Jukka Ruohomäen sävellystuotanto ja tyylipiirteet 1970-luvulla : Esimerkkianalyysi teoksesta Pisces

Tutkimuksessani olen keskittynyt tarkastelemaan säveltäjä Jukka Ruohomäen (s.1947) 1970-luvun sävellystuotantoa ja teosten tyylipiirteitä sekä Ruohomäen toimintaa elektroakustisen musiikin parissa. Ruohomäen 1970-luvun teokset kuuluvat elektroakustisen nauhamusiikin lajiin. Aiempaa tutkimusta hänen musiikistaan ei ole tehty. Tutkimuksen kohteen tarkastelua varten työssä luodaan kuva elektroakustisen musiikin historian, kulttuurin ja analyysin kehitykseen sekä elektroakustisen musiikin terminologiaan ja työtapoihin. Elektroakustisen musiikin historiallista kehitystä seurataan 1800-luvulta 1960- ja 1970-lukujen taitteeseen asti, jotta voidaan ymmärtää, mihin kulttuurihistorialliseen kontekstiin Ruohomäen ensimmäisen sävellyskauden (1970–1978) tuotanto on syntynyt. Historiallisesta näkökulmasta tutkimus on kartoittavaa perustutkimusta. Elektroakustisen musiikin analyysimenetelmiä esittelevässä osassa esitellään ne keskeiset menetelmät, joita tässä työssä käytetään Ruohomäen tuotannon analysointiin. Analyysin pääpaino on teosten äänimateriaalien ja rakenteen tarkastelussa. Tähän tarkasteluun valittuja analyysimenetelmiä ovat Simon Emmersonin elektroakustisten teosten jaottelu äänimateriaalien narratiivisuuden ja syntaktisten piirteiden suhteen, Denis Smalleyn spektromorfologia ja Robert Coganin musiikin kuvaamiseen esittelemä sonogrammikuvaaja. Ruohomäen 1970-luvun teosten esittelyn lisäksi tarkemman analyysin kohteeksi on valittu sävellys Pisces (1975–76). Teosesittelyjen pohjalta muodostetaan kuva Ruohomäen ensimmäisen sävellyskauden vaikutteista ja sävellystyylin muuttumisesta. Ruohomäki painottaa sävellysprosessissa kuuntelun merkitystä ja hänen teoksensa syntyvät pikemminkin vuorovaikutuksessa äänimateriaalin ja sävellysteknologian kanssa kuin tarkan etukäteissuunnitelman ohjaamina. Varhaisten teosten populaarimusiikkivaikutteista Ruohomäen musiikki kehittyi 1970-luvulla kohti puhtaampaa konkreettisen musiikin traditiota. Minimalistiset ja stokastisen musiikin ideat ovat kuultavissa kaikissa ensimmäisen sävellyskauden teoksissa. Analyysi teoksesta Pisces tarkentaa kuvaa Ruohomäen sävellysten tyylipiirteistä. Teosanalyysissä luodaan pohjaa myös Ruohomäen kahden sävellyskauden vertailuun. Jatkotutkimuksen kannalta mielenkiintoiseksi kysymykseksi nousee Ruohomäen kahden sävellyskauden vertailu sekä sävellysteknologian kehityksen ja elektroakustisen musiikin estetiikan suhteen tarkastelu tämän vertailun avulla.

Erityisopetus muutoksen kynnyksellä - tilastollinen kuvaus erityisopetusjärjestelmästä ja sen määrällisestä kehityksestä 1970-luvun lopulta vuoteen 2008

