Study of hexane adsorption in nanoporous MCM-41 silica

We study here the adsorption of hexane on nanoporous MCM-41 silica at 303, 313, and 323 K, for various pore diameters between 2.40 and 4.24 nm. Adsorption equilibria, measured thermogravimetrically, show that all the isotherms, that are somewhat akin to those of type V, exhibit remarkably sharp capillary adsorption phase transition steps and are reversible. The position of the phase transition step gradually shifts from low to high relative pressure with an increase in the temperature as well as the pore sizes. The isosteric heats of adsorption derived from the equilibrium information using the Clapeyron equation reveal a gradual decrease with increasing adsorbed amount because of the surface heterogeneity but approach a constant value near the phase transition. A decrease in the pore size results in an increase in the isosteric heat of adsorption because of the increased dispersion forces. A simple strategy, based on the Broekhoff and De Boer adsorption theory, successfully interprets the hexane adsorption isotherms for the different pore size MCM-41 samples. The parameters of an empirical expression, used to represent the potential of interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbent, are obtained by fitting the monolayer region prior to capillary condensation and the experimental phase transition simultaneously, for some pore sizes. Subsequently, the parameters are used to predict the adsorption isotherm on other pore size samples, which showed good agreement with experimental data.

Diffusion of linear paraffins in nanoporous silica

The diffusion of hexane, heptane, octane, and decane in nanoporous MCM-41 silica at various temperatures is investigated by the zero-length-column method. The diffusion coefficients are derived by a complete-time-range analysis of desorption curves at different purge flow rates and temperatures. The results show that the calculated low-coverage diffusivity values decrease monotonically, and the derived Henry's law constants increase, as the carbon number of paraffins increases. The study reveals that transport is strongly influenced by intracrystalline diffusion and dominated by the sorbate-sorbent interaction. The diffusion activation energy and adsorption isosteric heat at zero loading increase monotonically with the carbon number of linear paraffins, but their ratio is essentially constant for each adsorbate compound.

Diffusion of n-decane in mesoporous MCM-41 silicas

We investigate here the diffusion of n-decane in nanoporous MCM-41 silicas with pore diameters between 3.0 and 4.3 nm, and at various temperatures and purge flow rates, by the Zero Length Column method. A complete-time-range analysis of desorption curves is used to derive the diffusion coefficient, and the effect of pore size, purge flow rate and temperature on the diffusion character is systematically studied. The results show that the calculated low-coverage diffusivity values are strongly dependent on temperature but only weakly dependent on pore size. The study reveals that transport is controlled by intracrystalline diffusion and dominated by sorbate-sorbent interaction, with the experimental isosteric heat matching the potential energy of flat-lying n-decane molecules on the surface, determined using a united atom model. The diffusion activation energy and adsorption isosteric heat at zero loading for the different pore size MCM-41 samples vary in a narrow range respectively, and their ratio is essentially constant over the pore size range studied. The study shows that the ZLC method is an effective tool to investigate the diffusion kinetics of hydrocarbons in mesoporous MCM-41 materials. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Impact of potential models on adsorption of linear molecules on carbon black

In this paper, we investigate the effects of potential models on the description of equilibria of linear molecules (ethylene and ethane) adsorption on graphitized thermal carbon black. GCMC simulation is used as a tool to give adsorption isotherms, isosteric heat of adsorption and the microscopic configurations of these molecules. At the heart of the GCMC are the potential models, describing fluid-fluid interaction and solid-fluid interaction. Here we studied the two potential models recently proposed in the literature, the UA-TraPPE and AUA4. Their impact in the description of adsorption behavior of pure components will be discussed. Mixtures of these components with nitrogen and argon are also studied. Nitrogen is modeled a two-site plus discrete charges while argon as a spherical particle. GCMC simulation is also used for generating simulation mixture isotherms. It is found that co-operation between species occurs when the surface is fractionally covered while competition is important when surface is fully loaded.

