin replicas of human hemimandibles were used. The hemimandibles were sectioned to simulate a high subcondylar fracture and then stabilized with 2 fixing techniques using 2.0-mm system plates and screws. The fixation techniques were 2 separate 4-hole plates with 8 screws, and 2 overlaid 4-hole plates with 4 screws. Each system was submitted to load tests, with the application of the load in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions in an Instron 4411 universal assay machine (Instron, Norwood, MA).Results: Load values and peak displacement were measured. Means and standard deviations were evaluated by analysis of variance (P < .05) and Tukey tests, in which it was verified that the anteroposterior peak load value was affected by the arrangement of the plates on the models, although no differences were observed between the groups for the mediolateral peak load. The arrangement of the plates did not have any influence on peak displacement. Similarly, the final value of the mediolateral load was not affected by the arrangement of the plates on the model.Conclusion: The experimental model with 2 separate plates was statistically superior to the model with 2 overlaid plates only in relation to anteroposterior peak load. Despite showing superiority in mediolateral peak load and peak displacement, there was no statistical difference between the groups for these parameters. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Parâmetros geotécnicos e previsão da capacidade de carga de estacas apiloadas em solo tropical arenoso obtidos com o Pressiômetro Ménard

This paper presents and discusses Ménard Pressuremeter test results used to predict bearing capacity of pounded piles installed in a tropical sandy soil. Fifteen pre-bored pressuremeter tests were carried out at the Experimental Research Site from Unesp - Bauru up to 15 m depth, one test per meter. Several laboratory and in situ tests were carried out in this research site as well as load tests on plates and on piles. Pressuremeter test results were firstly analyzed to determine geotechnical soil parameters based on empirical methods, emphasizing the estimative of the earth pressure coefficient at rest (K0). After that, bearing capacity prediction of pounded piles with 4 m, 7 m and 10 m were made and compared with test results from instrumented load tests. Pressuremeter test results allowed a very good estimative of bearing capacity for the pile with 4 m length and underestimated in 25,7% and 20,0% the bearing capacity for the pile with 7 and 10 m length, respectively. The back analysis of the test results suggests that the appropriate value for the bearing capacity factor for the tested soil-pile system on this soil is equal to 2.

Reliability of timber bridges using nailed plywood box beams

The Nailed Box Beam structural efficiency is directly dependent of the flange-web joint behavior, which determines the partial composition of the section, as the displacement between elements reduces the effective rigidity of the section and changes the stress distribution and the total displacement of the section. This work discusses the use of Nailed Plywood Box Beams in small span timber bridges, focusing on the reliability of the beam element. It is presented the results of tests carried out in 21 full scale Nailed Plywood Box Beams. The analysis of maximum load tests results shows that it presents a normal distribution, permitting the characteristic values calculation as the normal distribution theory specifies. The reliability of those elements was analyzed focusing on a timber bridge design, to estimate the failure probability in function of the load level.

Análise do comportamento de estacas do tipo broca escavada com trado mecânico, solicitadas por esforços transversais

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

The Positive Effects of Priming Exercise on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics and High-Intensity Exercise Performance Are Not Magnified by a Fast-Start Pacing Strategy in Trained Cyclists

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito do pacing e do exercício prévio na performance aeróbia

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of prior exercise on different intensity distribution strategies (pacing). The study included five male individuals, apparently healthy, aged between 18 and 25 years, and without regular practice of physical activities. The subjects were tested on different days following the protocols on a cycle ergometer: 1) a progressive ramp test, 2) three constant load tests in the intensities of 85%, 90% and 95% IVO2max to exhaustion, and 3) six tests with and without holding a prior exercise intensity of 70%  with different strategies for Even-intensity pace, ES (401 ± 70 W), which consists of an exercise at a pace and / or constant intensity from beginning to end; where intensity is initially increased to 10% less than the ES progressively increase to reach 10% above the intensity of ES, and; Fast-start; FS, where there is a reversal in the way of distributing intensity, ie the initial intensity is 10% higher than the value of ES decreased progressively to 10% below that ES. All these tests were performed in random order. The tlim with previous exercise was significantly shorter than without previous exercise at FS condition (p < 0.05). The VO2final obtained at ES condition was similar with (3243 ± 599 ml.min-1) and without (3252 ± 384 ml.min-1) previous aerobic exercise (p > 0.05). However, the VO2final obtained at FS condition was higher with (3291 ± 218 ml.min-1) than without (3097 ± 207 ml.min-1) previous aerobic exercise (p < 0.05). The heart rate was higher at ES condition with than without previous aerobic exercise (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in this variable for FS condition with and without previous aerobic exercise (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that the results the previous exercise (70%) achieved lasting 6 minutes followed by 6 minutes of recovery appears to influence / commit ting the conditions during the pacing for this population

Prior Heavy-Intensity Exercise's Enhancement of Oxygen-Uptake Kinetics and Short-Term High-Intensity Exercise Performance Independent of Aerobic-Training Status

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of soil properties from standard penetration test complemented by torque measurement (SPT-T)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)