Le traitement des porteurs minoritaires de titres de sociétés par actions publiques dans un contexte transactionnel : où en sommes-nous?

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en Droit (LL.M) Option Droit des Affaires"

Dissuasion, sécurité routière et inférence causale : le cas des actions policières contre la délinquance routière

Objectifs. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de parfaire nos connaissances quant à l’effet des actions policières sur les collisions routières au Québec. Ultimement, ce mémoire permettra d’identifier les conditions nécessaires pour que l’action policière influe sur les comportements des automobilistes. Pour se faire, deux études de cas sont employées. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons l’effet d’un relâchement d’environ 60 % dans l’émission de constats d’infraction par les policiers de la ville de Québec sur les collisions avec blessures. Dans cet article, nous distinguons également les effets respectifs des constats d’infraction, des interceptions policières sans constat et des médias. Dans un second temps, nous évaluons l’impact d’une stratégie de sécurité routière mise en place conjointement par l’Association des directeurs de police du Québec (ADPQ) et la Société de l’assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ). Dans les deux cas, un changement important est survenu dans l’émission de constats d’infraction émis en vertu du Code de la sécurité routière (CSR). Méthodologie. Afin d’évaluer l’effet de ces deux stratégies, nous avons agrégé les données sur les collisions et infractions au CSR sur une base mensuelle. Ces données proviennent principalement des rapports de collisions et des constats d’infraction remplis par les policiers et transmis à la SAAQ. Dans l’ensemble, nous avons utilisé un devis quasi-expérimental, soit celui des séries chronologiques interrompues. Résultats. Les résultats des deux articles démontrent que les policiers sont des acteurs clés en matière de sécurité routière. Les collisions avec blessures sont affectées par les fluctuations de leurs activités. La première série d’analyses établit qu’un relâchement d’environ 60 % dans le nombre de constats émis par les policiers se traduit par une hausse d’environ 10 % des collisions avec blessures, ce qui correspond à 15 collisions avec blessures supplémentaires par mois sur le territoire du Service de police de la ville de Québec. De plus, nos résultats montrent qu’une interception policière suivie d’un avertissement verbal n’est pas suffisante pour prévenir les collisions. De même, l’effet observé n’est pas attribuable aux médias. La deuxième série d’analyse montre que la stratégie conjointe de l’ADPQ et de la SAAQ, caractérisée par une hausse des constats émis et des campagnes médiatiques, fut suivie de baisses variant entre 14 et 36 % des collisions avec blessures graves. Interprétation. Les résultats démontrent que les actions policières ont une influence sur le bilan routier. Par contre, avant d’influer sur le comportement des automobilistes, certaines conditions doivent être respectées. Premièrement, l’intensité des contrôles policiers doit être suffisamment modifiée par rapport à son niveau initial. Deuxièmement, que ce soit une hausse ou une baisse, ce niveau doit être maintenu sur une période relativement longue (entre 12 et 24 mois environ) pour que les automobilistes soient exposés au message pénal et qu’ils considèrent ce changement dans le niveau de répression comme étant crédible. Troisièmement, l’émission de constats est un élément clé; la simple présence policière n’est pas suffisante pour prévenir les collisions. Enfin, les campagnes de sensibilisation semblent importantes, mais d’autres études sont nécessaires pour mieux apprécier leur rôle.

The Legal Implications of Internet Marketing : Exploiting the Digital Marketplace Within the Boundaries of the Law

