Patrimônio natural e cultural em uma área de expansão urbana: o caso da Granja Carolina - Cotia/Itapevi - SP

El objectivo del trabajo fue analisar los impactos ambientales y sociales de las politicas publicas y de la especulación imobiliária sobre las áreas remanescientes de la vegetación nativa en la Granja Carolina. Con base en la definición del Património Cultural y Património Natural, fue abordado el proceso de formación desa región oeste de la metrópole, especificamente en lo entorno de la Granja Carolina situada entre los municipios de Cotia y Itapevi. La identificación deses problemas y la realización de un estudio sobre el modelo de la ocupación y el uso de lo solo urbano permitiu identificar su grau de vulnerabilidad a los impactos traydos por la expansión urbana. Para lo entendimiento de tais cuestiones analisamos lo proyecto y lo EIA/RIMA de um empreendimiento imobiliario que si pretendia instalar em la área de estúdio. Entendese también que el planejamiento territorial debe conter el debate sobre la protección del Património Cultural y Natural, cuestiones también pertinentes em el campo de la Geografía

Alterações morfológicas decorrentes da expansão urbana no setor leste da cidadede Rio Claro (SP): subsídios ao planejamento urbano

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cenários da expansão urbana e da legislação e os reflexos na cobertura vegetal arbórea e arbustiva na cidade de Americana-SP

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Dinâmica de expansão urbana de Ceará-Mirim-RN: aspectos locais e metropolitanos?

This study aims to understand the growth dynamics of Ceará-Mirim city considering the aspects that define its current urban sprawl. We chose to use as methodological approach the concept of space as a product and producer of social relations and the same constitutes by objects and actions that relate in a dialectical process over time. As a research tool, it took place bibliographical study that features the historical aspects of use and occupation, in order to evidence the regional ground agents that explain its current urban setting. Then, it was collected a secondary data of economic analysis activities from municipality and their impact on local social structure. Between these aspects, the sugar economy, even in decline, had appeared as defining the boundaries of urban growth. At the regional scale, other factors were discussed in a way of urban influence processes forming the Greater Natal (RMNatal), and Ceará-Mirim appears integrating into this scale in a very low level according to Metropolis Observatory (2012). However, we have pointed out that in recent years, especially in growth vector of BR 406, settled metropolitan scope equipment. These objects have been associating in a real estate sector's reasoning while the possible "metropolization" have been promoting as investments in the city's expansion area.

O Litoral e a metrópole dinâmica imobiliária, turismo e expansão urbana na região metropolitana de Natal-RN

The metropolitan regions of Northeast Brazil are being gradually included in a scenario of international investments, which are motivated by the restructuring of both touristic and real-estate sectors. The new capital, real-estate developers and space configurations that result from this process indicate the need for the creation and implementation of public tools which should, at least, allow the mitigation of the urban impacts and environmental losses resulting from this situation. The effects on landscape and on the socio-spatial configuration result from the intensification caused by the dynamism of the "real estate-tourism" sector. There is a regional integration as an expression of the urban expansion of the metropolitan area of Natal. This study investigates the uniqueness of the restructuring and territorial integration of coastal areas and the strategies of the circuit of capital accumulation formed by linking the real estate to tourism. It is intended to increase the understanding about the strategies of tourism, real estate and public policy agents involved in this territorial reconfiguration and in the fund-raising needed for the investments, to understand the existing social and environmental effects and their future trends and also to understand the forms of spatial production as results from the practices of approaching the land transformation and the tourism valorization of the landscape, in a synchronous manner, first in the Northeast region and, as a focal study, in the Metropolitan Area of Natal. Likewise, it is intended to apprehend the current processes of metropolization of the eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte, in addition to indicate its physical-territorial transformation and the types of projects/developments promoted by the market in the recent period. Based upon analysis undertaken for the Metropolitan Region of Natal RN, this piece of work presents some considerations on possible legal instruments that can be adjusted to the municipalities which are experiencing the impact of this peculiar and recent phenomenon in the region, caused by the arrival of the real estate-touristic capital. It is also intended to point out basic proposals to the forms of public intervention, in a speculative way, starting from a Metropolitan Planning project within a medium and long term

