Is there a role for estrogen in follicular maturation in the primate

The present study focusses attention on the effects of blocking estrogen synthesis, during follicular phase, on follicular maturation in the adult female bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Administration of cycling females (n = 4) with an aromatase inhibitor CGS 16949A (AI) by Alzet mini-pump (2.5 mg/day) from day 3 of cycle resulted in significant reduction in basal (by 53%) and surge levels of estrogen (by 70%) but this had no effect on follicular maturation, ovulation and luteal function as assessed by serum hormone profiles as well as laparotomy. This lack of need for estrogen for completion of follicular maturation process was confirmed by administering cycling monkeys hFSH (25 IU/day) from day 3 till day 8 of the cycle along with (5 mg AI/day) or without Al (n = 3/group). Administration of Al resulted in suppression of FSH induced increase in serum estrogen (by 100%) and elevation in circulating androstenedione. Aromatase inhibitor treatment had no effect on either the number of follicles developed or their size relative to control. Testing the ability of both granulosa and thecal cells, removed on day 9 of treatment cycle, to respond to gonadotropins in vitro showed no change indicating that cellular development and maturation of follicular cells had occurred normally. It is concluded that follicular maturation in the primate can occur even when increase in estrogen synthesis is blocked.

Efeito da restrição alimentar materna durante a lactação sobre a função ovariana da prole fêmea na puberdade e vida adulta

α.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a restrição alimentar materna durante a lactação altera a função ovariana da prole na puberdade e na vida adulta. No dia do nascimento da ninhada, as ratas foram separadas aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos: (C) controle = dieta com 23% de proteína; (PER) restrição protéica calórica = dieta com 8% de proteína. Após o desmame, as proles tiveram livre acesso a dieta com 23% proteína e apenas os animais na fase diestro foram sacrificados com uma dose letal de pentobarbital aos 40 e 90 dias de idade. O sangue foi retirado por punção cardíaca e o soro armazendo para posterior dosagem dos níveis hormonais por radioimunoensaio. O ovário direito foi excisado, pesado e armazenado a 80C para subseqüente avaliação do receptor de androgênio (AR), das isoformas dos receptores de estrogênio (ERα, ERβ1 e ERβ2), do receptor do hormônio folículo estimulante (FSHR), do receptor do hormonio luteinizante (LHR), das isoformas dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R, Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb), e da enzima aromatase pela técnica de RT-PCR. O ovário esquerdo foi incluido em parafina, seccionado em cortes de 5 μm de espessura e processado por análise histológica de rotina, para classificação dos foliculos ovarianos. Na puberdade, o grupo PER apresentou um aumento significativo (p<0,05) no número dos folículos pré-antrais e antrais, enquanto o número de folículos primordiais, folículos de Graaf e corpo lúteo foram reduzidos significativamente (p<0,05). As concentrações sericas de estradiol (pg/ml) foram significativamente aumentadas (p<0,05). Houve aumento significativo na expressão do RNAm dos FSHR (p<0.05) e LHR (p<0.05), e diminuição significativa na expressão do RNAm dos AR (p<0.05), ERα (p<0.05), ERβ1 (p<0.05) e ERβ2 (p<0.05). Na vida adulta, a restrição alimentar causou uma diminuição no número total de folículos ovarianos, entretanto esta redução só foi significativa no número dos folículos primordiais, primários e de Graaf (p<0.05). Houve redução significativa da expressão da enzima aromatase (p<0.01), do FSHR (p<0.05), LHR (p<0.05), Ob-R (p<0.05) e Ob-Rb (p<0.05). Podemos concluir que a restrição alimentar materna durante a lactação causa uma programação metabólica no ovário da prole, alterando a foliculogênese, expressão das diferentes isoformas dos receptores de estrogênio, leptina, androgênio e gonadotropinas e da enzima aromatase. Essa programação, possivelmente decorrente dos baixos níveis de leptina nos primeiros dias de vida, pode contribuir para uma senescência precoce e redução da fertilidade já descrita na literatura.

