Regional study on Women's unrecognized contribution to the economy

The findings and analysis of this study are based on desk review and secondary data to substantiate this growing phenomenon, especially among the female population. Further the recommendations that will be put forward in this study will be added to the literature and serve as a baseline for further study in the Caribbean region. The study is sectionalized as follows. Chapter one discusses in brief the demographics, social and economic profiles of Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. This chapter also examines the employment rate, gender and poverty, and the achievements and progress of member states as it relates to the MDGs especially goal number 3. Men are more likely to be employed in the formal sector than women, and earn higher wages and salaries in the labour market despite the fact women may have obtained tertiary level education. The literature showed that women are at home spending more time on child care and other household related responsibilities but this can still be considered employment. This chapter also addresses the achievements and progress of member states as it relates to the MDGs especially Goal 3. Chapter 2 identifies the literature review of related subjects for this study. Chapter 3 discusses the categories and type of labour activities in the informal economies in the Caribbean Region, for example, paid and unpaid work, time use, women working and their caring, responsibilities for their relatives, domestic workers being undervalued and under paid, street and market vendors, micro-enterprises the services sector and commercial sex workers. Chapter 4 examines the importance of social protection for those employed in the informal labour market and the self employed. Chapter 5 provides a preliminary analysis of the findings from this study. Chapter 6 details the preliminary conclusions and recommendations.

As aglomerações produtivas de calçados, folheados e de jóias do CRAJUBAR (CE): formação, produção, trabalho, implicações socioespaciais

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

El empleo informal y la estructura del mercado laboral en las regiones argentinas

El proceso de informalización del sector formal que se ha observado en América Latina durante los últimos años implica la coexistencia de trabajadores formales e informales que desarrollan sus actividades bajo diferentes condiciones laborales en el mismo sector. Sin embargo, la literatura, tanto empírica como teórica, le asignó tradicionalmente una estructura homogénea. No obstante, la segmentación del mercado laboral, particularmente del sector formal, tiene importantes consecuencias para el ingreso de los trabajadores y la movilidad ocupacional. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar, desde una perspectiva dinámica, el impacto de la informalidad en la estructura del mercado laboral argentino, investigando especialmente la hipótesis de segmentación del sector formal en las distintas regiones del país. Con ese fin, a partir de microdatos obtenidos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH), se estiman brechas salariales individuales y matrices de transición que permiten analizar los movimientos entre categorías ocupacionales definidas a partir de la condición de informalidad del trabajador y del sector en el que se desempeña. El resultado más relevante es la evidencia encontrada a favor de la segmentación del sector formal. La importancia de este hallazgo radica en sus implicaciones respecto de un grupo de trabajadores 'los asalariados no registrados' que no solo sufren una penalización en términos salariales sino que permanecen bajo condiciones laborales desfavorables asociadas con la informalidad

La intervención de las empresas en los dispositivos de inclusión sociolaboral de jóvenes en la Ciudad de Resistencia

Las prácticas laborales en empresas y pasantías configuran, en las últimas décadas, una de las estrategias promovidas desde los programas sociolaborales para mejorar el acceso de los jóvenes a ocupaciones dentro del sector formal de la economía. En este trabajo realizamos una discusión sobre el alcance y las particularidades de este tipo de intervenciones, focalizando el análisis en las características que asume la participación del sector empresarial. En el texto, luego de una breve revisión del estado del arte sobre el tema, presentamos los avances de un estudio en el que analizamos los primeros resultados de un programa que actualmente se implementa en la Ciudad de Resistencia (Provincia del Chaco) e incluye este tipo de acciones. Además de identificar los ejes teóricos-conceptuales que orientan la propuesta y sus principales componentes, intentamos caracterizar el perfil de aquellas organizaciones que se sumaron a la propuesta, los motivos que orientaron esta decisión y algunas de sus prácticas, como uno de los actores centrales del programa

El empleo informal y la estructura del mercado laboral en las regiones argentinas

El proceso de informalización del sector formal que se ha observado en América Latina durante los últimos años implica la coexistencia de trabajadores formales e informales que desarrollan sus actividades bajo diferentes condiciones laborales en el mismo sector. Sin embargo, la literatura, tanto empírica como teórica, le asignó tradicionalmente una estructura homogénea. No obstante, la segmentación del mercado laboral, particularmente del sector formal, tiene importantes consecuencias para el ingreso de los trabajadores y la movilidad ocupacional. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar, desde una perspectiva dinámica, el impacto de la informalidad en la estructura del mercado laboral argentino, investigando especialmente la hipótesis de segmentación del sector formal en las distintas regiones del país. Con ese fin, a partir de microdatos obtenidos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH), se estiman brechas salariales individuales y matrices de transición que permiten analizar los movimientos entre categorías ocupacionales definidas a partir de la condición de informalidad del trabajador y del sector en el que se desempeña. El resultado más relevante es la evidencia encontrada a favor de la segmentación del sector formal. La importancia de este hallazgo radica en sus implicaciones respecto de un grupo de trabajadores 'los asalariados no registrados' que no solo sufren una penalización en términos salariales sino que permanecen bajo condiciones laborales desfavorables asociadas con la informalidad