Outorga onerosa do direito de construir e dinâmica do mercado imobiliário formal: planejamento e descaminhos na expansão urbana de Parnamirim RN (2008-2010)

The `Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - OODC` (Public Concession of Building Rights), instrument instituted by The City Statute in 2001, has as main objective the recovery of urban property, seeking for a fair distribution the urbanization benefits. The possibility of usage of the OODC instrument is linked to the maximum utilization coefficient, determined to specific areas in accordance to existing infrastructure conditions, further taking into account the formal real estate market, expansion axis and crowding. Being an instrument which establishes values to be paid for a better use of land, it maintains a narrow relation to the real estate, incentivizing or discouraging the crowding in specific areas. The present study investigates the relationship between the criteria for the making of the Public Concession of Building Rights instrument and the dynamics of the formal real estate market. It takes as empiric universe Parnamirim (RN), part of the Natal Metropolitan Area (RN), focusing on the application of the OODC in the period of 2008-2010. It seeks to better understand the necessary basis for the formulation of the instrument, about how it works and its relation to the formal real estate market. It aims to depict the formal real estate market by presenting the production of urban space in Parnamirim in terms of intensity and nature of the real estate, furthermore identifying the licensed properties through the application of the municipality instrument. For the conclusion, it is discussed the criteria for the formation of OODC, its relationship to the dynamics of the formal real estate market and its influencing possibilities in the processes of usage and occupation of land in the context of urban planning

Entre o mar e estrela, um lugar para se bem viver : a problemática da expansão urbana da Cidade de Baía Formosa/RN

The urban expansion problem of Baía Formosa, a southern edge city of de Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast, which has been presented in other coast Brazilian towns, specially on those with tourist activities increase. Therefore, this situation brings huge concerns to their inhabitants, to their technical /scientific community and to the governments, because of the conflicts of interest and of the growth of urban problems that this has been created. At Baía Formosa, the situation is aggravated because the city is confined, once around it, there are large private proprieties, environmental preservation area and the sea, at the eastern edge. The objectives of this study are the analyses of this city expansion process in order to obtain adequate alternatives and defining methodology to apply in other urban nucleus that are subjected to similar situations. Of course, presents social relations, environmental conditions and promoting local population insertion should be considered in order that enjoin this process and contributing to a better social balance. This case study has used bibliography research, field data, maps and soil occupation recorders and photographs of the area, besides the primary data gathering by surveys carried out with many social actors. The present analysis shows that the urban expansion observed today is featured by a recent unsustainable model, which attacks the environment and brings either farm conflicts. On the other hand, the ecological tourism can represent an alternative in order to achieve an adequate expansion form, without forgetting the several structural parameters necessary to support the sustainable activities

O Litoral e a metrópole dinâmica imobiliária, turismo e expansão urbana na região metropolitana de Natal-RN

The metropolitan regions of Northeast Brazil are being gradually included in a scenario of international investments, which are motivated by the restructuring of both touristic and real-estate sectors. The new capital, real-estate developers and space configurations that result from this process indicate the need for the creation and implementation of public tools which should, at least, allow the mitigation of the urban impacts and environmental losses resulting from this situation. The effects on landscape and on the socio-spatial configuration result from the intensification caused by the dynamism of the "real estate-tourism" sector. There is a regional integration as an expression of the urban expansion of the metropolitan area of Natal. This study investigates the uniqueness of the restructuring and territorial integration of coastal areas and the strategies of the circuit of capital accumulation formed by linking the real estate to tourism. It is intended to increase the understanding about the strategies of tourism, real estate and public policy agents involved in this territorial reconfiguration and in the fund-raising needed for the investments, to understand the existing social and environmental effects and their future trends and also to understand the forms of spatial production as results from the practices of approaching the land transformation and the tourism valorization of the landscape, in a synchronous manner, first in the Northeast region and, as a focal study, in the Metropolitan Area of Natal. Likewise, it is intended to apprehend the current processes of metropolization of the eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte, in addition to indicate its physical-territorial transformation and the types of projects/developments promoted by the market in the recent period. Based upon analysis undertaken for the Metropolitan Region of Natal RN, this piece of work presents some considerations on possible legal instruments that can be adjusted to the municipalities which are experiencing the impact of this peculiar and recent phenomenon in the region, caused by the arrival of the real estate-touristic capital. It is also intended to point out basic proposals to the forms of public intervention, in a speculative way, starting from a Metropolitan Planning project within a medium and long term

