Drug Analysis without Primary Reference Standards : Application of LC-TOFMS and LC-CLND to Biofluids and Seized Material

Drug Analysis without Primary Reference Standards: Application of LC-TOFMS and LC-CLND to Biofluids and Seized Material Primary reference standards for new drugs, metabolites, designer drugs or rare substances may not be obtainable within a reasonable period of time or their availability may also be hindered by extensive administrative requirements. Standards are usually costly and may have a limited shelf life. Finally, many compounds are not available commercially and sometimes not at all. A new approach within forensic and clinical drug analysis involves substance identification based on accurate mass measurement by liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) and quantification by LC coupled with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection (LC-CLND) possessing equimolar response to nitrogen. Formula-based identification relies on the fact that the accurate mass of an ion from a chemical compound corresponds to the elemental composition of that compound. Single-calibrant nitrogen based quantification is feasible with a nitrogen-specific detector since approximately 90% of drugs contain nitrogen. A method was developed for toxicological drug screening in 1 ml urine samples by LC-TOFMS. A large target database of exact monoisotopic masses was constructed, representing the elemental formulae of reference drugs and their metabolites. Identification was based on matching the sample component s measured parameters with those in the database, including accurate mass and retention time, if available. In addition, an algorithm for isotopic pattern match (SigmaFit) was applied. Differences in ion abundance in urine extracts did not affect the mass accuracy or the SigmaFit values. For routine screening practice, a mass tolerance of 10 ppm and a SigmaFit tolerance of 0.03 were established. Seized street drug samples were analysed instantly by LC-TOFMS and LC-CLND, using a dilute and shoot approach. In the quantitative analysis of amphetamine, heroin and cocaine findings, the mean relative difference between the results of LC-CLND and the reference methods was only 11%. In blood specimens, liquid-liquid extraction recoveries for basic lipophilic drugs were first established and the validity of the generic extraction recovery-corrected single-calibrant LC-CLND was then verified with proficiency test samples. The mean accuracy was 24% and 17% for plasma and whole blood samples, respectively, all results falling within the confidence range of the reference concentrations. Further, metabolic ratios for the opioid drug tramadol were determined in a pharmacogenetic study setting. Extraction recovery estimation, based on model compounds with similar physicochemical characteristics, produced clinically feasible results without reference standards.

The challenge of LC/MS/MS multi-mycotoxin analysis - Heracles battling the Hydra?

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi. They pose a health risk to humans and animals due to their harmful biological properties and common occurrence in food and feed. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has gained popularity in the trace analysis of food contaminants. In this study, the applicability of the technique was evaluated in multi-residue methods of mycotoxins aiming at simultaneous detection of chemically diverse compounds. Methods were developed for rapid determination of toxins produced by fungal genera of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Claviceps from cheese, cereal based agar matrices and grains. Analytes were extracted from these matrices with organic solvents. Minimal sample clean-up was carried out before the analysis of the mycotoxins with reversed phase LC coupled to tandem MS (MS/MS). The methods were validated and applied for investigating mycotoxins in cheese and ergot alkaloid occurrence in Finnish grains. Additionally, the toxin production of two Fusarium species predominant in northern Europe was studied. Nine mycotoxins could be determined from cheese with the method developed. The limits of quantification (LOQ) allowed the quantification at concentrations varying from 0.6 to 5.0 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged between 96 and 143 %, and the within-day repeatability (as relative standard deviation, RSDr) between 2.3 and 12.1 %. Roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid could be detected at levels of 300 up to 12000 µg/kg in the mould cheese samples analysed. A total of 29 or 31 toxins could be analysed with the method developed for agar matrices and grains, with the LOQs ranging overall from 0.1 to 1250 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged generally between 44 and 139 %, and the RSDr between 2.0 and 38 %. Type-A trichothecenes and beauvericin were determined from the cereal based agar and grain cultures of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. T-2 toxin was the main metabolite, the average levels reaching 22000 µg/kg in the grain cultures after 28 days of incubation. The method developed for ten ergot alkaloids from grains allowed their quantification at levels varying from 0.01 to 10 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 51 to 139 %, and the RSDr from 0.6 to 13.9 %. Ergot alkaloids were measured in barley and rye at average levels of 59 and 720 µg/kg, respectively. The two most prevalent alkaloids were ergocornine and ergocristine. The LC/MS methods developed enabled rapid detection of mycotoxins in such applications where several toxins co-occurred. Generally, the performance of the methods was good, allowing reliable analysis of the mycotoxins of interest with sufficiently low quantification limits. However, the variation in validation results highlighted the challenges related to optimising this type of multi-residue methods. New data was obtained about the occurrence of mycotoxins in mould cheeses and of ergot alkaloids in Finnish grains. In addition, the study revealed the high mycotoxin-producing potential of two common fungi in Finnish crops. The information can be useful when risks related to fungal and mycotoxin contamination will be assessed.

2-Halooxyethylene ethers of cholesterol as novel single component, room temperature cholesteric LC materials

A series of 2-haloethoxyethyl cholesteryl ethers has been synthesized. Each material shows attractive liquid-crystalline properties as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, and temperature-dependence of selective reflection characteristic of the cholesteric mesophase. These are interesting examples of simple, nonpolymeric, single component systems that show the cholesteric mesophase at room temperature.