La intervención de las empresas en los dispositivos de inclusión sociolaboral de jóvenes en la Ciudad de Resistencia

Las prácticas laborales en empresas y pasantías configuran, en las últimas décadas, una de las estrategias promovidas desde los programas sociolaborales para mejorar el acceso de los jóvenes a ocupaciones dentro del sector formal de la economía. En este trabajo realizamos una discusión sobre el alcance y las particularidades de este tipo de intervenciones, focalizando el análisis en las características que asume la participación del sector empresarial. En el texto, luego de una breve revisión del estado del arte sobre el tema, presentamos los avances de un estudio en el que analizamos los primeros resultados de un programa que actualmente se implementa en la Ciudad de Resistencia (Provincia del Chaco) e incluye este tipo de acciones. Además de identificar los ejes teóricos-conceptuales que orientan la propuesta y sus principales componentes, intentamos caracterizar el perfil de aquellas organizaciones que se sumaron a la propuesta, los motivos que orientaron esta decisión y algunas de sus prácticas, como uno de los actores centrales del programa

El empleo informal y la estructura del mercado laboral en las regiones argentinas

El proceso de informalización del sector formal que se ha observado en América Latina durante los últimos años implica la coexistencia de trabajadores formales e informales que desarrollan sus actividades bajo diferentes condiciones laborales en el mismo sector. Sin embargo, la literatura, tanto empírica como teórica, le asignó tradicionalmente una estructura homogénea. No obstante, la segmentación del mercado laboral, particularmente del sector formal, tiene importantes consecuencias para el ingreso de los trabajadores y la movilidad ocupacional. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar, desde una perspectiva dinámica, el impacto de la informalidad en la estructura del mercado laboral argentino, investigando especialmente la hipótesis de segmentación del sector formal en las distintas regiones del país. Con ese fin, a partir de microdatos obtenidos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH), se estiman brechas salariales individuales y matrices de transición que permiten analizar los movimientos entre categorías ocupacionales definidas a partir de la condición de informalidad del trabajador y del sector en el que se desempeña. El resultado más relevante es la evidencia encontrada a favor de la segmentación del sector formal. La importancia de este hallazgo radica en sus implicaciones respecto de un grupo de trabajadores 'los asalariados no registrados' que no solo sufren una penalización en términos salariales sino que permanecen bajo condiciones laborales desfavorables asociadas con la informalidad

La intervención de las empresas en los dispositivos de inclusión sociolaboral de jóvenes en la Ciudad de Resistencia

Las prácticas laborales en empresas y pasantías configuran, en las últimas décadas, una de las estrategias promovidas desde los programas sociolaborales para mejorar el acceso de los jóvenes a ocupaciones dentro del sector formal de la economía. En este trabajo realizamos una discusión sobre el alcance y las particularidades de este tipo de intervenciones, focalizando el análisis en las características que asume la participación del sector empresarial. En el texto, luego de una breve revisión del estado del arte sobre el tema, presentamos los avances de un estudio en el que analizamos los primeros resultados de un programa que actualmente se implementa en la Ciudad de Resistencia (Provincia del Chaco) e incluye este tipo de acciones. Además de identificar los ejes teóricos-conceptuales que orientan la propuesta y sus principales componentes, intentamos caracterizar el perfil de aquellas organizaciones que se sumaron a la propuesta, los motivos que orientaron esta decisión y algunas de sus prácticas, como uno de los actores centrales del programa

Relationship between young women and parents in rural Ethiopia

In rural Ethiopia, parents play an important role in the major life events of their daughters such as education and marriage. However, parents’ roles have been evolving, likely due to the rapid expansion of educational opportunities for girls and the growing need of cash income among rural households. Currently, encouraging their daughters to take up further education and jobs in the formal sector contrasts with rural Ethiopian women’s conventional life course events in the past, which are characterized by early marriage and low educational profiles. An interview analysis with parents of young women indicated that under the continuing de-agrarianization among rural households, women are expected to have their own cash income generating activities to qualify as marriage partners.

The informal labour market in India : transitory or permanent employment for migrants?