The number of Finnish pupils attending special education has increased for more than a decade (Tilastokeskus 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005a, 2006b, 2007b, 2008b, 2008e, 2009b; Virtanen ja Ratilainen 1996). In the year 2007 nearly third of Finnish comprehensive school pupils took part in special needs education. According to the latest statistics, in the autumn of 2008 approximately 47 000 pupils have been admitted or transferred to special education and approximately 126 000 pupils received part-time special education during the 2007 - 2008 academic year. (Tilastokeskus 2008b, 2009b.) The Finnish special education system is currently under review. The Reform, both in legislation and in practice, began nationwide in the year 2008 (e.g. Special education strategy document, November 2007 and the development project Kelpo). The aim of the study was the statistical description of the Finnish special education system and on the other hand to gain a deeper understanding about the Finnish special education system and its quantitative increase, by analysis based on the nationwide statistical information. Earlier studies have shown that the growth in special education is affected by multiple independent variables and cannot be solely explained by the pupil characteristics. The statistical overview and analysis have been carried out in two parts. In the first part, the description and analysis were based on statistical time series from the academic year 1979 -1980 until 2008. While, in the second, more detailed description and analysis, based on comparable time series from 1995 to 2008 and from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008, is presented. Historical perspective was one part of this study. There was an attempt to find reasons explaining the observed growth in the special needs education from late 1960s to 2008. The majority of the research was based on the nationwide statistics information. In addition to this, materials including educational legislation literature, different kind of records of special education and preceding studies were also used to support the research. The main results of the study, are two statistical descriptions and time series analysis of the quantitative increase of the special needs education. Further, a summary of the plausible factors behind the special education system change and its quantitative increase, is presented. The conclusions coming from the study can be summarised as follows: the comparable statistical time series analysis suggests that the growth in special education after the year 1999 could be a consequence of the changes in the structure of special education and that new group of pupils have been directed to special needs education. Keywords: Special education, comprehensive school, description, statistics, change

Herman Bernstein 1897-1935

Correspondence, clippings, manuscripts, notes, reports, relating to Bernstein's journalistic, literary and diplomatic careers. Correspondence with well-known literary, political and communal, society personalities, 1908-1935. Includes Cyrus Adler, Viscount Allenby, Joseph Barondess, Bernard Baruch, Henri Bergson, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Jacob Billikopf, Vladimir Bourtzeff, Louis Brandeis, Robert Cecil, Fyodor Chaliapin, Jacob de Haas, Albert Einstein, Henry Ford, Felix Frankfurter, Herbert Hoover, Vladimir Jabotinsky, Horace M. Kallen, Peretz Hirschbein, Peter Kropotkin, Herbert Lehman, Louis Lipsky, Judah L. Magnes, Louis Marshall, Henry Morgenthau, Max Nordau, Adolph Simon Ochs, David de Sola Pool, Bernard G. Richards, Theodore Roosevelt, Julius Rosenwald, Jacob Schiff, Harry Schneiderman, Maurice Schwartz, George Bernard Shaw, Sholem Aleichem, Nathan Straus, Henrietta Szold, Chaim Tchernowitz, Leo Tolstoy, Samuel Untermyer, Henry Van Dyke, Lillian Wald, Felix Warburg, Chaim Weizman n, Jefferson Williams, Stephen Wise, Israel Zangwill. Correspondence and other materials relating to Bernstein's post as U.S. ambassador to Albania. Materials pertaining to Bernstein's editorial work at *The Day*, *Jewish Tribune*, *New York Herald*, *Jewish Daily Bulletin*. Materials pertaining to Bernstein's involvement with the American Jewish Committee. Correspondence with organizations including American Jewish Congress, *American Hebrew*, HIAS, *Jewish Chronicle* (London), Jewish Community of New York, *Menorah Journal*, *New York American*, *New York Times*, ORT, U.S. Dept. of State, Yiddish Art Theater, Zionist Organization of America. Articles, clippings, correspondence and court materials relating to the Ford libel suit. Miscellaneous documents and reports relating to the Paris Peace Conference, the Jewish situation in Russia, 1917-1920, Russian revolutionary events of 1917. News dispatches from Russia, 1917-1920s. Translations by Bernstein of Russian wri Andre yev,

Herbert B. Ehrmann papers, 1913-1970.