Superovulatory response to a low dose single-daily treatment of rhFSH dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone in rhesus monkeys

To simplify the procedure for superovulation in the rhesus monkey, this study was designed using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution as a solvent for gonadotropins. Thirty-five cycling females (aged 5-8 years old) were divided into six groups during the b

Dynamic changes in ovarian follicles measured by ultrasonography during gonadotropin stimulation in rhesus monkeys

The objective was to study dynamic changes of ovaries in rhesus macaques stimulated by gonadotropins to identify an indicator for predicting ovarian response to stimulation. Twenty-one cycling monkeys were given 36 IU/d recombinant human follicle-stimulat

Reproductive physiology of ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus)

The ribbon fishes ‘of the family Trichiuridac are represented as one of the most important food resources in Indian ocean. High density of the dominant species of ribbon fish (Trichiurus lepturus) in Oman sea and the 'Tillable catch in last yeas (more than 7000 tones per year) makes a trust area for studing their population biolog and stock assessment. As our knowledge on reproductive biology of this species has an important role on their fisheries management, as well as conservation of this stock from decline or over fishing, this research was held to determine some aspects of reproductive physiology of ribbon fish and the effects of environmental factors in gonadal cycle. The goals of the present thesis is to determine some aspects of reproductive physiology such as gonadosomatic index (GSI) , hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (Ko, fecundity, sex ratio, size at first maturity, size at maturity (LM5O) and their relative hormonal & biochemical fluctuations. In this regards annual variation of sex hormones ic. estradiol 17-B, progestron, cortisol, testostrone and gonadotropins FSH (GTH-I) , LH (GTH-ll)I were measured ; gonadal histological studies were done by light & electron micrography. The research was carried out from April 1995 to January 19% in Ras Nleidani in the north part of Oman sea, and the environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, rainfall and pH were measured. The effects of these parameters on reproductive cycle and hormonal fluctuationswere discussed by using correlation and principle component analysis (PCA). Female Ribbon fish reproductive strategy shows the same paterns of nonguarder marine teleosts. T. lepturus has more than one spawning season (existance of egges in different size in each month) and therfore it must have asynchronous ovaries and belong to continious spawners. GSI and HSI are good evidences for this type of reproductive patern. The testis of the lobular type , which is typical of most teleosts , is composed of numerous lobules which are separated from each other by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. GSI fluctuations revealed prolong- spawning time in males. There is significant increase in 17-13 estradiol. progestrone , cortisol and gonadotropins with maturity and prespawning period of female T lepturus. Plasma concentration of E2 and GTH II incresaed along with water temperature increasing (3300).. Spawning was observed from Nov. 1995 to Apr. 1996 in this species. Progestrone increased significantly with increasing rainfall in this season (P<0.01). Plasma cortisol levels increased with maturation and vitelpgenesis and also with the peak of spawning. From lenght-weight frequency and size distribution in each age groups and also minimum size at first maturity (52a cm) it would he concluded that T. lepturus must be matured at 2 years of age. Serum cholestrol and triglicerides significantly increased when maturation occured in this species. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and hormonal fluctuations with maturity and vitelogenesis were discussed. Proximate compostion (muscle) shows significant variation with spawning period and maturity. Absolute individual fecundity (17420-159150) increased with body length and weight. Ultrastructural observations show dramatic variation in cell membrane (0ocyte membrane), yolk vesicles and, nucleolus dispersal in relation to maturity stages. fluctuations of gonadal hormones were discused in relation with vitelogenesis. Testosterone increased in males from Nov: to Mar. due to environmental impacts and spawning time. Sex ratio in different depth (10-40 m ,80-110 m) shows significnt differences in this ratio for two depths. In 10-40 m depth female shows dominant abundance to male in each months that may be due to their reproductive migration behaviour. The effects of temperature photoperiod and rainfall to maturity and spawning were discussed. According to -pawning period of T. leptunts in our sampling area it could be suggested that ribbon fish fi,theries must be restricted in the peak of spawning seasons (Feb. to Mar.) and in the spawning grounds (under 40 m depths). Other suggestions for population conservation have been mentioned.

