Evaluation and FMEA of Fabrication Techniques for Metallic Grating Couplers on Polymer Substrates with Low Glass Transition Temperatures

The main task is to analyze the state of the art of grating couplers production and low-cost polymer substrates. Then to provide a recommendation of a new or adapted process for the production of metallic gratings on polymer sheets, based on a Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). In order to achieve that, this thesis is divided into four chapters. After the first introductory chapter, the second section provides details about the state-of-the-art in optical technology platforms with focus on polymers and their main features for the aimed application, such as flexibility, low cost and roll to roll compatibility. It defines then the diffraction gratings and their specifications and closes with the explanation of adhesion mechanisms of inorganic materials on polymer substrates. The third chapter discusses processing of grating couplers. It introduces the basic fabrication methods and details a selection of current fabrication schemes found in literature with an assessment of their potential use for the desired application. The last chapter is a FMEA analysis of the retained fabrication process, called Flip and Fuse, in order to check its capability to realize the grating structure.

Effects of Accelerated Hygroscopic Ageing on Interlaminar Shear Strength and Glass Transition Temperature of CFRP

This study, which is undertaken in cooperation with Riba-COMPOSITES, investigates the effects of hygroscopic ageing on the Interlaminar Shear Strength and Glass Transition Temperature of short-beams made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites provided by two different vendors. The materials have the same weave pattern but differ in the epoxy resin formulation. The tests are done in accordance with ASTM. Accelerated ageing techniques are carried out by immersion of the specimens in deionized water at 70°C for different periods of time, developing different degrees of ageing. The results of the tests confirm that hygroscopic ageing causes a loss of properties and a depression of the glass transition temperature in both the materials. However, since one of the two materials shows more constant property degradation, its behaviour in service conditions should be more easily predictable.

Continuous phase transition in a spin-glass model without time-reversal symmetry

We investigate the phase transition in a strongly disordered short-range three-spin interaction model characterized by the absence of time-reversal symmetry in the Hamiltonian. In the mean-field limit the model is well described by the Adam-Gibbs-DiMarzio scenario for the glass transition; however, in the short-range case this picture turns out to be modified. The model presents a finite temperature continuous phase transition characterized by a divergent spin-glass susceptibility and a negative specific-heat exponent. We expect the nature of the transition in this three-spin model to be the same as the transition in the Edwards-Anderson model in a magnetic field, with the advantage that the strong crossover effects present in the latter case are absent.

Measurement of glass-rubber transition temperature of skim milk powder by static mechanical test

Stickiness behavior of skim milk powder was investigated based on the mechanical property of the material during the glass-rubber transition. A thermally controlled device was developed for the static mechanical test. This device was attached to a texture analyzer, and skim milk powder, which was used as a model sample, was tested for its glass-rubber transition temperature (Tg-r) using static compression technique (creep test). Changes in compression probe distance as a function of temperature were recorded. Tg-r was determined, in the region where changes in the probe distance were observed, by using linear regression technique. The effect of sample quantity, compression force, and heating rate on the determination of Tg-r was investigated. All these parameters significantly influenced the Tg-r determination (p < 0.05). The Tg-r of skim milk powder measured by this novel technique was found closely correlated to its glass transition temperature (T-g) measured by DSC.

Polarization effects in molecular dynamics simulations of glass-formers Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot nH(2)O, n=4, 6, and 8

Thermodynamics, equilibrium structure, and dynamics of glass-forming liquids Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot nH(2)O, n=4, 6, and 8, have been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A polarizable model was considered for H(2)O and NO(3)- on the basis of previous fluctuating charge models for pure water and the molten salt 2Ca(NO(3))(2)center dot 3KNO(3). Similar thermodynamic properties have been obtained with nonpolarizable and polarizable models. The glass transition temperature, T(g), estimated from MD simulations was dependent on polarization, in particular the dependence of T(g) with electrolyte concentration. Significant polarization effects on equilibrium structure were observed in cation-cation, cation-anion, and water-water structures. Polarization increases the diffusion coefficient of H(2)O, but does not change significantly the diffusion coefficients of ions. Viscosity decreases upon inclusion of polarization, but the conductivity calculated with the polarizable model is smaller than the nonpolarizable model because polarization enhances anion-cation interactions.

