Internet of Things. A proposed secured network topology

The myriad of technologies and protocols working at different layers pose significant security challenges in the upcoming Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Security features and needs vary from application to application and it is layer specific. In addition, security has to consider the constraints imposed by energy limited sensor nodes and consider the specific target application in order to provide security at different layers. This paper analyses current standardization efforts and protocols. It proposes a generic secured network topology for IoT and describes the relevant security challenges. Some exploitation examples are also provided.

Protocole de routage basé sur des passerelles mobiles pour un accès Internet dans les réseaux véhiculaires

La rapide progression des technologies sans fil au cours de ces dernières années a vu naître de nouveaux systèmes de communication dont les réseaux véhiculaires. Ces réseaux visent à intégrer les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication dans le domaine automobile en vue d’améliorer la sécurité et le confort sur le réseau routier. Offrir un accès Internet aux véhicules et à leurs occupants peut sans doute aider à anticiper certains dangers sur la route tout en rendant plus agréables les déplacements à bord des véhicules. Le déploiement de ce service nécessite que des messages soient échangés entre les véhicules. Le routage constitue un élément crucial dans un réseau, car définissant la façon dont les différentes entités échangent des messages. Le routage dans les VANETS constitue un grand défi car ces derniers sont caractérisés par une forte mobilité entraînant une topologie très dynamique. Des protocoles ont été proposés pour étendre Internet aux réseaux véhiculaires. Toutefois, la plupart d’entre eux nécessitent un coût élevé de messages de contrôle pour l’établissement et le maintien des communications. Ceci a pour conséquence la saturation de la bande passante entrainant ainsi une baisse de performance du réseau. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire, un protocole de routage qui s’appuie sur des passerelles mobiles pour étendre Internet aux réseaux véhiculaires. Le protocole prend en compte la mobilité des véhicules et la charge du réseau pour l’établissement et le maintien des routes.

Estudo do impacto do tamanho máximo da carga da trama Ethernet no perfil do Tráfego IPV6 na Internet

A transição entre a versão 4 para a versão 6 do Internet Protocol (IP) vem ocorrendo na comunidade da Internet. No entanto, a estrutura interna dos protocolos IPv4 e IPv6, em detalhe no tamanho dos seus cabeçalhos, pode provocar alterações no perfil tráfego da rede. Este trabalho estuda as mudanças nas características de tráfego de rede, avaliando o que mudaria se o tráfego gerado fosse apenas IPv6 em vez de IPv4. Este artigo estende-se uma pesquisa anterior, abordando novas questões, mas usando os registos de dados reais disponíveis publicamente. É adotada uma metodologia de engenharia reversa nos pacotes IPv4 capturados, permitindo assim inferir qual a carga original no computador tributário e em seguida reencapsular essa carga em novos pacotes usando restrições de encapsulamento IPv6. Conclui-se que, na transição de IPv4 para IPv6, haverá um aumento no número de pacotes transmitidos na Internet.

Connectivity recovery in epidemic membership protocols

Epidemic protocols are a bio-inspired communication and computation paradigm for extreme-scale network system based on randomized communication. The protocols rely on a membership service to build decentralized and random overlay topologies. In a weakly connected overlay topology, a naive mechanism of membership protocols can break the connectivity, thus impairing the accuracy of the application. This work investigates the factors in membership protocols that cause the loss of global connectivity and introduces the first topology connectivity recovery mechanism. The mechanism is integrated into the Expander Membership Protocol, which is then evaluated against other membership protocols. The analysis shows that the proposed connectivity recovery mechanism is effective in preserving topology connectivity and also helps to improve the application performance in terms of convergence speed.

Governança da internet no espaço regulatório global: o idiossincrático modelo de gestão da ICANN

O presente trabalho pretende descrever e analisar a evolução institucional da Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), organização responsável pela gestão dos nomes de domínio e protocolos de comunicação entre computadores em rede ao redor do mundo. Iniciando sua trajetória como instituição privada estadunidense e vinculada ao departamento de comércio do mesmo país, a ICANN passa por diversas modificações estruturais ao longo da última década, de forma a englobar representantes de diversos setores sociais em suas atividades. Algumas peculiaridades em sua estrutura que ainda a vinculam aos Estados Unidos, no entanto, são objeto de controvérsia entre aqueles que buscam uma democratização da internet em nível global.

A Routing Protocol Based on Energy and Link Quality for Internet of Things Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is attracting considerable attention from the universities, industries, citizens and governments for applications, such as healthcare, environmental monitoring and smart buildings. IoT enables network connectivity between smart devices at all times, everywhere, and about everything. In this context, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play an important role in increasing the ubiquity of networks with smart devices that are low-cost and easy to deploy. However, sensor nodes are restricted in terms of energy, processing and memory. Additionally, low-power radios are very sensitive to noise, interference and multipath distortions. In this context, this article proposes a routing protocol based on Routing by Energy and Link quality (REL) for IoT applications. To increase reliability and energy-efficiency, REL selects routes on the basis of a proposed end-to-end link quality estimator mechanism, residual energy and hop count. Furthermore, REL proposes an event-driven mechanism to provide load balancing and avoid the premature energy depletion of nodes/networks. Performance evaluations were carried out using simulation and testbed experiments to show the impact and benefits of REL in small and large-scale networks. The results show that REL increases the network lifetime and services availability, as well as the quality of service of IoT applications. It also provides an even distribution of scarce network resources and reduces the packet loss rate, compared with the performance of well-known protocols.