Contains correspondence, addresses and speeches, newspaper clippings, and published material relating primarily to Ehrmann's activity in the national and Boston chapter of the American Jewish Committee (1935-1970). Of special interest is material on the relation of the Committee to the American Jewish Conference (1943-1948), the relationship of American Jewry to the State of Israel, and the attitude of the Committee to the establishment of Israel. Also contains genealogical material, in German and in English, between Ehrmann and his relatives in Poland immediately prior World War II, and in Italy immediately after the war. Also contains letters and reports sent by Mrs. Sara Rosenfeld Ehrmann (b. 1895) by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and the United Jewish Appeal, dealing primarily with fund-raising matters.

Jacob Wiener collection 1897-1988

Manuscripts and articles by Rabbi Dr. Jacob G. Wiener about Jewish communities in Germany.

Gruenerwald-Stern Family, Lipperode 1897-1990

Copy of article on the Jewish cemetery in Lipperode, including transcriptions of tombstones and family trees for Ostheimer family; correspondence

Ammatti, ihminen ja maailmankuva murroksessa : Tutkimus yliopistokirjastoista ja kirjastonhoitajista tietoyhteiskuntakaudella 1970-2005

PROFESSION, PERSON AND WORLDVIEW AT A TURNING POINT A Study of University Libraries and Library Staff in the Information Age 1970 - 2005 The incongruity between commonly held ideas of libraries and librarians and the changes that have occurred in libraries since 2000 provided the impulse for this work. The object is to find out if the changes of the last few decades have penetrated to a deeper level, that is, if they have caused changes in the values and world views of library staff and management. The study focuses on Finnish university libraries and the people who work in them. The theoretical framework is provided by the concepts of world view (values, the concept of time, man and self, the experience of the supernatural and the holy, community and leadership). The viewpoint, framework and methods of the study place it in the area of Comparative Religion by applying the world view framework. The time frame is the information age, which has deeply affected Finnish society and scholarly communication from 1970 to 2005. The source material of the study comprises 30 life stories; somewhat more than half of the stories come from the University of Helsinki, and the rest from the other eight universities. Written sources include library journals, planning documents and historical accounts of libraries. The experiences and research diaries of the research worker are also used as source material. The world view questions are discussed on different levels: 1) recognition of the differences and similarities in the values of the library sphere and the university sphere, 2) examination of the world view elements, community and leadership based on the life stories, and 3) the three phases of the effects of information technology on the university libraries and those who work in them. In comparing the values of the library sphere and the university sphere, the appreciation of creative work and culture as well as the founding principles of science and research are jointly held values. The main difference between the values in the university and library spheres concerns competition and service. Competition is part of the university as an institution of research work. The core value of the library sphere is service, which creates the essential ethos of library work. The ethical principles of the library sphere also include the values of democracy and equality as well as the value of intellectual freedom. There is also a difference between an essential value in the university sphere, the value of autonomy and academic freedom on the one hand, and the global value of the library sphere - organizing operations in a practical and efficient way on the other hand. Implementing this value can also create tension between the research community and the library. Based on the life stories, similarities can be found in the values of the library staff members. The value of service seems to be of primary importance for all who are committed to library work and who find it interesting and rewarding. The service role of the library staff can be extended from information services provider to include the roles of teacher, listener and even therapist, all needed in a competitive research community. The values of democracy and equality also emerge fairly strongly. The information age development has progressed in three phases in the libraries from the 1960s onward. In the third phase beginning in the mid 1990s, the increased usage of electronic resources has set fundamental changes in motion. The changes have affected basic values and the concept of time as well as the hierarchies and valuations within the library community. In addition to and as a replacement for the library possessing a local identity and operational model, a networked, global library is emerging. The changes have brought tension both to the library communities and to the relationship between the university community and the library. Future orientation can be said to be the key concept for change; it affects where the ideals and models for operations are taken from. Future orientation manifests itself as changes in metaphors, changes in the model of a good librarian and as communal valuations. Tension between the libraries and research communities can arise if the research community pictures the library primarily as a traditional library building with a local identity, whereas the 21st century library staff and directors are affected by future orientation and membership in a networked library sphere, working proactively to develop their libraries.

