Was the removal of rabbits and house mice from Selvagem Grande beneficial to the breeding of Cory's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea borealis?

The breeding success of Cory's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea borealis at its important Atlantic colony on Selvagern Grande has been monitored periodically at two study plots since 1982. A successful eradication programme was implemented to remove two alien invasive mammals, rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and house mice Mus musculus, from the island during 2002. The availability of long-term breeding data for Cory's shearwaters on Selvagern Grande provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of the removal of rabbits and mice on seabird breeding. Annual observation of approximately 400 Cory's nests showed that significantly more birds fledged from both study sites in the five breeding seasons after the eradication than in the 13 seasons prior to it for which reliable breeding data were available. The numbers of young birds present at the time of fledging were an average of 47 and 23% greater than pre-eradication numbers at the two study sites. The eradication of rabbits and mice was simultaneous and, therefore, it was impossible to attribute the increased breeding success of Cory's shearwaters to the removal of one or other species. However, both are known to have adverse impacts on the breeding of nesting seabirds. These observations provide important justification for the implementation of further programmes for the removal of alien invasive mammals from oceanic islands.

O Brasil diz sim às armas de fogo: uma análise sobre o referendo do desarmamento

O trabalho analisa o processo eleitoral do referendo sobre a proibição da comercialização de armas de fogo e munição no Brasil a partir das percepções e motivações dos eleitores. Tendo como fonte de pesquisa as cartas de leitores de três jornais de grande circulação no país, pretende identificar os principais valores, sentimentos e argumentos mencionados na justificação do voto. Para isso, apresenta algumas considerações sobre cultura política, cultura do medo, percepções da insegurança e da cidadania no Brasil.

Padrões de espécies e tipos funcionais de plantas lenhosas em bordas de floresta e campo sob influência do fogo