Molecular and expression characterization of three gonadotropin subunits common alpha, FSH beta and LH beta in groupers

A SMART cDNA plasmid library was constructed from protogyous greasy grouper (Epinephelus coioides) pituitary, and the full-length cDNAs of three gonadotropin (GTH) subunits common alpha, FSH beta and LH beta were cloned and sequenced from the library. The nucleotide sequences of common alpha, FSH beta and LH beta subunit cDNAs are 647, 594 and 574 bp in length, and encode for mature peptides of 94, 99 and 115 aa, respectively. High homology was observed by amino acid sequence alignment and identity comparison of the grouper mature peptides of common alpha, FSH beta and LH beta with that of other fishes. Phylogenetic tree analyses of the three GTH mature subunits revealed similar phylogeny relationships among the studied fish species. Three polyclonal antibodies were prepared from the in vitro expressed common alpha, FSH beta and LH beta mature proteins, respectively. Western blot analysis and immunofluoresence localization were performed on two typical stages of ovarian development stages in red-spotted grouper. Significant differences in protein expression levels of three gonadotropin subunits were revealed between the two ovarian development stages. In the individuals with resting ovary, common alpha was almost not detected in pituitaries, and FSH beta and LH beta expression levels were very low. While in the individuals with developing ovary, the expression of all three gonadotropin subunits reached to a high level. Immunofluoresence localization indicated that the grouper FSH beta cells mainly distributed in the middle area of PPD, while the LH beta cells distributed more widely, including in the area similar to the FSH beta cells and at the external periphery of pituitary near to the PI side. The common alpha might be expressed in both FSH beta and LH beta cells. Double immunofluoresence localization further demonstrated FSH beta and LH beta expression in distinct cells in the PPD area, although the FSH beta and LH beta cells were detected in the identical area of PPD. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Regulation of cholesterol intake by the corpus luteum

Studies were funded by Colegio de Postgraduados, México. CONACyT, México. SRE, México. Ministère de l’Éducation du Québec, University of Montreal and an Operating Grant to B.D. Murphy from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Heteroplasmy in mammal mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid

