Efeito de teores de Zr sobre as propriedades mecânicas e elétricas de ligas Al-Ec-Si aplicadas na elaboração de ligas para Tx e Dx de energia elétrica

Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise da influência do Zr na modificação de características importantes em ligas de Al-EC-Si para aplicação como condutor de energia elétrica, almejando obter-se propriedades termorresistentes. Para a realização deste estudo, as ligas foram obtidas por fundição direta em lingoteira metálica em formato “U”, a partir do Al-EC, fixando-se na base o teor de 0,7% de Si, e em seguida, variando-se diferentes teores de Zr. Com o intuito de precipitar as partículas de segunda fase chamadas de dispersóides, que tem como principal característica a retenção da microestrutura deformada quando exposta a altas temperaturas, foi necessário submeter as ligas a um tratamento térmico de 310 ºC durante 24 horas afim de provocar o surgimento dos finos dispersóides de Al₃Zr. Foram estabelecidas duas etapas para obtenção dos resultados: A ETAPA I composta da solidificação, usinagem e deformações obtidas com as ligas, gerando os fios que foram utilizados em todos os ensaios. A ETAPA II repete os mesmos procedimentos adotados na ETAPA I, porém é feito um tratamento térmico de 310ºC por 24 horas antes da deformação. A caracterização das amostras dos fios de cada liga quanto à termorresistividade, que obedeceu a exigência da COPEL (Companhia Paranaense de Energia), sendo submetidos à temperatura de 230 ºC por uma hora e foram feitos também tratamentos térmicos na temperatura de 310 e 390ºC, com a finalidade de se avaliar a estabilidade térmica das ligas estudadas. Verificou-se de maneira geral que teores crescentes de Zr provocam um refinamento de grão e aumentam o LRT e a estabilidade térmica da liga, tanto na ETAPA I quanto na ETAPA II. Foi observado ainda que na ETAPA I, a condutividade foi bastante afetada pelos teores de Zr, e que a inserção do tratamento térmico da ETAPA II melhorou a capacidade de conduzir energia elétrica na liga, particularmente para o diâmetro que sofreram maior deformação.

Extração e caracterização de amido de quinoa, cañihua e Mirabilis jalapa

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Batata cv Pirassu como matéria prima industrial

The starch market has been growing and improving in recent years, leading to a search for products with specific characteristics that meet the industrial requirements. This work aimed to evaluate the centesimal composition of potato tubers cv Pirassu and its industrial potential. The potato cv Pirassu was cultivated in Pouso Alegre, mountainous region south of Minas Gerais state, with planting season in August and harvest season in November, 2011. The tubers were analyzed for color, pulp and centesimal composition. The starch extract was analyzed for centesimal composition, phosphorus content, apparent amylose, pasting properties and thermal properties. The results showed that the content of dry matter, total soluble sugar and starch of tubers, are compatible for processing for potato chips. The starch of this cultivate showed important viscosity characteristics for food industry such as: heat resistance and friction, good final viscosity and low granular organization.

Technological processes study for high value health ingredients and foods production

This PhD thesis describes set up of technological models for obtaining high health value foods and ingredients that preserve the final product characteristics as well as enrich with nutritional components. In particular, the main object of my research has been Virgin Olive Oil (VOO) and its important antioxidant compounds which differentiate it from all other vegetables oils. It is well known how the qualitative and quantitative presence of phenolic molecules extracted from olives during oil production is fundamental for its oxidative and nutritional quality. For this purpose, agronomic and technological conditions of its production have been investigated. It has also been examined how this fraction can be better preserved during storage. Moreover, its relation with VOO sensorial characteristics and its interaction with a protein in emulsion foods have also been studied. Finally, an experimental work was carried out to determine the antioxidative and heat resistance properties of a new antioxidant (EVS-OL) when used for high temperature frying such as is typically employed for the preparation of french fries. Results of the scientific research have been submitted for a publication and some data has already been published in national and international scientific journals.