Evaluation of 1-site and 5-site models of methane on its adsorption on graphite and in graphitic slit pores

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the 1- and 5-site models of methane on the description of adsorption on graphite surfaces and in graphitic slit pores. These models have been known to perform well in the description of the fluid-phase behavior and vapor-liquid equilibria. Their performance in adsorption is evaluated in this work for nonporous graphitized thermal carbon black, and simulation results are compared with the experimental data of Avgul and Kiselev (Chemistry and Physics of Carbon; Dekker: New York, 1970; Vol. 6, p 1). On this nonporous surface, it is found that these models perform as well on isotherms at various temperatures as they do on the experimental isosteric heat for adsorption on a graphite surface. They are then tested for their performance in predicting the adsorption isotherms in graphitic slit pores, in which we would like to explore the effect of confinement on the molecule packing. Pore widths of 10 and 20 angstrom are chosen in this investigation, and we also study the effects of temperature by choosing 90.7, 113, and 273 K. The first two are for subcritical conditions, with 90.7 K being the triple point of methane and 113 K being its boiling point. The last temperature is chosen to represent the supercritical condition so that we can investigate the performance of these models at extremely high pressures. We have found that for the case of slit pores investigated in this paper, although the two models yield comparable pore densities (provided the accessible pore width is used in the calculation of pore density), the number of particles predicted by the I-site model is always greater than that predicted by the 5-site model, regardless of whether temperature is subcritical or supercritical. This is due to the packing effect in the confined space such that a methane molecule modeled as a spherical particle in the I-site model would pack better than the fused five-sphere model in the case of the 5-site model. Because the 5-site model better describes the liquid- and solid-phase behavior, we would argue that the packing density in small pores is better described with a more detailed 5-site model, and care should be exercised when using the 1-site model to study adsorption in small pores.

Modeling of adsorption on nongraphitized carbon surface: GCMC simulation studies and comparison with experimental data

We model nongraphitized carbon black surfaces and investigate adsorption of argon on these surfaces by using the grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. In this model, the nongraphitized surface is modeled as a stack of graphene layers with some carbon atoms of the top graphene layer being randomly removed. The percentage of the surface carbon atoms being removed and the effective size of the defect ( created by the removal) are the key parameters to characterize the nongraphitized surface. The patterns of adsorption isotherm and isosteric heat are particularly studied, as a function of these surface parameters as well as pressure and temperature. It is shown that the adsorption isotherm shows a steplike behavior on a perfect graphite surface and becomes smoother on nongraphitized surfaces. Regarding the isosteric heat versus loading, we observe for the case of graphitized thermal carbon black the increase of heat in the submonolayer coverage and then a sharp decline in the heat when the second layer is starting to form, beyond which it increases slightly. On the other hand, the isosteric heat versus loading for a highly nongraphitized surface shows a general decline with respect to loading, which is due to the energetic heterogeneity of the surface. It is only when the fluid-fluid interaction is greater than the surface energetic factor that we see a minimum-maximum in the isosteric heat versus loading. These simulation results of isosteric heat agree well with the experimental results of graphitization of Spheron 6 (Polley, M. H.; Schaeffer, W. D.; Smith, W. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1953, 57, 469; Beebe, R. A.; Young, D. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1954, 58, 93). Adsorption isotherms and isosteric heat in pores whose walls have defects are also studied from the simulation, and the pattern of isotherm and isosteric heat could be used to identify the fingerprint of the surface.

Features of nitrogen adsorption on nonporous carbon and silica surfaces in the framework of classical density functional theory

Equilibrium adsorption data of nitrogen on a series of nongraphitized carbon blacks and nonporous silica at 77 K were analyzed by means of classical density functional theory to determine the solid-fluid potential. The behavior of this potential profile at large distance is particularly considered. The analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms seems to indicate that the adsorption in the first molecular layer is localized and controlled mainly by short-range forces due to the surface roughness, crystalline defects, and functional groups. At distances larger than approximately 1.3-1.5 molecular diameters, the adsorption is nonlocalized and appears as a thickening of the adsorbed film with increasing bulk pressure in a relatively weak adsorption potential field. It has been found that the asymptotic decay of the potential obeys the power law with the exponent being -3 for carbon blacks and -4 for silica surface, which signifies that in the latter case the adsorption potential is mainly exerted by surface oxygen atoms. In all cases, the absolute value of the solid-fluid potential is much smaller than that predicted by the Lennard-Jones pair potential with commonly used solid-fluid molecular parameters. The effect of surface heterogeneity on the heat of adsorption is also discussed.