Outorga onerosa do direito de construir e dinâmica do mercado imobiliário formal: planejamento e descaminhos na expansão urbana de Parnamirim RN (2008-2010)

The `Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - OODC` (Public Concession of Building Rights), instrument instituted by The City Statute in 2001, has as main objective the recovery of urban property, seeking for a fair distribution the urbanization benefits. The possibility of usage of the OODC instrument is linked to the maximum utilization coefficient, determined to specific areas in accordance to existing infrastructure conditions, further taking into account the formal real estate market, expansion axis and crowding. Being an instrument which establishes values to be paid for a better use of land, it maintains a narrow relation to the real estate, incentivizing or discouraging the crowding in specific areas. The present study investigates the relationship between the criteria for the making of the Public Concession of Building Rights instrument and the dynamics of the formal real estate market. It takes as empiric universe Parnamirim (RN), part of the Natal Metropolitan Area (RN), focusing on the application of the OODC in the period of 2008-2010. It seeks to better understand the necessary basis for the formulation of the instrument, about how it works and its relation to the formal real estate market. It aims to depict the formal real estate market by presenting the production of urban space in Parnamirim in terms of intensity and nature of the real estate, furthermore identifying the licensed properties through the application of the municipality instrument. For the conclusion, it is discussed the criteria for the formation of OODC, its relationship to the dynamics of the formal real estate market and its influencing possibilities in the processes of usage and occupation of land in the context of urban planning

Entre o mar e estrela, um lugar para se bem viver : a problemática da expansão urbana da Cidade de Baía Formosa/RN

The urban expansion problem of Baía Formosa, a southern edge city of de Rio Grande do Norte eastern coast, which has been presented in other coast Brazilian towns, specially on those with tourist activities increase. Therefore, this situation brings huge concerns to their inhabitants, to their technical /scientific community and to the governments, because of the conflicts of interest and of the growth of urban problems that this has been created. At Baía Formosa, the situation is aggravated because the city is confined, once around it, there are large private proprieties, environmental preservation area and the sea, at the eastern edge. The objectives of this study are the analyses of this city expansion process in order to obtain adequate alternatives and defining methodology to apply in other urban nucleus that are subjected to similar situations. Of course, presents social relations, environmental conditions and promoting local population insertion should be considered in order that enjoin this process and contributing to a better social balance. This case study has used bibliography research, field data, maps and soil occupation recorders and photographs of the area, besides the primary data gathering by surveys carried out with many social actors. The present analysis shows that the urban expansion observed today is featured by a recent unsustainable model, which attacks the environment and brings either farm conflicts. On the other hand, the ecological tourism can represent an alternative in order to achieve an adequate expansion form, without forgetting the several structural parameters necessary to support the sustainable activities

EXPANSÃO URBANA E ESTRUTURA SOCIOESPACIAL EM PAULÍNIA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em investigar o processo de expansão horizontal urbana no município de Paulínia por intermédio de mapeamentos temáticos e análises a respeito da distribuição espacial dos diversos segmentos populacionais, bem como salientar as principais implicações sobre a atual configuração socioespacial da cidade. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se no emprego de tecnologias de geoprocessamento para elaboração de mapas e subsídio às análises acerca da estruturação socioespacial. A distribuição dos segmentos populacionais foi realizada a partir do tratamento estatístico-espacial de dados sociodemográficos. Ademais, trabalhos de campo e entrevistas foram realizados com o intento de conhecer e registrar informações localizadas. Evidenciou-se nos mapas temáticos o acelerado processo de expansão urbana. Já o padrão do espraiamento horizontal da área urbanizada concatenado à distribuição diferencial da população revelam o modo como vem sendo produzido este espaço urbano, o que corrobora na identificação de um cenário de crescente segregação socioespacial.