Mosaicos naturais de floresta e campo são freqüentes no sul do Brasil, apesar das condições climáticas em geral serem favoráveis às formações florestais. Os campos portanto têm sido considerados um tipo de vegetação relictual de um clima mais frio e seco. Dados paleopalinológicos têm confirmado a hipótese de expansão florestal proposta por Lindman e Rambo com base em evidências fitogeográficas. Porém, fogo e pastejo têm sido utilizados no manejo dos campos, limitando o estabelecimento de árvores em áreas de campo, e parecem ser essenciais para a existência dos campos num clima úmido. Mudanças na intensidade ou freqüência do fogo ou do pastejo podem permitir o adensamento de espécies lenhosas em comunidades campestres. Todavia, os processos envolvidos são influenciados pelas condições locais e tipo de espécies pioneiras. Esta tese aborda padrões espaciais de transição da floresta ao campo, na ausência de pastejo, porém sob diferentes condições locais relacionadas à exposição do relevo (norte, sul, sudoeste) e ao fogo. Os dados abrangem arbustos e árvores pela composição de espécies e tipos funcionais de plantas (plant functional types, PFTs), e variáveis do solo em bordas de floresta-campo, sob diferentes períodos de tempo transcorrido desde a última queimada nas áreas de campo. Dados sobre composição, diversidade, categoria de plantas (que rebrotam e não rebrotam) e PFTs foram analisados de acordo com o período de tempo sem fogo em dois levantamentos realizados em anos consecutivos. O objetivo desta última análise foi descrever como reagem as plantas lenhosas em áreas de campo freqüentemente queimadas, num contexto de ecótonos de floresta-campo O estudo foi conduzido no Morro Santana (30°03’ S, 51°07’ W, altitude máxima: 311m), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. A vegetação da área apresenta mosaicos de floresta-campo. Os dados foram coletados em seis pares de transecção (4,5 x 58,5 m cada) perpendiculares à borda florestacampo. Cada transecção era composta por seis quadros grandes (LP= 20,25 m²) consecutivos na floresta e sete no campo. Em cada um dos LP, foram instalados três quadros pequenos (SPs) consecutivos, a fim de medir todos os indivíduos iguais ou maiores que 10 cm de altura. Nos LPs, o critério de inclusão foi a altura mínima de 80 cm. Uma queimada experimental foi realizada nos quadros de campo, considerando sempre uma transecção de cada pa r, antes da coleta dos dados. Ao todo foram amostradas 124 espécies lenhosas de 42 famílias. Destas, 90 espécies foram amostradas nos quadros da floresta e 76 nos quadros do campo, das quais 44 foram comuns a ambas as formações (espécies típicas de borda ou pioneiras). No interior da floresta, plântulas e indivíduos jovens de árvores foram significativamente mais abundantes nos quadros próximos da borda, onde os índices de diversidade, eqüidade e riqueza também foram maiores. Os gradientes da floresta ao campo foram analisados como trajetórias de composição em um espaço de ordenação multidimensional. Diferenças nos padrões espaciais reveladas entre locais com exposição distinta foram evidenciadas. Bordas abruptas ocorreram principalmente nas transecções de exposição sul e sudoeste, enquanto transições mais graduais foram observadas no norte As condições do solo também diferiram em relação às exposições predominantes, porém os principais parâmetros variaram conforme a distância espacial do limite da floresta. Assim, apesar dos padrões de vegetação diferirem conforme a exposição predominante, o fator mais importante na explicação dos padrões foi a distância do limite florestal, não somente per se, mas por todos parâmetros correlacionados que variam no gradiente. Em relação aos dois levantamentos realizados em áreas de campo, 31 espécies arbustivas de campo e 45 florestais foram analisadas, das quais 65,8% tinham capacidade de rebrotar. A composição de espécies diferiu com o tempo após o fogo. Densidade, riqueza e diversidade foram menores nos quadros recentemente queimados, principalmente nos sítios com exposição sul. Considerando arbustos de campo, a riqueza e a densidade foram maiores nos quadros não queimados há um e dois anos do que naqueles há mais de três anos. Comparando arbustos com e sem capacidade de rebrotar, os que rebrotam tiveram sempre maior densidade Árvores com capacidade de rebrote predominaram nas áreas com exposição norte, apresentando densidades similares, independente do tempo após o fogo. Porém, árvores sem capacidade de rebrote apresentaram maior densidade nos quadros não queimados. Diferenças na dinâmica de recrutamento de arbustos ou árvores uni- ou multi-caulinares também foram detectadas. Nas análises com base em PFTs, foram identific ados nove PFTs florestais com máxima associação com a variável distância da borda. A habilidade de rebrote foi o principal atributo de plantas florestais que colonizam áreas de campo. A diversidade de PFTs foi maior nos quadros próximos da borda que no interior da floresta. Quatro PFTs foram identificados, entre espécies lenhosas florestais e campestres, com máxima associação com o tempo decorrido após o fogo nas áreas de campo. Alguns dos principais aspectos descritos no parágrafo anterior foram corroborados. Arbustos altos com base uni-caulinar predominaram nas áreas não queimadas (3-4 anos), enquanto arbustos baixos com base multi-caulinar predominaram nas áreas recentemente queimadas (3 meses a 1 ano). PFTs florestais ocorreram nos quadros da borda ou como adultos estabelecidos no campo, não sendo afetados pelo fogo. Com base nos principais resultados, as seguintes conclusões são possíveis: A alta proporção de espécies com capacidade de rebrote nas áreas de campo e a alta taxa de recrutamento das demais espécies caracterizam comunidades com distúrbios freqüentes e espécies bem adaptadas. O regime de fogo com intervalos de dois a três anos não impede o adensamento de arbustos do campo, porém retarda o avanço de espécies arbóreas florestais, exceto em sítios bastante próximos a borda ou em “ilhas” protegidas do fogo intenso PFTs lenhosos de áreas de campo, associados com os intervalos de fogo, sugerem que atributos facilmente mensurados são suficientes para avaliar a dinâmica pós-fogo em comunidades de espécies lenhosas. PFTs florestais nas áreas de campo se restringem àqueles com capacidade de rebrote, para sobreviver às queimadas recorrentes. Com base nas estratégias das plantas, nos PFTs e no padrão espacial das espécies nas bordas de floresta-campo sob influência freqüente do fogo, nós reforçamos a presença de dois mecanismos principais como formas de expansão florestal. Um deles refere-se ao adensamento gradual de espécies arbóreas junto à borda, em áreas cujo intervalo de tempo sem fogo é maior. Outro está relacionado ao recrutamento de árvores pioneiras isoladas no campo, freqüentemente próximo de matacões, onde menor biomassa de gramíneas conduz a menor intensidade do fogo. O fogo é portanto um fator de prevenção da expansão florestal sobre as áreas adjacentes de campo nas condições atuais de clima úmido. O presente regime de distúrbio permite a manutenção de uma elevada biodiversidade na paisagem dos morros de Porto Alegre pela co-ocorrência de ecossistemas ricos em espécies distintas (campos e florestas); a supressão de queimadas pode alterar o mosaico de tipos de hábitat, aumentando a proporção de áreas florestais.

Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Pedras de Fogo - PB: um estudo sobre participação

The present study aims to understand the process of Participation of the Health Council- CMS in the formularization, implementation and control of the Municipal health plan of Pedras de Fogo, through four criteria of quality of participation considered by Demo (1993): representation, legitimacy, base participation, and self-responsibility. The criteria of representation is related to the quality of politics of the representative over the representings. Legitimacy is related to the politics` quality of the process of participation based on norms and rules that stipulate the participation, the base participation is a necessary political support so that the power authorization directed to the representings can be effective and the self-responsibility refers to the capacity of being responsible when it concerns to the public service or property. Through the descriptive and exploratory study a qualitative method was adopted to consider the conditions of the participation of the twelve council members of the City council of Health of Pedras de Fogo, through a formulated Instrument based on the criteria of DEMO (1993). It was concluded that the quality of the participation of the council members of the CMS of Pedras de Fogo understands essential aspects of the criteria of quality considered by Demo (1993) but it shows fragilities as unfamiliarity with the norms that legitimize the performance of the council; unfamiliarity of its condition of being an agent and the importance of the participation of the base for the reinforcement of its participation, as well as inertia related to the check and rendering of accounts on its performance. This way it makes sense that the participation of the council in the four criteria of quality of politics considered in this paper needs to improve

Variação no conteúdo protéico e pigmentar em variantes cromáticas de Gracilaria domingensis nas populações naturais de Rio do Fogo-RN, BRASIL

The seaweed Gracilaria domingensis is a common species in the coast of Rio Grande do Norte. This species lives in the intertidal zone, where colour strains (red, green and brown) co-occur during the whole year. Seaweeds that live in this region are exposed to daily changes and to the rhythm of the tide. During the low tide they are exposed to dissection, hiper-or hipo-osmotic shock, high temperatures and high irradiance. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the pigment and protein content of the colour strains of G. domingensis is affected by some environmental parameters in a temporal scale. The seaweeds were collected during 10 months in the seashore of Rio do Fogo (RN). The total soluble proteins and the phycobiliprotein were extracted in phosphate buffer and the carotenoids were analyzed by a standardized method through HPLC-UV. The pigments analysis showed that phycoerithrin is the most abundant pigment in the three strains. This pigment was strongly correlated with nitrogen and the photosynthetically active radiation. Chlorophyll presented higher concentrations than carotenoids during the whole, but the ratio carotenoid/chlorophyll-a was modified by incident radiation. The most abundant carotenoid was ß-carotene and zeaxanthin, which had higher concentrations in the higher radiation months. The concentration increase of zeaxanthin in this period indicated a photoprotective response of the seaweed. The three strains presented a pigment profile that indicates different radiation tolerance profile. Our results pointed that the green strain is better adapted to high irradiance levels than the red and brown strains

Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

Vicilina de sementes da leguminosa selvagem Anadenanthera macrocarpa (AmV): purificação, caracterização, efeito deletério e mecanismo de ação para bruquídeo callosobruchus maculatus