The informal economy is a very important sector of the Indian economy. The National Council of Applied Economic Research estimates that the informal sector - "unorganised sector" - generates about 62% of GDP and provides for about 55% of total employment (ILO 2002, p. 14). This paper studies the characteristics of the workers in the informal economy and whether internal migrants treat this sector as a temporary location before moving on to the organised or formal sector to improve their lifetime income and living conditions. We limit our study to the Indian urban (non-agricultural) sector and study the characteristics of the household heads that belong to the informal sector (self-employed and informal wage workers) and the formal sector. We find that household heads that are less educated, come from poorer households, and/or are in lower social groups (castes and religions) are more likely to be in the informal sector. In addition, our results show strong evidence that the longer a rural migrant household head has been working in the urban sector, ceteris paribus, the more likely that individual has moved out of the informal wage sector. These results support the hypothesis that, for internal migrants, the informal wage labour market is a stepping stone to a better and more certain life in the formal sector.

Essays on Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and Currency Unions: Exploring the Role of Informality and Labor Mobility

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Do labour laws protect labour in India? Union experiences of workplace employment regulations in Maharashtra India

The debate over labour market regulations in India is highly polarised. Advocates of labour market deregulation suggest that the labour law framework in the country confers disproportionate powers on workers and trade unions in the formal sector of the economy, resulting in industrial conflicts and poor productivity. Using workplace union survey data from the state of Maharashtra, this paper examines the veracity of these claims. Maharashtra is recognised as a state with a broadly pro-worker labour law framework. We find that even pro-worker labour laws at best offer only weak protection to workers and unions in the formal sector establishments. Unions find themselves increasingly vulnerable to employer hostility. We discuss these findings in the context of the role of state and judiciary in employment relations and of union links with political parties.

Magnitude da morbidade relacionada ao trabalho no Rio Grande do Norte

Diseases and disorders related to work sets up an important public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. However, the reality of these diseases still constitutes a gap with regard to its characterization and epidemiological situation, especially in Brazil. In this context, this study aims to analyze the magnitude of morbidity related to work from the injuries and illnesses reported by Health the Diseases Notifiable of Health of the State Public River Health Department worker Reference Center Information System services Grande do Norte from 2007 to 2014. It is ecological study, quantitative cross-sectional study in which the analysis unit of the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte. Data were collected from the state base of Diseases Notifiable Information System Centre of the Secretariat of State Workers' Health Reference Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte, between March and June 2015, after the approval of the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Opinion 014/2014. The population was represented by the universe of cases of diseases and disorders related to work that were reported and shut down the system from 2007 to 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, presented in tables, graphs, charts and figures. For this, we used the Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS version 20.0. To check the significance level we opted for the application of the chi-square or Fisher tests. We adopted the significance level of p <0.05. Of the 10,161 cases of diseases related to the reported work, the biological work accidents had the highest percentage (52.84%) followed by serious occupational accidents (37.49%). For diseases, the highlights were musculoskeletal (4.82%), mental disorders (2.19%) and exogenous intoxication (1.97%). Among men, there was a predominance of major accidents (91.80%), mental disorders (70.00%) and exogenous poisoning (52.84%). Women were most affected by biological accidents (77.50%) and musculoskeletal diseases (64.10%). Among workers who have suffered injuries predominated mulatto (%), mean age of 35.86 years, low education (%) and workers in the formal sector (%). Among the accidents, biological (n = 5,369) accounted for 52.84% of cases occurred predominantly among nursing professionals (48.31%). The percutaneous exposure was the most frequent (73.05%) and the occurrence of circumstances was improper disposal of sharps (45.28%), the needle the most common agent (66.62%) and the organic material was blood (72.99%). Most injured workers were vaccinated against hepatitis B (68.13%), but no information as to the assessment of the vaccine response. In the course of the disease predominated ignored the situation with loss of monitoring of clinical follow-up (55.62%). There was also an increase in the notification of serious industrial accidents predominantly male (91.80%) workers aged 25-44 years (54.3%) and typical accidents (76.3%). The temporary disability was the most common outcome (55.53%) and hand the most affected part (33.00%); the mining and construction industry had the highest number of cases (25.1%) in registered employee (34.2%). The findings of this study show a positive result in relation to increased mandatory reporting of injuries and illnesses related to work together to health services that meet victimized workers, towards the occurrence of knowledge of these accidents for decision making in public plans and policies of health. However, the information system still needs improvement in both the coverage and the quality of the data to demonstrate with greater reliability the magnitude of events to support the planning of workers' health into shares in the state.