Semantic middleware development for the Internet of Things

After the extraordinary spread of the World Wide Web during the last fifteen years, engineers and developers are pushing now the Internet to its next border. A new conception in computer science and networks communication has been burgeoning during roughly the last decade: a world where most of the computers of the future will be extremely downsized, to the point that they will look like dust at its most advanced prototypes. In this vision, every single element of our “real” world has an intelligent tag that carries all their relevant data, effectively mapping the “real” world into a “virtual” one, where all the electronically augmented objects are present, can interact among them and influence with their behaviour that of the other objects, or even the behaviour of a final human user. This is the vision of the Internet of the Future, which also draws ideas of several novel tendencies in computer science and networking, as pervasive computing and the Internet of Things. As it has happened before, materializing a new paradigm that changes the way entities interrelate in this new environment has proved to be a goal full of challenges in the way. Right now the situation is exciting, with a plethora of new developments, proposals and models sprouting every time, often in an uncoordinated, decentralised manner away from any standardization, resembling somehow the status quo of the first developments of advanced computer networking, back in the 60s and the 70s. Usually, a system designed after the Internet of the Future will consist of one or several final user devices attached to these final users, a network –often a Wireless Sensor Network- charged with the task of collecting data for the final user devices, and sometimes a base station sending the data for its further processing to less hardware-constrained computers. When implementing a system designed with the Internet of the Future as a pattern, issues, and more specifically, limitations, that must be faced are numerous: lack of standards for platforms and protocols, processing bottlenecks, low battery lifetime, etc. One of the main objectives of this project is presenting a functional model of how a system based on the paradigms linked to the Internet of the Future works, overcoming some of the difficulties that can be expected and showing a model for a middleware architecture specifically designed for a pervasive, ubiquitous system. This Final Degree Dissertation is divided into several parts. Beginning with an Introduction to the main topics and concepts of this new model, a State of the Art is offered so as to provide a technological background. After that, an example of a semantic and service-oriented middleware is shown; later, a system built by means of this semantic and service-oriented middleware, and other components, is developed, justifying its placement in a particular scenario, describing it and analysing the data obtained from it. Finally, the conclusions inferred from this system and future works that would be good to be tackled are mentioned as well. RESUMEN Tras el extraordinario desarrollo de la Web durante los últimos quince años, ingenieros y desarrolladores empujan Internet hacia su siguiente frontera. Una nueva concepción en la computación y la comunicación a través de las redes ha estado floreciendo durante la última década; un mundo donde la mayoría de los ordenadores del futuro serán extremadamente reducidas de tamaño, hasta el punto que parecerán polvo en sus más avanzado prototipos. En esta visión, cada uno de los elementos de nuestro mundo “real” tiene una etiqueta inteligente que porta sus datos relevantes, mapeando de manera efectiva el mundo “real” en uno “virtual”, donde todos los objetos electrónicamente aumentados están presentes, pueden interactuar entre ellos e influenciar con su comportamiento el de los otros, o incluso el comportamiento del usuario final humano. Ésta es la visión del Internet del Futuro, que también toma ideas de varias tendencias nuevas en las ciencias de la computación y las redes de ordenadores, como la computación omnipresente y el Internet de las Cosas. Como ha sucedido antes, materializar un nuevo paradigma que cambia la manera en que las entidades se interrelacionan en este nuevo entorno ha demostrado ser una meta llena de retos en el camino. Ahora mismo la situación es emocionante, con una plétora de nuevos desarrollos, propuestas y modelos brotando todo el rato, a menudo de una manera descoordinada y descentralizada lejos de cualquier estandarización, recordando de alguna manera el estado de cosas de los primeros desarrollos de redes de ordenadores avanzadas, allá por los años 60 y 70. Normalmente, un sistema diseñado con el Internet del futuro como modelo consistirá en uno o varios dispositivos para usuario final sujetos a estos usuarios finales, una red –a menudo, una red de sensores inalámbricos- encargada de recolectar datos para los dispositivos de usuario final, y a veces una estación base enviando los datos para su consiguiente procesado en ordenadores menos limitados en hardware. Al implementar un sistema diseñado con el Internet del futuro como patrón, los problemas, y más específicamente, las limitaciones que deben enfrentarse son numerosas: falta de estándares para plataformas y protocolos, cuellos de botella en el procesado, bajo tiempo de vida de las baterías, etc. Uno de los principales objetivos de este Proyecto Fin de Carrera es presentar un modelo funcional de cómo trabaja un sistema basado en los paradigmas relacionados al Internet del futuro, superando algunas de las dificultades que pueden esperarse y mostrando un modelo de una arquitectura middleware específicamente diseñado para un sistema omnipresente y ubicuo. Este Proyecto Fin de Carrera está dividido en varias partes. Empezando por una introducción a los principales temas y conceptos de este modelo, un estado del arte es ofrecido para proveer un trasfondo tecnológico. Después de eso, se muestra un ejemplo de middleware semántico orientado a servicios; después, se desarrolla un sistema construido por medio de este middleware semántico orientado a servicios, justificando su localización en un escenario particular, describiéndolo y analizando los datos obtenidos de él. Finalmente, las conclusiones extraídas de este sistema y las futuras tareas que sería bueno tratar también son mencionadas.