Au cours des dernières années, le domaine de la consommation a grandement évolué. Les agents de marketing ont commencé à utiliser l’Internet pour influencer les consommateurs en employant des tactiques originales et imaginatives qui ont rendus possible l’atteinte d'un niveau de communication interpersonnelle qui avait précédemment été insondable. Leurs interactions avec les consommateurs, en utilisant la technologie moderne, se manifeste sous plusieurs formes différentes qui sont toutes accompagnés de leur propre assortiment de problèmes juridiques. D’abord, il n'est pas rare pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser des outils qui leur permettent de suivre les actions des consommateurs dans le monde virtuel ainsi que dans le monde physique. Les renseignements personnels recueillis d'une telle manière sont souvent utilisés à des fins de publicité comportementale en ligne – une utilisation qui ne respecte pas toujours les limites du droit à la vie privée. Il est également devenu assez commun pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser les médias sociaux afin de converser avec les consommateurs. Ces forums ont aussi servi à la commission d’actes anticoncurrentiels, ainsi qu’à la diffusion de publicités fausses et trompeuses – deux pratiques qui sont interdites tant par la loi sur la concurrence que la loi sur la protection des consommateurs. Enfin, les agents de marketing utilisent diverses tactiques afin de joindre les consommateurs plus efficacement en utilisant diverses tactiques qui les rendent plus visible dans les moteurs de recherche sur Internet, dont certaines sont considérés comme malhonnêtes et pourraient présenter des problèmes dans les domaines du droit de la concurrence et du droit des marques de commerce. Ce mémoire offre une description détaillée des outils utilisés à des fins de marketing sur Internet, ainsi que de la manière dont ils sont utilisés. Il illustre par ailleurs les problèmes juridiques qui peuvent survenir à la suite de leur utilisation et définit le cadre législatif régissant l’utilisation de ces outils par les agents de marketing, pour enfin démontrer que les lois qui entrent en jeu dans de telles circonstances peuvent, en effet, se révéler bénéfiques pour ces derniers d'un point de vue économique.

Comparing the Protests of Undocumented Migrants Beyond Contexts: Collective Actions as Acts of Emancipation

In this article, we demonstrate that the collective actions of undocumented migrants possess similar symbolic dimensions, even if the contexts of their actions differ. We explain this finding by focusing on the power relations that undocumented migrants face. Given that they occupy a very specific position in society (i.e., they are neither included in nor completely excluded from citizenship), they experience similar forms of power relations vis-à-vis public authorities in different countries. We argue that this leads them to participate in collective actions as acts of emancipation. Our analysis illustrates this argument by comparing marches by undocumented migrants in three countries: France, Germany and Canada-Quebec. Through an in-depth analysis, we demonstrate that these marches redefine the legal order and politicize the presence of undocumented migrants in the public sphere. By highlighting the cognitive, emotional and relational dimensions of collective actions, we show that the symbolic dimension of these three marches relates to the empowerment, pride and solidarity of undocumented migrants.

Advances and limitations in the attention to the problems of housing and urban land in Mexico. An approach from the legal-institutional frame

In this work we analyze the reforms carried out by the Mexican state in the nineties of the 20th century, in the items concerning the policies of housing and urban land, based on an exhaustive review of the main actions, programs and changes in the legal and institutional frame that applies for each of these fields. The nineties represent a "breaking point" in the way the State considers the satisfaction of the right to the housing and attends the offer of urbanized land for a tidy and sustainable urban development. In this period of time, the approach of direct intervention in developing and financing housing and creation of land reserves has changed into another one, ruled by the logic of the market. The balance to the first decade of the 21st century is ambiguous, as neither the housing policy has solved the housing shortage for low-income population, nor the land policy has eliminated the illegal urban growth.

The Article 51 reporting requirement for self-defense actions

This article examines one legal criterion for the exercise of the right of self-defense that has been significantly overlooked by commentators: the so-called “reporting requirement.” Article 51 of the United Nations (UN) Charter provides, inter alia, that “[m]easures taken by members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council.” Although the requirement to report all self-defense actions to the Council is clearly set out in Article 51, the Charter offers no further guidance with regard to this obligation. Reference to the practice of states since the UN’s inception in 1945 is therefore essential to understanding the scope and nature of the reporting requirement. As such, this article is underpinned by an extensive original dataset of reporting practice covering the period from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2013. We know from Article 51 that states “shall” report, but do they, and—if so—in what manner? What are the various implications of reporting, of failing to report, and of the way in which states report? How are reports used, and by whom? Most importantly, this article questions the ultimate value of states reporting their self-defense actions to the Security Council in modern interstate relations.