The gender wage gap in the public and private sectors in Bangladesh

The gender wage gap is well studied in developed countries; however, recently it has generated much interest in developing countries. This thesis addresses three issues regarding the gender wage gap in Bangladesh. Firstly, it explores the wage determinants for formal public and private sector employees in Bangladesh and examines the gender pay gap. This is the first time different decomposition methods have been used to compare the sources of the gender wage gap as well as any potential discrimination effect in the formal sector of the Bangladeshi labour market. These decomposition methods are: the original Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) decomposition methods, the Neumark (1988), Cotton (1988), and Reimers (1983) methods, and the extended Oaxaca method including both the employment selection and the double selection correction in the wage equation. In addition to mentioned methods, to quantify the gender wage gap in monetary terms, a recently developed ‘simulated change’ approach by Olsen and Walby (2004) is also applied for the first time to the Bangladeshi data. By using the Labour Force Survey 2005-06, BBS (LFS 2005-06) data results show formal sector female employees earn about 32.1 per cent less than their male counterparts. Without considering the selection correction, a large range of human capital, demographic and labour market related variables are explained less than half of the total gender wage gap (21 to 46 per cent of the total wage gap) and the major part of the wage gap is unexplained (54 to 79 per cent of the total wage gap). This could partly be attributed to discrimination. Using the double selection correction method, the decomposition results changed where a small part of the wage gap was explained by the measured characteristics (only nine per cent of the total wage gap) and a major part is attributed to the discrimination and selection effect. The selection effect also reveals that exclusion of the double selection correction might lead to an overestimation of the gender wage gap in the formal sector of Bangladesh. In addition, results based on the Olsen and Walby (2004) simulation method show that, if the other characteristics of male and female employees were similar, ‘being female’ is sufficient, to generate significantly lower wages than males in the formal sector. If females in the workplace are treated as males, without considering any other endowment increases, females could increase their earnings by 4095.3 Taka1 per year. Results also indicate that not only endowment differences in human capital and work experience related variables were important, but discrimination appears to play a significant role in the total wage gap throughout the formal sector of the Bangladeshi labour market. Secondly, the study investigates whether public sector employees enjoyed a wage premium or not, compared to the private sector and whether the gender wage gap is greater in the public sector. In addition, the research considered whether there was an impact from the inclusion of the different selection correction terms in the wage equation. In Bangladesh, public sector employees have, on average, a 60 per cent wage premium over the private sector. Using both the original Oaxaca and the extended Oaxaca methods, where selection effect is partly captured by both explained and unexplained components, and using the public sector wage structure as the basis of the non-discriminatory wage structure, these methods revealed a considerably larger portion of explained (72 - 93 per cent of the total wage gap) and a smaller portion of unexplained part of the wage gap. However, if the selection correction is considered as another component of the decomposition outcome then the major portion of the total public and private sectors wage gap is justified (explained) by the effect of the selection correction and unexplained factors. Furthermore, a large part of the wage premium exists in favour of public sector female employees compared to males and the gender wage gap is lower in the public sector than the private sector. Finally, this study compares the gender wage gap of five different occupations. The gender wage gap is associated with labour market rigidities where one of the important factors is occupational segregation where females are disproportionately distributed in occupations resulting in lower earnings. The largest gender wage gap was found in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, production and transport labour jobs (56.4 per cent) and the lowest in the professional, technical administrative and managerial jobs (22.1 per cent). Substantial differences are found in the size of the endowment gap across occupations and larger variations occurred in the adjusted wage gap which varied from 21.4 per cent in sales and service occupations, to 100 per cent in professional and technical jobs (the highest). This too can be partly explained by discrimination. A reduction in the gender wage gap is expected not only to increase national income, but also to reduce poverty and lead to better outcomes for future generations. National policy should aim to reduce the gender wage gap and achieve gender wage equality in the formal sector; for example through a targeted program to remove the gender differences in education and to reduce the skill difference, with a better child care policy to encourage labour force retention and increased labour market experience for female employees, with anti-discriminatory policies and the enforcement of existing antidiscrimination policies, and a more equal distribution of males and females across occupations.

Mining and Energy Boom, Dutch Disease and Informality in Colombia: a DSGE Approach

The paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, which assesses the macroeconomic and labor market effects derived from simulating a positive shock to the stochastic component of the mining-energy sector productivity. Calibrating the model for the Colombian economy, this shock generates a whole increase in formal wages and a raise in tax revenues, expanding total consumption of the household members. These facts increase non-tradable goods prices relative to tradable goods prices, then real exchange rate decreases (appreciation) and occurs a displacement of productive resources from the tradable (manufacturing) sector to the non-tradable sector, followed by an increase in formal GDP and formal job gains. This situation makes the formal sector to absorb workers from the informal sector through the non-tradable formal subsector, which causes informal GDP to go down. As a consequence, in the net consumption falls for informal workers, which leads some members of the household not to offer their labor force in the informal sector but instead they prefer to keep unemployed. Therefore, the final result on the labor market is a decrease in the number of informal workers, of which a part are in the formal sector and the rest are unemployed.