The adsorption of water in finite carbon pores

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were applied to the adsorption of SPCE model water in finite graphitic pores with different configurations of carbonyl functional groups on only one surface and several pore sizes. It was found that almost all finite pores studied exhibit capillary condensation behaviour preceded by adsorption around the functional groups. Desorption showed the reverse transitions from a filled to a near empty pore resulting in a clear hysteresis loop in all pores except for some of the configurations of the 1.0nm pore. Carbonyl configurations had a strong effect on the filling pressure of all pores except, in some cases, in 1.0nm pores. A decrease in carbonyl neighbour density would result in a higher filling pressure. The emptying pressure was negligibly affected by the configuration of functional groups. Both the filling and emptying pressures increased with increasing pore size but the effect on the emptying pressure was much less. At pressures lower than the pore filling pressure, the adsorption of water was shown to have an extremely strong dependence on the neighbour density with adsorption changing from Type IV to Type III to linear as the neighbour density decreased. The isosteric heat was also calculated for these configurations to reveal its strong dependence on the neighbour density. These results were compared with literature experimental results for water and carbon black and found to qualitatively agree.

Adsorption of benzene on graphitized thermal carbon black: Reduction of the quadrupole moment in the adsorbed phase

The performance of intermolecular potential models on the adsorption of benzene on graphitized thermal carbon black at various temperatures is investigated. Two models contain only dispersive sites, whereas the other two models account explicitly for the dispersive and electrostatic sites. Using numerous data in the literature on benzene adsorption on graphitized thermal carbon black at various temperatures, we have found that the effect of surface mediation on interaction between adsorbed benzene molecules must be accounted for to describe correctly the adsorption isotherm as well as the isosteric heat. Among the two models with partial charges tested, the WSKS model of Wick et at. I that has only six dispersive sites and three discrete partial charges is better than the very expensive all-atom model of Jorgensen and Severance.(2) Adsorbed benzene molecules on graphitized thermal carbon black have a complex orientation with respect to distance from the surface and also with respect to loading. At low loadings, they adopt the parallel configuration relative to the graphene surface, whereas at higher loadings (still less than monolayer coverage) some molecules adopt a slant orientation to maximize the fluid-fluid interaction. For loadings in the multilayer region, the orientation of molecules in the first layer is influenced by the presence of molecules in the second layer. The data that are used in this article come from the work of Isirikyan and Kiselev,(3) Pierotti and Smallwood,(4) Pierce and Ewing,(5) Belyakova, Kiselev, and Kovaleva,(6) and Carrott et al.(7)

Modeling hydrogen separation in high temperature silica membrane systems

In this work, a working model is proposed of molecular sieve silica (MSS) multistage membrane systems for CO cleanup at high temperatures (up to 500 degrees C) in a simulated fuel cell fuel processing system. Gases are described as having little interactions with each other relative to the pore walls due to low isosteric heat of adsorption on silica surfaces and high temperatures. The Arrhenius function for activated transport of pure gases was used to predict mixture concentration in the permeate and retentate streams. Simulation predicted CO could be reduced to levels below the required 50 ppmv for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell anodes at a stage H-2/CO selectivity of higher than 40 in 4 series membrane units. Experimental validation showed predicting mixture concentrations required only pure gas permeation data. This model has significant application for setting industrial stretch targets and as a robust basis for complex membrane model configurations. (c) 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Correct procedures for the calculation of heats of adsorption for heterogeneous adsorbents from molecular simulation

Several procedures for calculating the heat of adsorption from Monte Carlo simulations for a heterogeneous adsorbent are presented. Simulations have been performed to generate isotherms for nitrogen at 77 K and methane at 273.15 K in graphitic slit pores of various widths. The procedures were then applied to calculate the heat of adsorption of an activated carbon with an arbitrary pore size distribution. The consistency of the different procedures shows them to be correct in calculating interaction energy contributions to the heat of adsorption. The currently favored procedure for this type of calculation, from the literature, is shown to be incorrect and in serious error when calculating the heat of adsorption of activated carbon.

The adsorptive separation of aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures

A detailed study has been made of the feasibility of adsorptive purification of slack waxes from traces of aromatic compounds using type 13X molecular sieves to achieve 0.01% aromatics in the product. The limited literature relating to the adsorption of high molecular weight aromatic compounds by zeolites was reviewed. Equilibrium isotherms were determined for typical individual aromatic compounds. Lower molecular weight, or more compact, molecules were preferentially adsorbed and the number of molecules captured by one unit cell decreased with increasing molecular weight of the adsorbate. An increase in adsorption temperature resulted in a decrease in the adsorption value. The isosteric heat of adsorption of differnt types of aromatic compounds was determined from pairs of isotherms at 303 K to 343 K at specific coverages. The lowest heats of adsorption were for dodecylbenzene and phenanthrene. Kinetics of adsorption were studied for different aromatic compounds. The diffusivity decreased significantly when a long alkyl chain was attached to the benzene ring e.g. in dodecylbenzene; molecules with small cross-sectional diameter e.g. cumene were adsorbed most rapidly. The sorption rate increased with temperature. Apparent activation energies increased with increasing polarity. In a study of the dynamic adsorption of selected aromatic compounds from binary solutions in isooctane or n-alkanes, naphthalene exhibited the best dynamic properties followed by dibenzothiophene and finally dodecylbenzene. The dynamic adsorption of naphthalene from different n-alkane solvents increased with a decrease in solvent molecular weight. A tentative mathematical approach is proposed for the prediction of dynamic breakthrough curves from equilibrium isotherms and kinetic data. The dynamic properties of liquid phase adsorption of aromatics from slack waxes were studied at different temperatures and concentrations. The optimum operating temperature was 543 K. The best dynamic performance was achieved with feeds of low aromatic content. The studies with individual aromatic compounds demonstrated the affinity of type NaX molecular sieves to adsorb aromatics in the concentration range 3% - 5% . Wax purification by adsorption was considered promising and extension of the experimental programme was recommended.

Secagem convectiva da microalga spirulina platensis: avaliação das propriedades físicas e bioquímicas

O objetivo no presente estudo foi investigar a operação de secagem da microalga Spirulina platensis em camada delgada através da modelagem matemática e otimização da operação, avaliando as características do produto final através de análises físico-químicas. Foram analisados os dados da umidade de equilíbrio para a isoterma de adsorção a 10, 20 e 30°C e de dessorção a 40, 50 e 60°C, através dos modelos de GAB e BET. O calor isostérico foi determinado pela aplicação da equação de Clausius-Clapeyron. O modelo de GAB apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais. Os valores da área superficial calculados pelos modelos de GAB e BET foram próximos. O calor isostérico e a entropia diferencial da isoterma de dessorção apresentaram comportamento similar. A teoria da compensação entalpia-entropia foi aplicada nas isotermas, indicando que são controladas pela entalpia. A cinética de secagem foi analisada na faixa de temperatura de 50-70°C, através dos modelos de Lewis, Henderson e Pabis, Henderson, Page e Overhults. O modelo de Henderson e Pabis foi escolhido por apresentar maior significado físico para estimar o valor de difusividade efetiva (Def), sendo os valores encontrados na faixa de 5,54 - 6,60×10-11 m 2 /s, para as temperaturas de 50 e 60°C, respectivamente, e de 1,58×10-10 m2 /s para a temperatura de 70°C. A energia de ativação apresentou um valor de 47,9 kJ/mol. A secagem alterou a cor quando comparada ao material in natura. A secagem foi otimizada na faixa de espessuras e temperaturas do ar de secagem de 3-7 mm e de 50-70ºC, respectivamente, através da metodologia de superfície de resposta para ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA) e perda de ficocianina no produto final. A melhor condição de secagem foi a 55°C e a 3,7 mm, apresentando uma perda de ficocianina de aproximadamente 37% e valor de TBA de 1,5 mgMDA/kgamostra. Nesta condição de secagem, a composição de ácidos graxos da microalga Spirulina não apresentou diferença significativa (P > 0,05) em relação a microalga in natura.

Post-combustion CO2 adsorption on activated carbons with different textural properties

Fixed bed CO2 adsorption tests were carried out in model flue-gas streams onto two commercial activated carbons, namely Filtrasorb 400 and Nuchar RGC30, at 303 K, 323 K and 353 K. Thermodynamic adsorption results highlighted that the presence of a narrower micropore size distribution with a prevailing contribution of very small pore diameters, observed for Filtrasorb 400, is a key factor in determining a higher CO2 capture capacity, mostly at low temperature. These experimental evidences were also corroborated by the higher value of the isosteric heat derived for Filtrasorb 400, testifying stronger interactions with CO2 molecules with respect to Nuchar RGC30. Dynamic adsorption results on the investigated sorbents highlighted the important role played by both a greater contribution of mesopores and the presence of wider micropores for Nuchar RGC30 in establishing faster capture kinetics with respect to Filtrasorb 400, in particular at 303 K. Furthermore, the modeling analysis of 15% CO2 breakthrough curves allowed identifying intraparticle diffusion as the rate-determining step of the process.

Water adsorption isotherms and isosteric sorption heat of spray-dried and freeze-dried dehydrated passion fruit pulp with additives and skimmed milk

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)