Gestão estratégica da informação como fator condicionante para a definição e implementação de políticas de defesa e segurança nacional no contexto da Amazônia Legal: o caso SIPAM/SIVAM

The objective of this work is the study of the existing correlations between the strategical use of the information and the joint and implementation of defense politics and national security in the Legal Amazonian. For in such a way, the proposal was developed from the analysis of the systems of protection and monitoring of the Amazonian (SIPAM/SIVAM), where we search to inquire as these systems have contributed for the definition and implantation of these politics. For the Amazonian, with its natural wealth, threats and vulnerabilities, the perspectives of integration, security and national defense and of sustainable development constitute great challenges to be faced, where the efficient use of the technology is a basic reference that must be incorporated in the strategies and public politics in these areas. One is about a strategical project, conceived with vision of future, protection and development of the . The objective SIPAM/SIVAM the defense and the guarantee of the Brazilian sovereignty in the Legal Amazonian, beyond the systematization and accomplishment of the governmental actions in the region, by means of the intensive use of technological apparatus. In turn, they reflect the priority that the Amazon region has in terms of defense and security for the Country, and symbolize the strategy of the State to protect it. The SIPAM/SIVAM if finds in a boarding line in which the guarantee of the national sovereignty also involves the care with the development of the local population, inside of a proposal educative and integrator. Like conclusion we affirm that of the SIPAM/SIVAM creates a new paradigm for the public administration, where the organizations work with a shared set of information, beyond starting to act of integrated form. Thus, when searching permanently the rationalization of efforts and resources, trying an unknown form of institution relationship where infrastructure and products are shared, the SIPAM/SIVAM creates a new premise for the Brazilian public administration and contributes to give a new direction to the development of the Amazonian.

O usuário e os sistemas de informatização: a utilização do sistema de controle de operações da delegacia legal pelos policiais civis do Estado do Rio De Janeiro.

Organizar racionalmente as informações e sistematizá-las tem sido essencial para o sucesso de diversas empresas. Quando estudamos as instituições destinadas à segurança pública percebemos que o uso de tecnologia e de sistemas de informação são comuns nos exemplos bem sucedidos de combate às práticas criminosas. O Programa Delegacia Legal, inaugurado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro em 1999, acompanha essa tendência e tem como um dos seus pilares a importância ao tratamento da informação. Os policiais que fazem os registros das ocorrências nas delegacias utilizando-se do Sistema de informação (SCO) têm então um papel fundamental porque através desses registros são investigadas as infrações, assim como é alimentado um banco de dados mais completo para ser aliado na elaboração de estatísticas e na aplicação de ações estratégicas. Considerando que esse tipo de registro, utilizando sistemas de informação, alterou a rotina institucional, o presente estudo verifica se existe ou não resistência ao uso do Sistema – SCO, fazendo uma abordagem sobre o sistema de informação, o Programa Delegacia Legal, a cultura organizacional e a opinião dos policiais.

Controle biológico de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf em área de reserva legal em processo de recuperação, na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo, Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estágio supervisionado de Ciências Biológicas: aproximações entre o legal e o real

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Causas do desmatamento da Amazônia: uma aplicação do teste de causalidade de Granger acerca das principais fontes de desmatamento nos municípios da Amazônia Legal brasileira

Muitas são os fatores, apontadas pela literatura pertinente, acerca das causas do desmatamento da Amazônia Legal brasileira. Desde aspectos endógenos como as condições edafo-climáticas, a aspectos relacionados à ação antrópica como os movimentos populacionais, o crescimento urbano e, em especial, as ações autônomas ou induzidas dos diversos agentes econômicos públicos e privados que têm atuado na região, configurando historicamente os processos de ocupação do solo e aproveitamento econômico do espaço amazônico. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar um teste de causalidade, no sentido de Granger, nas principais variáveis sugeridas como importantes para explicar o desmatamento da Amazônia Legal, no período de 1997 a 2006. A metodologia a ser empregada se baseia em modelos dinâmicos para dados em painel, desenvolvidos por Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988) e Arellano-Bond (1991), que desenvolveram um teste de causalidade baseado no artigo seminal de Granger (1969). Entre os principais resultados obtidos está a constatação empírica de que existe uma causalidade bidirecional entre desmatamento e as áreas de culturas permanente e temporária, bem como o tamanho do rebanho bovino.