Pinning-Effekte kolumnarer Schwerionenspuren in Kuprat-Supraleiter-Dünnschichten

In this work the flux line dynamics in High-Temperature Superconductor (HTSC) thin films in the presence of columnar defects was studied using electronic transport measurements. The columnar defects which are correlated pinning centers for vortices were generated by irradiation with swift heavy ions at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt. In the first part, the vortex dynamics is discussed within the framework of the Bose-glass model. This approach describes the continuous transition from a vortex liquid to a Bose-glass phase which is characterized by the localization of the flux lines at the columnar defects. The critical behavior of the characteristic length and time scales for temperatures in the vicinity of this phase transition were probed by scaling properties of experimentally obtained current-voltage characteristics. In contrast to the predicted universal properties of the critical behavior the scaling analysis shows a strong dependence of the dynamic critical exponent on the experimentally accessible electric field range. In addition, the predicted divergence of the activation energy in the limit of low current densities was experimentally not confirmed.The dynamic behavior of flux lines in spatially resolved irradiation geometries is reported in the second part. Weak pinning channels with widths between 10 µm and 100 µm were generated in a strong pinning environment with the use of metal masks and the GSI microprobe, respectively. Measurements of the anisotropic transport properties of these structures show a striking resemblance to the results in YBCO single crystals with unidirected twin boundaries which were interpreted as a guided vortex motion effect. The use of two additional test bridges allowed to determine in parallel the resistivities of the irradiated and unirradiated parts as well as the respective current-voltage characteristics. These measurements provided the input parameters for a numerical simulation of the potential distribution in the spatially resolved irradiation geometry. The results are interpreted within a model that describes the hydrodynamic interaction between a Bose-glass phase and a vortex liquid. The interface between weakly pinned flux lines in the unirradiated channels and strongly pinned vortices leads to a nonuniform vortex velocity profile and therefore a variation of the local electric field. The length scale of these interactions was estimated for the first time in measuring the local variation of the electric field profile in a Bose-glass contact.Finally, a method for the determination of the true temperature in HTSC thin films at high dissipation levels is described. In this regime of electronic transport the occurrence of a flux flow instability is accompanied by heating effects in the vortex system. The heat propagation properties of the film/substrate system are deduced from the time dependent voltage response to a short high current density pulse of rectangular shape. The influence of heavy ion irradiation on the heat resistance at the film/substrate interface is studied.

Strukturelle, enzymkinetische und thermodynamische Untersuchungen am KLH, dem Hämocyanin der Schlüssellochschnecke Megathura crenulata

Hämocyanine sind große, kupferhaltige Sauerstoff-Transportproteine, die bei zahlreichen Schnecken extrazellulär in der Hämolymphe vorkommen. Das Keyhole Limpet-Hämocyanin (KLH) der Schlüssellochschnecke Megathura crenulata dient aufgrund seiner immunstimu-latorischen Eigenschaften seit vielen Jahren als Modellprotein in der Immunologie. In der Klinik wird es als Hapten- und Vakzincarrier sowie als Medikament gegen oberflächliche Harnblasenkarnzinome eingesetzt. Die Quartärstruktur des KLH besteht aus einem Hohl-zylinder mit einer Molekülmasse von 8 MDa und einem Durchmesser von 35 nm. Dieses sogenannte Didekamer setzt sich aus 20 Untereinheiten mit jeweils 400 kDa zusammen. Jede Untereinheit lässt sich weiter in acht funktionelle Einheiten a bis h (engl. Functional Units = FU) mit ~ 50 kDa unterteilen. Die FUs a bis f bilden die Wandregion des Moleküls, während der Kragen aus den FUs g und h geformt wird. Die Struktur der Wandregion sowie der FU-g konnte bisher bereits durch Röntgenstrukturanalysen aufgeklärt werden. Bezüglich der Struktur der FU-h, die sich durch eine spezielle C-terminale Verlängerung von ~ 100 Amino-säuren auszeichnet, sind allerdings noch keine Informationen verfügbar. Um die Architektur des Kragens zu verstehen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zunächst Strategien entwickelt, diese spezielle FU in großer Menge und Reinheit zu isolieren. Anschließend konnten Bedingungen gefunden werden, die zur Ausbildung 0,2 mm großer, hexagonaler Kristalle führten. Diese ergaben am Synchrotron eine Auflösung von 4 Å. Durch Auswertung der Röntgenstrukturdaten konnte für die C-terminale Zusatzdomäne der FU-h eine Cupredoxin-ähnliche Typ I-Kupferfaltung ermittelt werden. Der Nachweis eines zusätzlichen Kupfer-atoms innerhalb dieser Domäne bedarf allerdings einer höheren Auflösung der Kristall-struktur. Hämocyanine lassen sich aufgrund ihrer evolutionären Verwandtschaft zu Phenol-oxidasen mit Hilfe verschiedener in vitro-Aktivatoren zur Catecholoxidase und teilweise auch zur Tyrosinase aktivieren. Beim KLH konnte in dieser Arbeit eine eindeutige Diphenolase- und sogar eine schwache Monophenolase-Aktivität der FUs-a und -f nach SDS-Aktivierung nachgewiesen werden. Zudem konnte eine geringfügige intrinsische Diphenolase-Aktivität dieser FUs belegt werden. Die enzymatischen Reaktionen waren sowohl von der gewählten Puffersubstanz, als auch der Anwesenheit bivalenter Kationen abhängig. Tris wirkt vermutlich als allosterischer Effektor und steigerte den Substrat-Umsatz, während Mg2+-Ionen zu einer starken Inhibition der katalytischen Aktivität führten. Die Klärung einer möglichen physiologischen Funktion der Phenoloxidase-Aktivität des KLH sowie potenziellen in vivo-Aktivatoren steht noch aus. Studien zur thermischen Stabilität des KLH resultierten in einer irreversiblen Denaturierung des Proteins. Die Schmelzpunkte deuteten auf eine hohe Tempe-raturstabilität des KLH, vor allem in Anwesenheit bivalenter Kationen. Eine Hämocyanin-typische Abhängigkeit der Hitzeresistenz vom Oligomerisierungsgrad ließ sich nicht feststellen, da sowohl bei der FU-h als auch den KLH-Didekameren eine vergleichbar hohe thermische Stabilität, bei einer nach wie vor vorhandenen Oxygenierung beobachtet wurde.