La nature a développé diverses stratégies afin d’assurer le commencement de la vie dans des conditions d’homoplasmie, c’est-à-dire des conditions telles que les cellules sont dotées du même ADN mitochondrial. Toutefois, des nouveaux haplotypes de l’acide désoxyribonucléique mitochondrial (ADNmt) peuvent apparaitre et croître de plusieurs façons tout au long de la durée d’une vie menant à l’hétéroplasmie. Par exemple, l’hétéroplasmie de l’ADNmt peut être créée artificiellement par des technologies reproductives assistées, ainsi que naturellement par le processus de vieillissement. De ce fait, la thèse de ce doctorat fut divisée en deux principaux objectifs. Le premier étant celui d’analyser les changements survenus dans l’hétéroplasmie de l’ADNmt produit par le transfert nucléaire des cellules somatiques (SCNT) lors du développement de l’embryon jusqu’au fœtus et aux tissus adultes de bovins clonés. En ce qui concerne le second objectif, il s’agit d’analyser les changements survenus dans l’hétéroplasmie de l’ADNmt causés par le vieillissement dans une cellule somatique adulte et dans des tissus germinaux durant l’ovogénèse, ainsi qu’au début de l’embryogenèse et dans la procédure de culture in vitro sur des souris. Dans la première série d’expériences sur des bovins, des fibroblastes fœtaux transportant une mutation d’ADNmt (insertion de 66 pb) furent fusionnés avec des ovocytes receveurs transportant l’ADNmt du type sauvage. La présence d’ADNmt venant de la cellule donneuse a été analysée à différents stades de développement, soit sur des embryons âgés de 17 jours (n=17), des fœtus âgés de 40 jours (n=3), des fœtus âgés de 60 jours (n=3), un fœtus âgé de 240 jours et 3 clones post-nataux âgés de 18 à 24 mois. Chaque individu s’est avéré être hétéroplasmique et 99 % (103/104) des échantillons de tissus analysés étaient également hétéroplasmiques. Cependant, l’ovaire venant du fœtus de 240 jours fut le seul à être homoplasmique pour l’ADNmt de l’ovocyte receveur. Dans la plupart des échantillons analysés (95,2 %, soit 99/104) la moyenne d’hétéroplasmie était de 1,46 %. Par contre, un fœtus âgé de 40 jours a présenté un niveau élevé d’hétéroplasmie (20,9 %), indiquant ainsi que des évènements rares d’augmentation de l’ADNmt des cellules donneuses peuvent survenir. Étant donné que la majorité des clones SCNT montrait de l’hétéroplasmie de l’ADNmt à des proportions comparables à celles des cellules donneuses au moment de la reconstruction de l’embryon, on a pu conclure que l’hétéroplasmie produite par des techniques de transfert nucléaire utilisant des cellules somatiques est due à une ségrégation neutre de l’ADNmt. Dans la seconde série d’expériences sur des souris, des femelles de différents âges, c.à.d. jeunes (0 – 8 mois), moyennes (8 – 16 mois) et vieilles (16 – 24 mois), ont été synchronisées (gonadotrophines) et sacrifiées dans le but d’obtenir des ovocytes au stade de vésicule germinal, et des ovocytes au stade métaphase-II produits in vivo et in vitro. De plus, des embryons in vivo et in vitro au stade de deux-cellules et des embryons au stade de blastocystes ont été obtenus de femelles jeunes. Différents tissus somatiques, venant de femelles des trois stades d’âge ont été obtenus : cerveau, foie, muscle et du cumulus ovocytaire. De plus, l’effet du vieillissement a été mesuré selon la fertilité de la femelle. En effet, les effets sur l’hétéroplasmie du vieillissement, du stade de développement et de la culture in vitro ont été mesurés dans des ovocytes et dans des embryons. Les effets du vieillissement sur les mitochondries ont été mesurés par rapport au nombre total de copies de l’ADNmt, au pourcentage des délétions communes et sur l’expression de trois gènes : Ndufs4, Mt-nd2 and Mt-nd4. Il a été possible d’observer que la fertilité des femelles dans la colonie de souris diminuait avec l’âge. En fait, le vieillissement affectait l’ADNmt dans les tissus somatiques, cependant il n’avait pas d’effet sur le cumulus, les ovocytes et les embryons. Le nombre de délétions de l’ADNmt augmentait pendant la reprise de la méiose et celui-ci diminuait au début du développement embryonnaire. La culture in vitro n’affectait pas la quantité d’ADNmt dans la plupart des tissus germinaux. Puisque nous n’avons pas trouvé d’effet de l’âge dans la majorité des paramètres mitochondriaux analysés dans les ovocytes et les embryons, il est suggéré que la délétion commune de l’ADNmt dans les tissus germinaux est davantage reliée au statut cellulaire de la production d’énergie qu’au processus de vieillissement. Deux sources différentes de mutations de l’ADNmt produites dans les ovocytes normaux ou reconstitués ont produit différents résultats d’hétéroplasmie au début de l’embryogénèse. Chez les bovins, l’hétéroplasmie artificielle impliquant une petite insertion (66 pb) dans la région non codante (D-loop) de l’ADNmt a été vraisemblablement non nocive pour l’embryon, tolérant la persistance de l’ADNmt étranger pendant les différents stades du développement des clones. Chez les souris, l’hétéroplasmie naturelle produite par une grande délétion (4974 pb délétion commune) dans la région codante de l’ADNmt a été vraisemblablement nocive pour l’embryon et par conséquent éliminée pour assurer l’homoplasmie au début du développement embryonnaire.

