An examination of existential faith in the writtings of Søren Kierkegaard

This thesis takes seriously the proposition that existentialism is a lived philosophy. While Descartes' proof for the existence of God initially sparked my interest in philosophy, the insights of existentialism have allowed me to appropriate philosophy as a way of life. I apply the insights of Kierkegaard's writings to my spiritual and philosophy development. Philosophy is personal, and Kierkegaard's writings deal with the development of the person in his aesthetic, ethical and religious dimensions. Philosophy is a struggle, and this thesis, reveals the existential struggle of the individual in despair. The thesis argues that authentic faith actually entails faith. The existential believer has this faith whereas the religious believer does not. The subjectively reflective existential believer recognizes that a leap of faith is needed; anything else, is just historical, speculative knowledge. The existential believer or, the Knight of Faith, realizes that a leap of faith is needed to become open in inwardness to receive the condition to understand the paradoxes that faith presents. I will present Kierkegaard's "Analogy of a House" which is in essence, the backbone of his philosophy. I will discuss the challenge of moving from one floor to the next. More specifically, I will discuss the anxiety that is felt in the very moment of the transition from the first floor to the second floor. I will outline eight paradoxes that must me resolved in order for the individual to continue on his journey to the top floor of the house. I will argue that Kierkegaard's example of Abraham as a Knight of Faith is incorrect, that Abraham was in fact not a Knight of Faith. I will also argue that we should find our own exemplars in our own lives by looking for Knight of Faith traits in people we know and then trying to emulate those people. I will also discuss Unamuno's "paradoxical faith" and argue that this kind of faith is a strong alternative to those who find that Kierkegaard's existential faith is not a possibility.

Kierkegaardian intersubjectivity and the question of ethics and responsibility

Kierkegaardian Intersubjectivity and the Question of Ethics and Responsibility By Kevin Krumrei. Kierkegaard's contributions to philosophy are generally admitted and recognized as valuable in the history of Western philosophy, both as one of the great anti-Hegelians, as the founder (arguably) of existentialism, and as a religious thinker. However valid this may be, there is similarly a generally admitted critique of Kierkegaard in the Western tradition, that Kierkegaard's philosophy of the development of the self leads the individual into an isolated encounter with God, to the abandonment of the social context. In other words, a Kierkegaardian theory of intersubjectivity is a contradiction in terms. This is voiced eloquently by Emmanuel Levinas, among others. However, Levinas' own intersubjective ethics bears a striking resemblance to Kierkegaard's, with respect to the description and formulation of the basic problem for ethics: the problem of aesthetic egoism. Further, both Kierkegaard and Levinas follow similar paths in responding to the problem, from Kierkegaard's reduplication in Works of Love, to Levinas' notion of substitution in Otherwise than Being. In this comparison, it becomes evident that Levinas' reading of Kierkegaard is mistaken, for Kierkegaard's intersubjective ethics postulates, in fact, the inseparability and necessity of the self s responsible relation to others in the self s relation to God, found in the command, "you shall love your neighbour as yourself."

Nietzsche's will-to-power ontology : an interpretation of Beyond Good and Evil

Abstract: Nietzsche's Will-to-Power Ontology: An Interpretation of Beyond Good and Evil § 36 By: Mark Minuk Will-to-power is the central component of Nietzsche's philosophy, and passage 36 of Beyond Good and Evil is essential to coming to an understanding of it. 1 argue for and defend the thesis that will-to-power constitutes Nietzsche's ontology, and offer a new understanding of what that means. Nietzsche's ontology can be talked about as though it were a traditional substance ontology (i.e., a world made up of forces; a duality of conflicting forces described as 'towards which' and 'away from which'). However, 1 argue that what defines this ontology is an understanding of valuation as ontologically fundamental—^the basis of interpretation, and from which a substance ontology emerges. In the second chapter, I explain Nietzsche's ontology, as reflected in this passage, through a discussion of Heidegger's two ontological categories in Being and Time (readiness-to-hand, and present-at-hand). In a nutshell, it means that the world of our desires and passions (the most basic of which is for power) is ontologically more fundamental than the material world, or any other interpretation, which is to say, the material world emerges out of a world of our desires and passions. In the first chapter, I address the problematic form of the passage reflected in the first sentence. The passage is in a hypothetical style makes no claim to positive knowledge or truth, and, superficially, looks like Schopenhaurian position for the metaphysics of the will, which Nietzsche rejects. 1 argue that the hypothetical form of the passage is a matter of style, namely, the style of a free-spirit for whom the question of truth is reframed as a question of values. In the third and final chapter, 1 address the charge that Nietzsche's interpretation is a conscious anthropomorphic projection. 1 suggest that the charge rests on a distinction (between nature and man) that Nietzsche rejects. I also address the problem of the causality of the will for Nietzsche, by suggesting that an alternative, perspectival form of causality is possible.