Analysis of the thermal stress behaviour of functionally graded hollow circular cylinders

This paper presents an analysis of the thermomechanical behavior of hollow circular cylinders of functionally graded material (FGM). The solutions are obtained by a novel limiting process that employs the solutions of homogeneous hollow circular cylinders, with no recourse to the basic theory or the equations of non-homogeneous thermoclasticity. Several numerical cases are studied, and conclusions are drawn regarding the general properties of thermal stresses in the FGM cylinder. We conclude that thermal stresses necessarily occur in the FGM cylinder, except in the trivial case of zero temperature. While heat resistance may be improved by sagaciously designing the material composition, careful attention must be paid to the fact that thermal stresses in the FGM cylinder are governed by more factors than are its homogeneous counterparts. The results that are presented here will serve as benchmarks for future related work. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Laboratory-based simulation of freezing profiles of beef trim for Escherichia coli O157 survival determinations

This study was undertaken to develop a simple laboratory-based method for simulating the freezing profiles of beef trim so that their effect on E. coli 0157 survival could be better assessed. A commercially available apparatus of the type used for freezing embryos, together with an associated temperature logger and software, was used for this purpose with a -80 degrees C freezer as a heat sink. Four typical beef trim freezing profiles, of different starting temperatures or lengths, were selected and modelled as straight lines for ease of manipulation. A further theoretical profile with an extended freezing plateau was also developed. The laboratory-based setup worked well and the modelled freezing profiles fitted closely to the original data. No change in numbers of any of the strains was apparent for the three simulated profiles of different lengths starting at 25 degrees C. Slight but significant (P < 0.05) decreases in numbers (similar to 0.2 log cfu g(-1)) of all strains were apparent for a profile starting at 12 degrees C. A theoretical version of this profile with a freezing plateau phase extended from 11 h to 17 h resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decreases in numbers (similar to 1.2 log cfu g(-1)) of all strains. Results indicated possible avenues for future research in controlling this pathogen. The method developed in this study proved a useful and cost-effective way for simulating freezing profiles of beef trim. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genorne sequence of the thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I-2) reveals a possible phenotypic locus

The complete genome sequence of the Australian 1-2 heat-tolerant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine (master seed stocks) was determined and compared to the sequence of the parent virus from which it had been derived after exposure of the parent stock at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Nucleotide changes were observed at a number of positions with synonymous mutations being greater than those observed for non-synonymous mutations. Sequence data for the HN gene of a parental culture of V4 and two heat-tolerant variants of V4 were obtained. These were compared with the data for the 1-2 viruses and with published sequences for parental V4 and for a number of ND vaccine strains. Sequence analyses did not reveal the ARG 303 deletion in the HN protein, previously claimed to be responsible for the thermostable phenotype. No consistent changes were detected that would indicate involvement of the HN protein in heat resistance. The majority of alterations were observed in the L protein of the virus and it is proposed that these alterations were responsible for the heat-tolerant phenotype of the 1-2 NDV vaccine. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth, sporulation and spore properties of bacillus stearothemophilus produced in chemically defined media