Crystallisation behaviour and glass-forming ability in Al-La-Ni system

The crystallisation behaviour for alloys in the Al-rich corner in the Al-La-Ni system is reported in this paper Alloys were selected based on the topological instability criterion (lambda criterion) calculated from the alloy composition and metallic radii of the alloying elements and aluminum Amorphous ribbons were produced by melt-spinning and the crystallisation reactions were analysed by X-ray diffraction and calorimetry The results showed that increasing the values of lambda from 0.072 to 0.16 resulted in the following changes in the crystallisation behaviour, as predicted by the lambda criterion (a) nanocrystallisation of alpha-Al for the alloy composition corresponding to lambda = 0 072 and (b) detection of the glass transition temperature, T(g), for the alloys with composition close to lambda approximate to 0.1 line. For compositions corresponding to both ends of the lambda approximate to 0 1 line (near the binaries lines) T(g) could be detected only in the ""intermediary"" central region, and the alloy we produced in this region was considered the best glass former for the Al-rich corner Also, except for the alloys with the highest NI content, crystallisation proceeded by two distinct exothermic peaks which are typical of nanocrystallisation transformation. These behaviours are discussed in terms of compositional (lambda parameter) and topological aspects to account for cluster formation in the amorphous phase. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Dielectric study of triton X100: a glass-forming liquid

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia de Materiais

Spin-glass behaviour in mixed metal oxides with a rutile-type structure

We report here on the magnetic properties of compounds of composition Fe1−xCrxSbO4 and Fe1−xGaxSbO4. The introduction of paramagnetic Cr3+ and diamagnetic Ga3+ into the rutile‐related iron antimonate lattice does not destroy the antisite atomic ordering which exists in iron antimonate of composition FeSbO4. The initial slope of the Curie temperature dependence on x is similar in both series, indicating that Fe3+‐Cr3+ interactions are very small. The magnetic susceptibility measurements recorded from the compounds of composition Fe1−xCrxSbO4, x<0.4, and Fe0.9Ga0.1SbO4 show them to behave as spin glasses at low temperatures. The inhibition of compounds of the type Fe1−xCrxSbO4, x>0.4, and Fe1−xGaxSbO4, x>0.1 to undergo a spin‐glass transition above 4.2 K is associated with a dilution effect.

Preparation of glasses and glass ceramics of heavy metal oxides containing silver: optical, structural and electrochemical properties

Silver containing heavy metal oxide glasses and glass ceramics of the system WO3-SbPO4-PbO-AgCl with different AgCl contents have been prepared and their thermal, structural and optical properties characterized. Glass ceramics containing metallic silver nanoparticles have been prepared by annealing glass samples at temperatures above the glass transition and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The presence of the metallic clusters has been also confirmed by the observation of a surface plasmon resonance band in the visible range. Cyclic voltammetric measurements indicated the presence of metallic silver into the glasses, even before to perform the thermal treatment.

Exchange bias effect in partially oxidized amorphous Fe–Ni–B based metallic glass nanostructures

The magnetic properties of amorphous Fe–Ni–B based metallic glass nanostructures were investigated. The nanostructures underwent a spin-glass transition at temperatures below 100 K and revealed an irreversible temperature following the linear de Almeida–Thouless dependence. When the nanostructures were cooled below 25 K in a magnetic field, they exhibited an exchange bias effect with enhanced coercivity. The observed onset of exchange bias is associated with the coexistence of the spin-glass phase along with the appearance of another spin-glass phase formed by oxidation of the structurally disordered surface layer, displaying a distinct training effect and cooling field dependence. The latter showed a maximum in exchange bias field and coercivity, which is probably due to competing multiple equivalent spin configurations at the boundary between the two spin-glass phases

Thin films prepared from tungstate glass matrix

Vitreous samples containing high concentrations of WO3 (above 40% M) have been used as a target to prepare thin films. Such films were deposited using the electron beam evaporation method onto soda-lime glass substrates. These films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), perfilometry, X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), M-Lines and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. In this work, experimental parameters were established to obtain stable thin films showing a chemical composition close to the glass precursor composition and with a high concentration of WO3. These amorphous thin films of about 4 mu m in thickness exhibit a deep blue coloration but they can be bleached by thermal treatment near the glass transition temperature. Such bleached films show several guided modes in the visible region and have a high refractive index. Controlled crystallization was realized and thus it was possible to obtain WO3 microcrystals in the amorphous phase. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.