Ihanteena vapaaehtoisuus : Diakoniatyö Porvoon hiippakunnan seurakunnissa, erityisesti Iitin ja Tampereen rovastikunnissa vuosina 1897-1923

The Ideal of Volunteerism. An institutional approach to social welfare work in the parishes of the Diocese of Porvoo especially in the deaneries of Iitti and Tampere, Finland, in the years 1897-1923 Social welfare work (also known as diakonia) has achieved a high status in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Since 1944, provisions of the Finnish Church Act have obliged each parish to employ at least one deacon or deaconess. This study sets out to examine the background and development of social welfare work in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland from the 1890s to the 1920s, by which time social welfare work had become an established practice in the Church. The study investigates the development of social welfare work on the level of parishes. The main source material was collected from sixteen parishes in the Diocese of Porvoo especially in the deaneries of Iitti and Tampere. In the 1890s, two approaches were used in church social work in Finland. The dioceses of Kuopio, Savonlinna and Turku pursued a congregational approach to social work, while the Diocese of Porvoo employed an institutional approach, mainly because of the influence of Bishop Herman Råbergh. This study charts the formation of church social work in Finnish parishes, which took place during a period of tension between the two approaches. The institutional approach to church social work adopted by the Diocese of Porvoo was based on the German system of Asisters= houses@, in which deaconess institutes sent parish sisters to serve congregations. The parish or, in many cases, a separate association dedicated to church social work paid an annual fee to the deaconess institute, which took care of the parish sisters in old age. In the institutional approach, volunteers were recruited to carry out church social work. It was considered as inappropriate to use tax revenue or other public funding for church social work, which was supposed to be based on Christian love for one=s fellow humans and the needy, and for which only voluntary financial contributions were supposed to be used. In the congregational approach, church social work was directly based on the efforts of the parish. The approach relied on the administrative bodies of parishes and the Church, and tax revenue collected by the parishes, as well as other forms of public funding, could be used to carry out the social welfare work. The parishes employed deacons and deaconesses and paid their salaries. The approaches described above were not pursued in their ideal forms; instead, many variations existed. However, in principle, the social welfare work undertaken by the parishes of the Diocese of Porvoo was based on the institutional approach, while the congregational approach was largely employed elsewhere in Finland. Both of the approaches were viable. Parishes began to employ deacons and deaconesses as of the 1890s. The number of parishes which had hired a deacon or deaconess increased particularly in the 1910s, by which time 60% of parishes had employed one. This level was maintained until 1944 when each parish in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was obliged to employ a deacon or deaconess. Deaconesses usually worked as travelling nurses. The autonomous status of Finland as part of the Russian Empire did not give Finns the right to develop legislation on social affairs and health care. Consequently, the legislation process did not begin until Finland gained its independence in 1917. The social welfare work carried out by parishes and a number of voluntary organisations satisfied the emerging need for medical treatment in Finnish society. Neither the government nor the municipalities had sufficient resources to provide this treatment. Based on the ideal of volunteerism, the institutional social work practiced in the Diocese of Porvoo ran into serious difficulties at the end of the First World War. Because of severe inflation, prices began to rise as of 1915 and tripled in 1917-1918. During the same period, Finnish society went through a deep crisis which escalated into Civil War in spring 1918. This period of economic and social turmoil marked a turning-point which led to a weakening of the status of institutional social work in parishes. Voluntary efforts were no longer sufficient to maintain the practice. In contrast, congregational social work, which was based on public funding, was able to cope with the changes and survived the crisis. The approach to social work adopted by the Diocese of Porvoo turned out to be no more than a brief detour in the history of social work in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. At the start of the 1920s, the two approaches were integrated into a common vision for establishing church social work as a statutory practice in parishes.