Elucidation of the biological roles of Wnt5a signaling in follicle development

La santé folliculaire est déterminée par un nombre de facteurs endocriniens, paracrines et autocrines. Les gonadotrophines hypophysaires sont les principaux moteurs du développement du follicule, mais leurs actions sont modulées localement par les hormones et des facteurs de croissance. Les glycoprotéines de la famille des WNTs représentent une grande famille de molécules impliquées dans différentes voies de signalisation. Ils sont sécrétés dans le but de moduler et coordonner la réponse des follicules aux gonadotrophines, et leurs activités sont indispensables à la fonction ovarienne et à la fertilité féminine. Les WNTs sont généralement classés en fonction de la (des) voie(s) qu’ils activent. Le rôle des membres de la voie canonique WNT et de ses composants tels que CTNNB1, WNT4, WNT2, FZD1 et FZD4 est bien établi au cours du développement du follicule chez les rongeurs. Un rôle similaire des WNTs dans les espèces mono-ovulatoires demeure essentiellement inconnu. De plus, le rôle des WNT non canoniques dans l'ovaire de rongeurs est méconnu. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) d'élucider la régulation hormonale de l'expression de WNT5A et le rôle physiologique de WNT5A dans les cellules de la granulosa bovine in vitro et (2) d'identifier les rôles physiologiques de WNT5A dans l'ovaire de souris par inactivation génique conditionnelle. Chacun de ces objectifs a mené à la publication d’un article à partir des résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse. Dans le premier article, le rôle de WNT5A dans les cellules de la granulosa bovine a été étudié in vitro. Nous avons constaté que WNT5A est un régulateur négatif de la stéroïdogenèse stimulée par la FSH issue des cellules de la granulosa, et qu'il agit en supprimant l'activité de signalisation des WNTs canoniques tout en induisant la voie de signalisation MAPK8/JUN. le deuxième article, afin d’examiner le rôle de deux WNTs non-canoniques, WNT5A et WNT11, à différents stades de développement folliculaire, nous avons généré des modèles de souris knock-out conditionnels ciblant les cellules de la granulosa pour chacun de ces WNTs. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence que WNT5A est nécessaire pour assurer la fertilité normale chez la femelle, le développement folliculaire et la stéroïdogenèse ovarienne. Il est aussi un antagoniste de la réponse aux gonadotrophines, agissant par l’intermédiaire de la suppression de la signalisation canonique des WNTs. Chez les souris knock-out pour WNT11, nous ne constatons aucun défaut important dans la fertilité des femelles. L’ensemble de notre travail met en évidence que WNT5A est essentiel pour le développement normal du follicule et qu’il agit pour inhiber la différenciation des cellules de la granulosa. En résumé, nous avons fourni une étude novatrice et approfondie, utilisant plusieurs modèles et techniques pour déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels WNT5A régule le développement des follicules.

Testicular Function in Biotin-Deficient Adult Rats

We have studied testicular function in the biotin- deficient rat biochemically and morphologically. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were decreased significantly in the deficient rats. Administration of biotin or gonadotropins to the deficient rats reversed this decrease in serum testosterone. There was no difference in the serum cholesterol level between the control and biotin-deficient rats. A significant degree of sloughing of seminiferous tubule germinal epithelium was noticed in the biotin-deficient rat testes. Biotin treatment of biotindeficient rats reversed this condition whereas testosterone treatment was without any effect. The development and maintenance of morphological and functional integrity of the seminiferous tubules appears to require a biotin-mediated step in addition to testosterone.

New molecular variants of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis genes and their association with early puberty phenotype in Bos taurus indicus (Nellore)