O outro e a transcendência : na parábola do Bom Samaritano (Lc 10, 25-37)

Resumen: Neste estudo, procuramos definir o sentido da corporeidade em Entralgo, relacionando-o com o pensamento de Lévinas. Segundo Entralgo, o corpo humano era um microcosmos integrado num cosmos. Assim, o corpo é i único objecto do Universo, do qual temos um duplo conhecimento não de fora, como também temos a sua percepção a partir de dentro. Porém, segundo Lévinas, a corporeidade é a expressão do Rosto do Outro, referindo- se como uma prefiguração do Outro, que tem o seu epílogo na parábola do Bom Samaritano. Há, na verdade, uma relação de aproximação antropológica entre o sentido do corpo como forma de manifestar o Outro. Em ti e por ti, tu eras uma pessoa, mas sendo tu uma pessoa, podendo e devendo Eu ver-te e tratar-te como tal pessoa. Os dois pensadores apresentam uma referência em relação à pessoas. Segundo Lévinas a pessoa será responsabilidade.

Influencia de dos cultivos antecedente y diferentes métodos de control a la cenosis y al crecimiento y rendimiento del tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum LC.V. "UC-82)

Este ensayo se realizó en noviembre de 1988 a Marzo de 1989, la cooperativa Rubén Duarte, Managua, con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de diferentes cultivos antecesores y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de la cenosis de malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de tomate. La mayor abundancia se presentó cuando el cultivo antecesor fue maíz, así como en el control químico Flauzifop (B2), El mayor peso seco total de malezas presentó cuando antecedió sorgo y en el control químico Fluazifop. El número de inflorescencia y flores abiertas se presentó mayor en el sorgo como antecesor: los métodos de control ejercieron influencia en el número de flores abiertas, influencias, numero de ramas, encontrándose que el que ejerció mejor influencia fue el control mecánico: el número de frutos totales por plantas y el rendimiento resultaron mayor en el maíz como antecesor comportándose diferente en peso total de frutos que fue mayor cuando antecedió sorgo. Con el control mecánico, resulto en mayor número de frutos totales por plantas y el rendimiento.

Studies on the phase behavior of lyotropic liquid crystal in DAD/C4OH/n-C8H18/D2O system

The lytropic liquid crystals in dodecanic acid diethanolamine (DAD)/n-butanol (C4OH)/octane (n-C8H18)/deuteron (D2O) system were studied to determine the phase regions and were investigated by H-2-NMR spectroscopy,optical polarizing microscope and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) methods. The results indicate that the lamellar, hexagonal and cubic liquid crystals all exist in the above system. Keeping the weight ratio of DAD and C4OH constant,the microphase structure, H-2 quadruple splitting and the interlayer spacing are all changed with the addition of deuteron.

LC teknika desberdinen erabilera Sindrome metabolikoaren aurkako terapian erabiltzen diren farmakoen determinaziorako

330 p.

Comparación de la rugosidad media y máxima obtenida mediante diferentes instrumentos: análisis del filtro y Lc empleados

[ES]Este trabajo pretende analizar la influencia que tiene la longitud de corte elegida y el filtro empleado en la medida de la rugosidad. Se realizan medidas de rugosidad en tres probetas que han sido sometidas a diferentes procesos de fabricación (fresado, rectificado y electroerosión). Además, se utilizan tres instrumentos diferentes para la medición. Tras realizar las medidas, se comparan los resultados y se extraen las conclusiones

LC-MS based methods for phytosterols determination in oenological matrices. Targeted metabolomic study of Rioja grape varieties

221 p.+ anexos

Estudo comparativo do teor de (15E)-licopeno por CLAE-DAD entre lavouras de tomate submetidas aos manejos TOMATEC e tradicional

O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) é considerado um alimento funcional por sua propriedade antioxidante. O fruto contém dos carotenoides, ácido L-ascórbico, vitamina E e substâncias fenólicas. Estudos indicam que o consumo do tomate pode retardar o envelhecimento e favorecer o funcionamento do sistema imunológico em humanos, embora não seja possível afirmar uma relação direta entre a prevenção ou cura de qualquer carcinoma com o consumo de produtos à base licopeno. Na década de 1990, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) criou o projeto TOMATEC, o tomate ecologicamente cultivado. A produção é baseada em um manejo diferenciado, que objetiva a otimização do uso do solo, menor consumo de pesticidas, herbicidas e incentivo à produção familiar dos agricultores. O estudo objetiva observar a influencia dos diferentes manejos: tradicional e TOMATEC na produção de (15E)-licopeno nos frutos do tomate, em diferentes cultivares do Brasil. Assim, foi utilizada a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector por arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD), em fase estacionária polimérica composta de 30 carbonos (C30). Esta fase estacionária é capaz de separar carotenoides, incluvise, isômeros geométricos do licopeno. As amostras foram coletadas, tratadas, extraídas e analisadas sob as mesmas condições para avaliação das concentrações de (15E)-licopeno nos frutos. Ensaios realizados foram capazes de demonstrar, de maneira objetiva, que a metodologia proposta conduziu a resultados confiáveis à qualidade desejada, de acordo com o guia de validação proposto pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO). Foram utilizadas ferramentas estatísticas para comparar os teores de (15E)-licopeno, em diferentes Estados do Brasil, sob diferentes manejos. Os resultados indicam os maiores teores da substância em cultivares convencionais e mostram que o ensacamento do fruto é um fator decisivo para a biossíntese do (15E)-licopeno