A Classification of Feminist Theories

In this paper I criticize Alison Jaggar’s descriptions of feminist political theories. I propose an alternative classification of feminist theories that I think more accurately reflects the multiplication of feminist theories and philosophies. There are two main categories, “street theory” and academic theories, each with two sub-divisions, political spectrum and “differences” under street theory, and directly and indirectly political analyses under academic theories. My view explains why there are no radical feminists outside of North America and why there are so few socialist feminists inside North America. I argue, controversially, that radical feminism is a radical version of liberalism. I argue that “difference” feminist theories – theory by and about feminists of colour, queer feminists, feminists with disabilities and so on – belong in a separate sub-category of street theory, because they’ve had profound effects on feminist activism not tracked by traditional left-to-right classifications. Finally, I argue that, while academic feminist theories such as feminist existentialism or feminist sociological theory are generally unconnected to movement activism, they provide important feminist insights that may become importanby showing the advantages of my classification over Jaggar’s views.

Cinéma militant et pensée nomade : une expérience cinématographique nomade dans le nord-ouest de l'Argentine

La création cinématographique de l’étudiant qui accompagne ce mémoire sous la forme d’un DVD est disponible à la Médiathèque de la Bibliothèque des lettres et sciences humaines sous le titre : Exilio o transhumancia.(http://atrium.umontreal.ca/notice/UM-ALEPH002343890)

Le statut de la liberté dans l’existentialisme, par-delà la théorie critique

Dans la philosophie existentialiste de Sartre, l’existence précède l’essence. C’est-à-dire que c’est la réalité humaine vécue qui définit l’homme, et non une essence abstraite qui précèderait l’existence. L’essence de la vie humaine ne serait donc pas à la portée de la philosophie, qui voudrait établir une essence qui transcenderait la réalité humaine. Pour Sartre, cette tentative d’établir une essence est vaine. L’homme n’est pas simplement, mais a à être. Sartre entrevoit dans cette exigence la seule vraie possibilité de la liberté : la liberté c’est précisément le néant qui est au cœur de l’homme et qui contraint la réalité humaine à se faire au lieu d’être. Cette notion de la liberté absolue de l’homme est très forte et a évidemment suscité la critique. Sartre s’est attiré notamment la désapprobation des penseurs de l’École de Francfort. Ils lui reprochent de ne pas rendre justice aux déterminations spécifiques qu’impose le contexte historique, social et matériel. Sa notion de liberté viendrait dissocier l’horizon des possibilités des processus qui les fixent et, du coup le mène à cautionner tacitement le statut quo, en empêchant la liberté de servir de critère pour critiquer la domination existante. Une philosophie existentialiste reste-t-elle possible par-delà cette critique? La croyance en le caractère absurde de la vie humaine et l’exigence à se faire pour donner un sens à l’existence peuvent-elles tenir sans postuler la liberté absolue? Ou bien cette liberté doit-elle nécessairement être circonscrite par une théorie sociale critique, sans quoi l’existentialisme colportera clandestinement le maintien du statu quo?

La muerte en la psicoterapia fenomenológico-existencial

El siguiente trabajo pretende, mediante la revisión de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, mostrar las distintas categorías en las que la muerte se trabaja dentro de la psicoterapia fenomenológico existencial. Es así como se hace un recorrido por los antecedentes filosóficos de este enfoque psicoterapéutico, las diferentes escuelas que dentro de él se desarrollan y sus planteamientos frente a la muerte, las maneras de morir, la muerte y el ciclo vital, y los avances actuales como la Teoría del Manejo del Terror (TMT) . Todos estos elementos se revisan para después ser relacionados y así proponer una serie de acciones prácticas a llevar a cabo dentro del encuentro psicoterapéutico con miras a un trabajo adecuado y productivo con la muerte desde una perspectiva existencial.

Jorge Carrera Andrade, poeta del hombre (Estudios)

El autor lee a Carrera Andrade como un creador surgido en el quiebre de los presupuestos, ideologías y esperanzas del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, más plagado de incertidumbres que de certezas. Acaso el rasgo autobiográfico de su poesía, y su apego a una temática múltiple –no apartada nunca del desciframiento de los sentidos de lo pequeño– han oscurecido la intención del autor de reflexionar sobre la condición y el destino del hombre moderno. Cercano al existencialismo, en tanto filosofía develadora de la fragilidad y soledad humanas, de la futilidad de sus construcciones intelectuales, Carrera fue testigo –en un siglo de confrontaciones– «de la fealdad triunfante y la libertad encadenada». El poeta describe tres atributos definitorios del hombre moderno: soledad, imposibilidad de ser libre, y su condición de desterrado. Plantea Carrera que estas condiciones ontológicas de soledad y de ser prisionero no se agotarían en el hombre, sino que conformarían también a otros seres y objetos del universo. El destierro aludiría no solo a la condición literal del exiliado, sino también a la ausencia de un hogar espiritual, aunque, en relación a este punto, parece arribar a una cierta conciliación mediante la idea de que es posible trascender la finitud del individuo en la pervivencia de la humanidad entera –destino común el del «hombre planetario», cantado por el poeta a pesar de su soledad y sus prisiones.