Endocrine system plays a major role in the control of reproductive functions which are regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and its interactions. FSH and LH receptor genes are expressed at the gonads and GnRH receptor gene is expressed at the anterior pituitary gland. Misense mutations of the FSH, LH or GnRH receptors, activating or inactivating their functions in mammals, are potentially useful to allow the understanding of the role of this group of gonadotropins in reproductive phenotypes as early puberty and birth interval length. In the present study, polymorphisms in bovine exon 11 and 3`UTR of LHR, exon 10 and 3`UTR of FSHR and GnRHR genes were characterized with some of them resulting in changes in the aminoacidic chain. These polymorphic sites were found in a Bos taurus indicus (Nellore) female population by means of PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing. Association between nucleotidic/aminoacidic changes and early puberty were determined by Chi-square analysis. It was found association between FSHR 3`UTR polymorphisms at position 2181, 2248 and 2249 bp and early puberty phenotype (p < 0.05). The presence of these new molecular markers might be considered in further studies to validate its correlation with early puberty or other reproduction associated phenotypes in cattle breeds. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Immunocytochemical identification of adenohypophyseal cells in the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), an Amazonian basal teleost

The adenohypophysis (AH) of juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), a representative species of the Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongue fishes, one of the oldest living groups of the teleosts), was studied using histochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The AH is comprised of the pars distalis (PD), without a clear distinction between rostral pars distalis (RPD) and proximal pars distalis (PPD), and the pars intermedia (PI). The neurohypophysis (NH) is positioned on top of the PD and penetrates and branches into the PI. In the most rostral dorsal portion of the PD, adrenocorticotropic cells and fusiform gonadotropic cells were found. In the central PD, scarce prolactin-producing cells and growth-hormone-producing cells were located mainly in the dorsal part, whereas round gonadotropic cells were abundant in the ventral portion of this region. Human thyrotropin immunoreactive cells were not found in the entire AH. In the PI, melanotropic, some adrenocorticotropic, and somatolactin-producing cells were located intermingled surrounding the neurohypophyseal branches. Our results showed that the A. gigas pituitary has some basal characteristics between the ancient Actinopterygii and the more derived teleosts.

Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 during in vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro culture of bovine embryos

Avaliaram-se o efeito do IGF-I na maturação in vitro (MIV) (experimento I) e no desenvolvimento embrionário (DE) (experimento II) de oócitos bovinos fecundados in vitro, quanto às taxas de clivagem (TC), de blastocistos (TB) e de eclosão (TE). Para MIV, complexos cumulus-oócitos imaturos foram cultivados em meio TCM-199 suplementado com HEPES, bicarbonato e piruvato de sódio, aditivos, soro fetal bovino (meio B-199) e gonadotrofinas 14U/ml de PMSG e 7U/ml de hCG). Para o desenvolvimento embrionário, os oócitos/zigotos foram cultivados em meio B-199 com células epiteliais do oviduto bovino em suspensão sob óleo de silicone. As condições de cultivo in vitro para ambos os experimentos seguiram os tratamentos: 1- meio B-199 + 200 ng/ml IGF-I; 2- B-199 + 100 ng/ml IGF-I; 3- B-199 + 50 ng/ml IGF-I; 4- B-199 + 10 ng/ml IGF-I; 5- B-199 + 0 ng/ml IGF-I. Todas as culturas foram realizadas a 38,5° C em atmosfera com 5% de CO2 e os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. No experimento I, não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto às TC, TB e TE, quando o meio de MIV foi suplementado com IGF-I. No experimento II, a adição de IGF-I ao meio de DE resultou em aumento na TC (P<0,05) mas não influenciou a TB e a TE. A adição de 200 ng/ml de IGF-I ao meio DE melhorou a TC (71,1%) quando comparada com a TC dos grupos de 100 ng/ml de IGF-I (57,6%) ou controle (56,7%), entretanto não houve diferença quando comparada com a dos grupos de 50 ng/ml (69,4%) ou 10 ng/ml (73,1%) de IGF-I. Não houve efeito benéfico na adição de 10 a 200 ng/ml de IGF-I nos meios de MIV e de DE com relação ao desenvolvimento de embriões produzidos a partir de oócitos maturados e fecundados in vitro.

Meiotic inhibition of bovine oocytes in medium supplemented with a serum replacer and hormones: effects on meiosis progression and developmental capacity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of melatonin on DNA damage of bovine cumulus cells during in vitro maturation (IVM) and on in vitro embryo development

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)