"Me emme ole kirkkoa politisoimassa" : Keskustapuolue ja Suomen evankelis-luterilaisen kirkon kirkolliskokous vuosina 1970-1977

Tutkielma käsittelee historiantutkimuksen keinoin Keskustapuolueen ja Suomen evankelis-luterilaisen kirkon kirkolliskokouksen suhdetta ja suhteen kehittymistä vuosina 1970 1977. Aihepiiriä lähestytään sekä henkilö- että organisaatiotasolla. Päälähteinä ovat kirkolliskokouksen pöytäkirjat sekä Keskustapuolueen eri puolue-elinten, ennen kaikkea kirkkopoliittisen toimikunnan, arkistokokoelmat. Keskustapuolue aktivoitui muiden puolueiden tavoin kirkkopolitiikassaan 1960- ja 1970-luvun vaihteessa. Vanhojen herätysliikkeiden edustajista muodostetulla puolueen kirkkopoliittisella toimikunnalla oli tässä aktivoitumisessa keskeinen sija. Vuosikymmenen alussa kirkon politisoituminen nähtiin toimikunnassa pääasiassa myönteisenä kehityksenä. Pyrkiessään säilyttämään herätysliikkeiden luottamuksen toimikunta joutui kuitenkin vuodesta 1974 lähtien muuttamaan kantaansa ja korostamaan, ettei Keskustapuolue ollut politisoimassa kirkkoa. Puolueen kirkkopoliitikkojen mukaan keskusta pyrki itse asiassa kirkkopolitiikallaan vapauttamaan kirkon muiden puolueiden politikoinnilta. Totta olikin, että kirkkopoliittinen toimikunta pysyi melko pitkälle vaiti opillisista kysymyksistä. Sen sijaan kirkon hallinnon demokratisointia ja köyhien seurakuntien aseman parantamista ajettiin voimakkaasti. Vaikka keskustasuuntautuneet kirkolliskokousedustajat eivät muodostaneetkaan toiminnassaan mitään yhtenäistä ryhmää, he kunnostautuivat hyvin näiden kysymysten esillä pitämisessä, aivan samoin kuin raittiuden ajamisessa. Kirkossa kuunneltiin 1970-luvun alussa puolueiden vaatimuksia ja uudistettiin hallintoa. Vuosikymmenen edetessä Keskustapuolueen vaikuttamispyrkimykset kirkolliskokouksen asiakysymyksiin kuitenkin vähenivät. Samaan aikaan kirkolliskokous puolestaan aktivoitui yhteiskunnallisille päättäjille, ja siten myös Keskustapuolueelle, suuntaamissaan kannanotoissa. Keskustapuolueessa kuunneltiinkin tarkasti kirkon ääntä. Haluttiin asettua samalle kannalle kirkon kanssa ja puolustaa kirkkoa. Siten pyrittiin vastaamaan SKL:n nousuun ja toisaalta tarjoamaan vaihtoehto SDP:n kirkkopolitiikalle, joka tähtäsi kirkon ja valtion erottamiseen. Vaikka keskustan vaikuttamispyrkimykset kirkolliskokouksen asiakysymyksiin vaimenivat tutkimuskauden kuluessa, puolue panosti jatkuvasti enemmän kirkolliskokousedustajien vaaleihin ja kirkolliskokouksessa suoritettaviin henkilövalintoihin. Vuonna 1977 keskustassa viritettiin puolueorganisaatiota jo hyvin tehokkaasti seuraavan vuoden kirkolliskokousvaaleihin. SDP:n haastaminen kirkollisissa henkilövalinnoissa alkoi toden teolla vuonna 1973 eli samaan aikaan, kun keskustan ja SDP:n nimityskilpa käynnistyi muuallakin yhteiskunnassa. SDP:n uhalla perusteltiin keskustassa myös omaa kirkkopoliittista aktiivisuutta. Keskusta pyrki haastamaan SDP:n kirkossa paljolti samoin keinoin ja samalla retoriikalla kuin ammattiyhdistysliikkeessä. Keskustapuolue säilytti edustuksensa kirkolliskokouksessa muita puolueita paremmin tutkimuskauden kuluessa. Keskustasuuntautuneet kirkolliskokousedustajat olivat lähes poikkeuksetta maallikoita ja tulivat lähinnä puolueen vahvoilta kannatusalueilta, kuten Lapuan ja Oulun hiippakunnasta. Edustajien joukossa vanhojen herätysliikkeiden osuus oli huomattava, ja keskustassa pyrittiinkin saamaan omiksi ehdokkaiksi nimenomaan herätysliike-, ei niinkään puoluevaikuttajia. Avainsanat: Kirkolliskokoukset, puolueet, Keskustapuolue, kirkkopolitiikka, politisoituminen, kirkolliset vaalit, herätysliikkeet