Redes y servicios ubicuos para Internet de las Cosas en dispositivos llevables

En las últimas décadas se han producido importantes avances tecnológicos, lo que ha producido un crecimiento importante de las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores (RIS), conocidas en inglés como Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Estas redes están formadas por un conjunto de pequeños nodos o también, conocidos como motas, compuestos por diversos tipos de sensores. Las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores pueden resultar muy útiles en entornos donde el despliegue de redes cableadas, formadas por ordenadores, encaminadores u otros dispositivos de red no sea posible. Sin embargo, este tipo de redes presentan una serie de carencias o problemas que dificultan, en ocasiones, su implementación y despliegue. Este Proyecto Fin de Carrera tiene como principales objetivos: diseñar e implementar un agente que haga uso de la tecnología Bluetooth para que se pueda comunicar tanto con la arquitectura orientada a servicios, vía radio, como con el módulo Bioharness para obtener parámetros fisiológicos; ofrecer una serie de servicios simples a la Red Inalámbrica de Sensores; diseñar un algoritmo para un sistema de alarmas; realizar e implementar una pasarela entre protocolos que usen el estándar IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) y el estándar IEEE802.15.1 de la Tecnología Bluetooth. Por último, implementar una aplicación Android para el reloj WiMM y que este pueda recibir alarmas en tiempo real a través del la Interfaz Bluetooth. Para lograr estos objetivos, en primer lugar realizaremos un estudio del Estado del Arte de las Redes Inalámbricas de Sensores, con el fin de estudiar su arquitectura, el estándar Bluetooth y los dispositivos Bluetooth que se han utilizado en este Proyecto. Seguidamente, describiremos detalladamente el firmware iWRAP versión 4, centrándonos en sus modos de operación, comandos AT y posibles errores que puedan ocurrir. A continuación, se describirá la arquitectura y la especificación nSOM, para adentrarnos en la arquitectura orientada a servicios. Por último, ejecutaremos la fase de validación del sistema y se analizarán los resultados obtenidos durante la fase de pruebas. ABSTRACT In last decades there have been significant advances in technology, which has resulted in important growth of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These networks consist of a small set of nodes, also known as spots; equipped with various types of sensors. Wireless Sensor Networks can be very useful in environments where deployment of wired networks, formed by computers, routers or other network devices is not possible. However, these networks have a number of shortcomings or challenges to, sometimes, their implementation and deployment. The main objectives of this Final Project are to design and implement an agent that makes use of Bluetooth technology so you can communicate with both the service-oriented architecture, via radio, as with Bioharness module for physiological parameters; offer simple services to Wireless Sensor Network, designing an algorithm for an alarm system, make and implement a gateway between protocols using the standard IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE802.15.1 standard Bluetooth Technology. Finally, implement an Android application for WiMM watch that can receive real-time alerts through the Bluetooth interface. In order to achieve these objectives, firstly we are going to carry out a study of the State of the Art in Wireless Sensor Network, where we study the architecture, the Bluetooth standard and Bluetooth devices that have been used in this project. Then, we will describe in detail the iWRAP firmware version 4, focusing on their operation modes, AT commands and errors that may occur. Therefore, we will describe the architecture and specification nSOM, to enter into the service-oriented architecture. Finally, we will execute the phase of validation of the system in a real application scenario, analyzing the results obtained during the testing phase.

Cost analysis methodology and protocol estimates : OECD minimum pre-market data test protocols /

"EPA-560/4-81-002."

Smoking cessation in pregnancy : abbreviated prenatal counseling protocols for WIC educators and/or health care professionals /

"Reprint December 1994"--P. [2] of cover.

The truth about "The Protocols" : a literary forgery.

Comprises 3 articles by the Constantinople correspondent of the Times, Philip P. Graves (half-brother of Robert Graves), Aug. 16-18, and a leading article from the Times of Aug. 18.

Antibiotic residues in milk, dairy products, and animal tissues : methods, reports, and protocols /

Mode of access: Internet.

Handbook : assessment protocols : durability of performance of a home radon reduction system : sub-slab depressurization systems /

"EPA/625/6-91/032."

Bilateral investment treaties with the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Peoples' Republic of the Congo, the Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia, and two protocols to treaties with Finland and Ireland : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, August 4, 1992.

Mode of access: Internet.

Protocols of proceedings of the International marine conference held in Washington, D.C. ...

Vol.3, t.-p. reads: United States of America, State department, International marine conference. 1889. Reports of committees...At head of title: 51st Congress, 1st Session. Senate. Ex. Doc.53, Parts 1-3.