EXPANSÃO URBANA E SEGREGEÇÃO SÓCIO-ESPACIAL

O presente trabalho faz um estudo da segregação sócio-espacial. O espaço geográfico é formado por um conjunto de objetos e ações, ou seja, de formas e, de práticas sociais. O espaço urbano é produzido a partir de ações ou forças sócio-econômicas que vão fragmentando a cidade e dando origem aos seus diversos lugares. Os lugares segregados possuem características internas comuns e apresentam fortes desigualdades sociais entre eles e os outros lugares, aceitos. Os lugares de habitação são mais duramente atingidos por essa diferenciação social de lugares e seuscostumes. Várias análises demonstram que a cidade pode ser vista como a expressão concreta de processos sociais em um ambiente físico construído sobre o espaço geográfico. Os objetivos deste estudo são os seguintes: mostrar que o espaço urbano é produzido pela ordem econômica e social vigente; compreender que, numa sociedade capitalista, a divisão social do trabalho cria as desigualdades sociais que refletem na produção do espaço urbano; mostrar que a desigualdade espacial é fruto da desigualdade social. A lógica da estruturação espacial têm, portanto, dois elementos principais: a renda e a divisão social do trabalho. A metodologia da pesquisa é a de revisão teórica e bibliográfica sobre o tema.

DESENVOLVIMENTO REGIONAL, EXPANSÃO URBANA E TURISMO NO LITORAL DE SANTA CATARINA: NOTAS SOBRE AS MICRORREGIÕES DE ITAJAÍ E FLORIANÓPOLIS

Povoada originalmente por vicentistas e açorianos, a faixa litorânea do Estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil) é cortada pelos inúmeros vales atlânticos onde se instalaram, no século XIX, imigrantes europeus. Nela estão localizadas as microrregiões de Itajaí e de Florianópolis, situadas, respectivamente, nas porções do litoral designadas por centro-norte e centro, possuidoras, ambas, de uma formação histórica cujas determinações extrapolam os limites físicos dos espaços que as contém e que se sobressaem no contexto catarinense, nas últimas décadas, por apresentarem um novo dinamismo econômico e demográfico, somado ao crescente fluxo de turistas. Na primeira, a centro-norte, destacam-se os municípios da Foz do rio Itajaí-Açu com altos índices de crescimento demográfico e um porto com elevada movimentação de mercadorias. Na segunda, a do litoral central, sobressai a Ilha de Santa Catarina, a maior do litoral catarinense, onde se localiza Florianópolis, a capital do estado. O trabalho tem como objetivo geral comparar as duas microrregiões apontadas, buscando analisar as semelhanças e diferenças existentes entre elas e definir os elementos responsáveis pela expansão urbana e demográfica atual, bem como as conexões básicas entre o passado e o presente. Os marcos teórico-metodológicos do trabalho estão alicerçados no materialismo histórico e dialético, com apoio de estudos voltados à análise da realidade brasileira e catarinense em particular.

A expansão da cidade da Praia, na década de 1990-2000 – Crescimento espontâneo e pobreza urbana

O presente estudo diz respeito à problemática dos bairros de crescimento espontâneo da cidade da Praia, designadamente, o ocorrido na década de noventa e visa identificar quais as áreas que conheceram tal crescimento, com que intensidade ocorreu o fenómeno da expansão espontânea da cidade, como, por que ocorreu e que efeitos produziu. Tentamos demonstrar, com este estudo, que a ausência de meios eficazes de gestão urbana aliada à grande carência habitacional para as camadas mais desfavorecidas da sociedade, provocaram uma segregação socio-espacial do território urbano. A cidade da Praia conheceu, sobretudo após a independência nacional, um grande aumento populacional, não apenas derivado do crescimento natural da população, mas também originado pelo êxodo rural e pela crescente migração das populações de outras ilhas do arquipélago. Entre 1990 e o ano 2000, o saldo efectivo da população foi praticamente o dobro do ocorrido na década anterior, daí resultando uma expansão urbana para as periferias não urbanizadas da cidade. O ritmo de crescimento provocou a densificação de diversos bairros, cujos níveis de atendimento em infra-estruturas, serviços e equipamentos colectivos são extremamente baixos e, em várias situações, a situação urbanística resultante do modelo de ocupação do terreno inviabiliza, (quase ou) por completo a reabilitação desses bairros, sem que se proceda a algumas demolições, por forma a garantir a sua integração urbana.

Impacte dos investimentos nas infraestruturas rodo e ferroviárias na expansão e estruturação urbana

Tese apresentada na Universidade Técnica de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Urbanismo.