The nutritional requirements for the vegetative growth of B. stearothermophilus strains NCIB 8919, NCTC lO,OO3 (wild) were found to be DL-methionine, biotin, nicotinic acid, thiamin, glucose and mineral salts. Strains NCIB 8920 required in addition L-tryptophan. B. stearothermophilus NCTC lO,OO3 (mutant) grew in a medium containing only glucose and mineral salts. Separate chemically defined media for the growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus strains NCIB 8919, 8920, NCTC lO,OO3 (wild) and NCTC lO,OO3 (mutant) were developed. Optimally aerated culture of B. stearothermonhilus NCTC lO,OO3(mutant) required 1.0 x 10-4 M. Mn2+ and 2.4 x 10-3 M. glutamic acid for optimal sporulation. Specific nutrient depletion of growth affected percentage sporulation. Spore suspensions of B. stearothermophilus NCTC 10,003 (mutant) were prepared from media in which sulphate (SO4-), nitrogen (N-),phosphate (Po4-), carbon (C-), magnesium-carbon simultaneously (Ng-C-) depleted growth. The heat resistance, dormancy and chemistry of these spores varied considerably. B. stearothermophilus NCTC 10,003 10,00310,00(mutant) spores prepared from carbon depleted cultures containing high and low concentrations of calcium, iron or manganese showed variations in heat resistance,dormancy and chemical composition. Progressive increase in the concentration of medium calciumfrom 1.0 X 10-5  M to 1.4 X 10-4 M. progressively increased theheat resistance of B. stearothermophilus NCTC 10,003 (mutant) spores prepared from nitrogen depleted cultures (N-). The thermodynamic functions for germination rate, magnesium and manganese release of N- and SO4- spores were within the range expected of enzymic reactions. The thermodynamic functions for the breaking of dormancy in SO4- spores and that for the release of D.P.A. were identical. Sublethal heating of SO4- spores (96.5°C and below) induced dormancy in these spores, whereas heating above 96.5°C gave rise to heat activation. Pooled results of the chemical analyses of all spore types studied showed that the concentration of D.P.A. and calcium were positively related to heat resistance whereas magnesium concentration and Mg/Ca molar ratio were inversely proportional to heat resistance.

The effects of substrate water availability on the isolation and growth of fungi

The work reported in this thesis was carried out to contribute to the knowledge of the effects of substrate water availability or water activity (a ) on fungal growth parameters and its implications in the preparationw of materials susceptible to biodeterioration. Fungi were isolated from soils of different ecological sites at a range of substrate aw levels controlled by sodium chloride (NaCl). Three groups of fungi were isolated : firstly, those isolated only at high a (aw about 0.997).secondly, those isolated at high and decreasing aw (aw 0.997 to 0.85) and finally, those isolated at only decreased aw (aw O.95 to 0.80). From these isolations, test fungi were selected to study the effects of pH, temperature, exo-enzyme production and biocide efficacy at decreased aw levels, with glycerol and NaCl as a controlling solutes. The linear extension rates of the fungi increased at all test pH values near optimum a of growth. Test fungi of the Aspergillus glaucus group were found to be most resistant to low aw. Growth and survival of vegetative and fruiting bodies at elevated temperatures were enhanced with the addition of a controlling solutes. A. flavus, A. fumigatus displayed high heat resistance and A. amstelodami, A. versicolor and Penicillium citrinum displayed low heat resistance at high aw levels and vice versa at low aw levels. Amylase, lipase and protease activities were studied at lowered aw , using modifications of the test tube method of Raute11a and Cowling. Amylase and protease production in most xerophilic fungi ceased around 0.80 aw , but lipase production in some xerophilic fungi, including A. glatlcus fungi, was up to and including 0.70 aw with g1ycero1.

Wire EDM mechanism of MMCs with the variation of reinforced particle size

The size of reinforced particles notably affects the electro-discharge machining (EDM) of metal matrix composites (MMCs). This paper explores the mechanism of wire EDM of MMCs with different sizes of reinforced particles as well as the corresponding unreinforced matrix material. The mechanisms of material removal, surface generation, and taper kerf formation were investigated. This study shows that the particles’ ability to protect matrix materials from the intense heat of electric arc controls the material removal rate, surface generation, and taper of kerf. The low melting point matrix material is removed very easily, but the heat resistance reinforced particles delay the removal of material and facilitate the transfer of the workpiece material to wire electrode and vice versa. Thus, the material stays longer in touch with intense heat and affects the surface generation, wire electrode wear, and width of the kerf.

Effective thermal conductivity of graded nonlinear composites with heat contact resistance

The perturbation expansion method is used to find the effective thermal conductivity of graded nonlinear composites having thermal contact resistance on the inclusion surface. As an example, we have studied the graded composites with cylindrical inclusions immersed in a homogeneous matrix. The thermal conductivity of the cylindrical inclusion is assumed to have a power-law profile of the radial distance r measured from its origin. For weakly nonlinear constitutive relations between the heat flow density q and the temperature field T, namely, q = -mu del T - chi vertical bar del T vertical bar(2) del T, in both the inclusion and the matrix regions, we have derived the temperature distributions using the perturbation expansion method. A nonlinear effective medium approximation of graded composites is proposed to estimate the effective linear and nonlinear thermal conductivities. by considering the temperature singularity on the inclusion surface due to the heat contact resistance. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.