Grains and legume seeds are foods that form the basis of the diets of many cultures around the world, winch contritbute to the daily nutrient requirements of humans. Vicilins (7S globulin) are storage proteins found in legume seeds, and may have an additional function constitutive defense of the embryo against pests and pathogens. In this work the vicilin from Anadenanthera macrocarpa - AmV (red-angico), was purified and partially characterized, its effect on development and larval survival and adult emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus was evaluated by determination of LD50, WD50 and ED50 in system bioassay. Purification of vicilin was initiated by the chitin affinity chromatography and then gel filtration (Superdex 75 Tricorn 10x300 mm) FPLC system followed by reverse phase chromatography (C8 phenomenex) on HPLC system. Bioassays WD50 and LD50 for larvae were 0.32% and 0.33% (w:w) respectively, since the ED50 for adults was 0.096%. The probable mechanism of action was evaluated by testing digestibility of AmV in vitro, and observed for the involvement of two fragments vicilins immunoreactive against polyclonal Anti-vicilin from Erythrina velutina (Anti-EvV) about of 22 and 13 kDa chitin binding. The AmV in its native form has been recognized by the anti-EvV, indicating that there is a conserved region in the vicilin and is probably corresponding to the chitin binding domains. These results point to a new vicilin chitin binding that can subsequently be used as a possible biopesticide protein source, in order to control insect pest C. maculatus and confirm literature findings that demonstrate vicilin in the presence of different kinds of ligands to conserved regions chitin not yet characterized

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de compósito a partir da borra da piaçava para construção da parábola de um fogão solar a concentração

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Estrutura populacional e aspectos reprodutivos do Octopus insularis Cephalopodas: Octopodidae: implicações para o manejo da pesca de polvo no município de Rio de Fogo-RN

In northeastern Brazil, Octopus insularis is the most commercially important cephalopod species and its capture has been performed for several years by the lobster fishermen in the region. In order to obtain information about the reproductive biology, 1108 specimens were collected between November 2009 and September 2011 in the landings and fish markets of Rio do Fogo (RN). For each specimen the mantle length (CM) and total fresh weight (PT) were recorded. Gonads of 264 males and 295 females were examined macroscopically and histologically to assess sexual maturation and determine reproductive indices. Four reproductive stages were determined for males (immature, maturing, mature and post-mature) and females (immature, early maturing, late maturing and mature). The average of eggs recorded in the female s gonads was 93.820 and 39 was the average of spermatophores found in male Needham s complex. Spermathecae with sperm were found in females with 69 mm CM (immature). Males and females become sexually mature at 64.41 and 98.50 mm of CM, respectively. The weight at sexual maturity was 270 g for males and 630 g for females. The values of the size and weight at sexual maturity found in this study show that males mature at smaller sizes than females. For both sexes the maturation peaks occurred in February and November 2010 and also in September 2011. The periods of maximum reproductive activity lasted about 3 months and it seems to occur every 7 10 months. Only one spent female (stage V) was found and the number of mature females was low. Presumably, mature females migrate to deep waters with complex habitat to protect the offspring, indicating that fishery by snorkeling with maximum depth of 15 meters is not reaches this part of the stock. Finally, it is noticeable the importance of the establishment of management strategies for the exploitation of O. insularis different of the ones used for O. vulgaris, once the species have distinct biological features

Construção e análise de desempenho de um fogão solar à concentração utilizando dois focos para cozimento direto

A model of a solar oven with a reflective surface composed of two mirror segments is presented, constituting a two semi-parabolic surfaces made of fiberglass, applied on a ceramic mold, intended to be used in residential and commercial cooking. The reflective surface of the semi-parable is obtained with the use of multiple plain segments of 2 mm wide mirrors. The semi-parabolic structure has visible movements that are comparable to that of the sun. The technical details of the manufacturing and assembling processes will be presented with an analysis of the viability of thermal, economic, and materials of such prototype. This prototype has important social implications and primordial aspects, which combats the ecological damages caused by the wide-scale use of firewood during cooking. It has been demonstrated that the solar oven has the capacity to cook simultaneous two meals distinct for a family of four

Construção e análise de desempenho de um forno/fogão solar tipo caixa construído a partir de uma sucata de pneu

An alternative box-type solar cooker built starting from the scrap of a tire and a scrap of old office chair is presented, which principles functions are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The tire served as structure for making of is the baking enclosure where the absorber (roasting pan 20x30cm) of the solar is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven/cook for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parable was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation inside of the oven/cook. The oven/cook is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove/cook in study will be demonstrate. The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 152,3°C and the internal temperature around 110°C. Will demonstrate that toits low cost and good thermal performance, represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world