Atuação da Defensoria Pública da União na Amazônia Legal em conflitos de natureza coletiva: período de 2004 a 2010

As instituições do sistema de justiça ao redor do mundo têm ocupado importantes espaços no cenário político-institucional, atuando como verdadeiros atores políticos dotados de recursos de poder. Esse fenômeno de judicialização da vida pública tem ocorrido no Brasil, sobejamente após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Os atores do sistema de justiça passaram a exercer importante influência sobre a vida social, econômica e política do país, atuando na afirmação de novos direitos e na construção da agenda pública. À luz deste contexto a presente dissertação analisa a judicialização da política na realidade político-institucional brasileira, delimitando, todavia, o seu campo de estudo à atuação das unidades da Defensoria Pública da União nos Estados que integram a Amazônia Legal em conflitos de natureza coletiva, buscando compreender fundamentalmente as formas judiciais e extrajudiciais de resolução de conflitos, os critérios de atuação da instituição neste tipo de controvérsias, bem como os resultados das ações e relações com o judiciário. A ideia central é a de que os mecanismos que proporcionam inclusão no sistema de justiça podem desempenhar um papel importante na afirmação de direitos e na construção da agenda pública.

Actions of the International Union of Soil Science towards a global agenda for the sustainable use of soils

In a multi-level stakeholder approach the international level is of primordial importance not only in terms of legal frameworks, but also in terms of scientific analysis of the needs, options and constraints, as well as related to monitoring and evaluation systems. The Working Group on 'International Actions for the Sustainable Use of Soils' (IASUS) of the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS) identified a number of issues and measures in preparation of the 17thWorld Congress of Soil Science held in Bangkok, Thailand, in August 2002, and prepared a resolution in support of a 'global agenda for the sustainable use of soils', which was adopted on 21st August 2002 on the closing day of the congress.

Miscellaneous legal documents, 1751-1840

Subpoenas for the sheriff of Philadelphia County to individuals to serve for actions relating to trespass on a case, ejectment, and replevin of three negro slaves.

The Legal Status and Influence of Decisions of International Organizations and other Bodies in the European Union. College of Europe Research Paper in Law 01/2014

Introduction. The European Union’s external action is not only defined by its influence on international developments, but also by its ability and the need to respond to those developments. While traditionally many have stressed the EU’s ‘autonomy’, over the years its ‘dependence’ on global developments has become more clear.2 International law has continued to play a key role in, not only in the EU’s external relations, but also in the Union’s own legal order.3 The purpose of this paper is not to assess the role or performance of the EU in international institutions.4 Rather it purports to reverse the picture and focus on a somewhat under-researched topic: the legal status of decisions of international organizations in the EU’s legal order.5 While parts of the status of these decisions relate to the status of international agreements and international customary law, it can be argued that decisions of international organizations and other international bodies form a distinct category. In fact, it has been observed that “this phenomenon has added a new layer of complexity to the already complex law of external relations of the European Union”.6 Emerging questions relate to the possible difference between decisions of international organizations of which the EU is a member (such as the FAO) and decisions of organizations where it is not (irrespective of existing competences in that area – such as in the ILO). Questions also relate to the hierarchical status of these decisions in the EU’s legal order and to the possibility of them being invoked in direct or indirect actions before the Court of Justice. This contribution takes a broad perspective on decisions of international organizations by including decisions taken in other international institutions which do not necessarily comply with the standard definition of international organizations,7 be it bodies set-up by multilateral conventions or informal (transnational / regulatory) bodies. Some of these bodies are relatively close to the EU (such as the Councils established by Association Agreements – see further Section 5 below); others operate at a certain distance. Limiting the analysis to formal international organizations will not do justice to the manifold relationships between the European Union and various international bodies and to the effects of the norms produced by these bodies. The term ‘international decisions’ is therefore used to refer to any normative output of international institutional arrangements.