Denna dödliga ensamhet : Existentiell utsatthet i Kristina Lugns poesi och dramatik

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur den existentiella utsattheten gestaltas i Kristina Lugns diktsamlingar om jag inte och Bekantskap önskas med äldre bildad herre. Lugns dramer Idlaflickorna och Nattorienterarna undersöks också kortfattat i ljuset av lyriken. I avsnittet före analysdelen ges en kort förklaring till den tradition som fört fram ironin hos svenska kvinnliga lyriker, vilket bland annat innefattar fransk existentialism och absurdism. De teman som framstått tydligast i om jag inte är moderskapet, ensamheten, döden och förhållandet mellan män och kvinnor. Analysen tar bland annat upp influenserna från Sonja Åkesson, barns utsatta situation och ensamma kvinnor i folkhemmets bakgård. Dessa vardagliga teman är även representativa för Bekantskap önskas, även om både intensitet och fokus skiftar. Här finns bitande ironi, ensamma, desperata mammor, men inte samma nattsvarta ton som i debutsamlingen. Döden är konkret och ständigt närvarande i båda samlingarna. Den jämförande analysen av Idlaflickorna och Nattorienterarna betonar uttryckssättet i dramatiken jämfört mot lyriken. Det poetiska språket är typiskt för Lugns dramatik. Influenserna från Samuel Beckett och absurdismen är också påtagliga. Slutligen konstateras att den existentiella utsattheten inte är lika tydlig i dramatiken - på ytan. Under ytan är det symboliska och fragmenterade språket minst lika existentiellt.

Ensam inför existensen : ensamheten som grundtematik i Inger Edelfedlts romaner

Intentionen med denna uppsats kan väsentligen uppdelas i två sektioner: att först undersöka hur temat ensamhet uttrycks i Inger Edelfeldts romaner med huvudsaklig utgångspunkt i Kamalas bok, och att sedan relatera detta existentiellt genomströmmade ensamhetstema till den filosofiska existentialismen i Jean-Paul Sartres tappning.Som hon beskrivs av Edelfeldt är människan oundvikligen fånge i ensamheten. Alla hennes ansträngningar att erfara gemenskap faller om intet och inför denna bistra verklighet genomlever människan ett främlingsskap emellan sig själv och omvärlden; en alienation som fullständigt omformar och snedvrider hennes uppfattning av sig själv. Som en röd tråd löper alltså ensamheten som ett grundtema genom Edelfeldts romanproduktion och blir i de senare verken allt mer framträdande. Det är följaktligen särskilt i dessa senare romaner som åtskilliga betydande likheter med den filosofiska existentialismen kan uppvisas. Människans obevekliga fångenskap i en utsatt tillvaro präglad av ensamhet och ångest – där befrielse annan än den funnen i flykten ifrån ansvaret (mängdförsjunkenheten) och i livslögnen (den onda tron) saknas – är densamma i såväl Edelfeldts prosa som i existentialismens doktriner. Den alienation som upplevs av Edelfeldts romankaraktärer kan på goda grunder relateras till Sartres Äcklet. I Edelfeldts verk uteblir emellertid människans tillblivelse som den större individen i det valögonblicket; det moment i vilket Sartre ser människans enda möjlighet. Slutligen överväger dock de textuella likheterna emellan Inger Edelfeldts romaner och den franska existentialismen, och därför föreligger alltså tydliga spår av nämnda filosofi i Edelfeldts verk.

Changing pre-service teachers' purposes of education through existential crises

This article considers changing the purposes of education held by pre-service teachers. It argues that purposes of education are inextricably linked to life meanings and purposes. Employing an existential perspective, mainly through Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Morris, the fundamental beliefs that one has regarding the meaning and purpose of life are understood to serve as the basis for formulating purposes of education. An attempt to change these purposes is recommended by drawing upon the existential crisis and Kierkegaard's doctrine of 'how'. Importance is placed not so much on the object or what of purposes and understandings, but on how the individual relates to them.

Centring the subject in order to educate

It is important for educators to recognise that the various calls to decentre the subject—or self—should not be interpreted as necessarily requiring the removal of the subject altogether. Through the individualism of the Enlightenment the self was centred. This highly individualistic notion of the sovereign self has now been decentred especially through post-structuralist literature. It is contended here however, that this tendency to decentre the subject has been taken to an extreme at times, especially by some designers of school frameworks and curricula, who have eliminated the subject altogether. Such elimination is argued to contribute to the numbers of youth who are dropping out of school. By adopting an existential perspective and by drawing mainly upon Kierkegaard's subjective truth and Dewey's notion of centeredness, the case is made that for education the subject should not only be included but should actually be centred—at least momentarily.

Merleau-Ponty: Key Concepts

Having initially not had the attention of Sartre or Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty’s work is arguably now more widely influential than either of his two contemporaries. Merleau-Ponty: Key Concepts presents an accessible guide to the core ideas which structure Merleau-Ponty’s thinking as well as to his influences and the value of his ideas to a wide range of disciplines. The first section of the book presents the context of Merleau-Ponty’s thinking, the major debates of his time, particularly existentialism, phenomenology, the history of philosophy and the philosophy of history and society. The second section outlines his major contributions and conceptual innovations. The final section focuses upon how his work has been taken up in other fields besides philosophy, notably in sociology, cognitive science, health studies and feminism.