Análise de desempenho de um fogão solar com parabola fabricada em material compósito

It is presented a solar cooker made with a parabolic reflector composed by a composite material. For this purpose, it was utilized a cast concrete with a parabolic profile obtained by means of modeling. It will be demonstrated the manufacturing process and settings, as well as tests results, in order to determine the contact temperature and cooking time of some foods. This solar cooker presents the following main characteristics: the concentration method, low cost and easy manufacturing process. It was performed by employing recycled materials such as cement, plaster, crushed polystyrene and wheels. The captation area measures 1 square meter and its parabole was covered with a mirrors measuring 25 cm2. A temperature higher than 650°C was obtained. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the cooking viability for several type of foods such as beans, potatoes, rice, yams and pasta can be used in two meals for a family of four. In addition, the advantages of this cooker were analysed in comparison with others described in literature as well as those operating on gas. Especially in Northeast of Brazil, where there is a potential for solar energy, this prototype is an important tool, because it avoids not only desertification, but also pollutants from burning firewoods which cause ecological imbalance

Análise de desempenho de um fogão solar construído a partir de sucatas de antena de tv

Given the growing environmental crisis caused by degradation, mainly due to the use of polluting energy sources, increasing the growing use of renewable energies worldwide, with emphasis on solar energy, an abundant supply and available to everyone, which can be harnessed in several ways: electricity generation; dehydration of food; heating, disinfection and distillation and cooking. The latter has as its primary feature the viability of clean, renewable energy for society, combating ecological damage caused by large-scale use of firewood for cooking foods, use in tropical countries with high solar radiation, and has funding NGOs throughout the world with the goal of achieving low-income population. The proposed project consists of a solar cooker for concentration, working from the reflection of sunlight by a hub that they converge to a focal point at the bottom of the pot, getting lots of heat. The solar cooker under study consists of two elliptical reflecting parabolas made from the recycling of scrap TV antenna, having 0.29 m² of surface area for each antenna, which were covered by multiple mirrors of 2 mm thick and mounted on a metal structure, with correction for the mobility of the apparent movement of the sun. This structure was built with the recycling of scrap metal, possessing a relatively low cost compared with other solar cookers, around US$ 50.00. This cost becomes negligible, since that will involve a great benefit to not have fuel costs for each meal, unlike the use of gas or firewood for cooking food. The tests show that the cooker has reached the maximum temperature of 740 ° C, for boiling water in an average time of 28 minutes, cooking various types of foods such as potatoes, rice and pasta in an average time of 45 minutes and still going as a solar oven, making pizza baking and meat. These cooking times do not differ much from the cooking times on a gas stove, it becomes the solar cooker as a good consumer acceptance, and furthermore not to deliver the same gases that can poison the food as with the wood stove. Proves the viability of using the stove to cook or bake in two daily meals for a family, still presenting a position to improve his performance with the addition of new materials, equipment and techniques

Viabilidade de uso de um fogão solar para cocção de alimentos com parábola refletora fabricada em compósito que utiliza fibras de Carnaúba e resina Ortoftálica

Presents a composite formed by orthophthalic resin and fiber loading of carnauba straw. The fibers were first dried in direct sun exposure and subsequently ground into fodder for the reduction in size. Various formulations of the composite were preliminarily tested by choosing the one presenting the best processability in applying the mold. The composite produced is used for the manufacture of a parabolic surface subsequently coated with mirror segments, flexible plastic, for reflecting the solar rays incident on it. The reflective parable represents the main element of the solar cooker that works with the concentration of sunlight and has dimensions of 1.14 m in diameter and area of 1.0 m². Manufacturing processes and assembly of solar cooker concentration produced are presented. The results of tests for cooking and baking various foods, including rice, pasta, beans, cake, cassava, shrimp, beef, breaded demonstrating the competitiveness of solar cooker studied with other stoves already manufactured and tested in Brazil are presented and in the world. It was also demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed composite for Prototypes manufacture of solar and other structures that do not require great efforts resistance