NORDEK : A Plan for Increased Nordic Economic Co-operation and Integration 1968-1970

For the first time the attempt of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to increase Nordic economic co-operation and integration (NORDEK 1968-1970) is analysed by using records from the four governments archives and interviews with central actors participating. A dominating argument has until now been that dynamics in Nordic economic integration is different from dynamics in European integration. This archive based study disproves the myth however of ideological Nordism and of short term political developments outside Norden as most important for the NORDEK initiative. The NORDEK initiative was actually more a consequence of a long term socioeconomic and socio-political path dependant process. The study also disproves the myth that the NORDEK plan was a political and ideological symbol without socioeconomic substance. The purpose with NORDEK was to create a better basis for generating economic growth and social welfare. The proposed NORDEK institutions were therefore developed to promote economic progress. The study finally shows that the NORDEK failure in 1970 was not a result of lacking economic rationale or incompatible economic interests. The failure was a result of a power struggle in Finnish domestic policy and lacking political will in the other Nordic countries to continue without Finland.

Vallankumous kotona! : Arkielämän visuaalinen murros 1960-luvun lopussa ja 1970-luvun alussa

Revolution at home! Visual Changes in Everyday Life in Finland in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s The purpose of my research was to investigate the visual changes in private homes in Finland during the 1960s and 1970s. The 1960s is often described as a turning point in Finnish life, a time when the society's previous agricultural orientation began to give way first to an industrial orientation and then, by the end of the 1970s, to a service orientation. My title refers to three elements in the transition period: the question of daily life; the timeframe; and the visual changes observable in private homes, which in retrospect signalled a kind of revolution in the social orientation. Those changes appeared not only in colours and designs but also in the forms and materials of household objects. My premise is that analysing interiors from a historical perspective can reveal valuable information about Finnish society and social attitudes, information that might easily escape attention otherwise. I have used the time-honoured method of collecting narratives. As far back as Aristotle, formulating narratives has been a means of gaining knowledge. By collecting and classifying narratives about the 1960s and 1970s, it is possible to gain new insight into these important decades. The archetypal 1960s narrative, involving student demonstrations and young people's efforts to improve society, is well known. Less well known is the narrative that relates the changes going on in daily life. Substantially the study focuses mainly on fabrics, porcelain ware and the use of plastics. Marimekko's style is especially important when following innovations in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Porcelain production at the Arabia factory was another element that had a great influence on the look of Finnish homes and kitchens; and a further widespread phenomenon of the late 1960s and early 1970s was the use of plastics in many different forms. Further evidence was sought in Anttila department store mail catalogues, which displayed products that were marketed on a large scale, as well as in magazines such as Avotakka. The terminal point of the visual evolution is the real homes, as seen in the questionnaire "Homemade". I have used the 800 pages of the oral history text that respondents of the Finnish Literature Society have written about their first home in the 1960s. I also used archival material on actual homes in Helsinki from the archives of the Helsinki City Museum. The basic story is the elite narrative, which was produced by students in the 1960s. My main narrative from the same time is visual change in everyday life in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I have classified the main narrative of visual change into four subcategories: the narrative of national ideas, the narrative of a better standard of living, the narrative of objects in the culture of everyday life and the narrative of changing colour and form.