Depressão pós-parto e estado nutricional infantil no segundo mês de vida

INTRODUÇÃO: As chances de adoecer e de mortalidade são maiores, em crianças com estado nutricional (EN) inadequado nos primeiros meses de vida. Fatores de risco para o EN inadequado, incluem os aspectos psicossociais maternos, como a ansiedade, a depressão pós-parto (DPP), a ausência de suporte social. No entanto, são poucos os estudos sobre o papel destes fatores na determinação do EN infantil e seus resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre depressão no pós-parto e o estado nutricional infantil inadequado no segundo mês de vida. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional com 466 crianças aos dois meses de vida (média= 65 dias; DP=0,5) oriundas de unidades básicas de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado entre junho de 2005 e dezembro de 2009. Para compor o desfecho, médias de peso-para-idade foram expressas em escores z e comparadas às informações da nova curva de referência WHO (2006) para menores de cinco anos. Foram classificadas como estado nutricional inadequado, crianças com escore z abaixo de -2, baixo peso-para-idade, e crianças com escore z acima de +2, excesso de peso-para- idade. Informações referentes à DPP foram obtidas por meio da aplicação da versão em português do instrumento EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). As análises das associações entre a DPP e os desfechos foram verificadas via modelos de regressão logística multinomial, mediante estimativas de razões de chances (OR) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95). RESULTADOS: A amostra revelou escores z médios de -0,22 para peso-para-idade, 4,51%(n=21) apresentaram baixo peso-para- idade e 1,72% (n=8) de excesso de peso-para-idade. A prevalência de depressão foi de 27,6%. Nas análises brutas, filhos de mães deprimidas apresentavam 2,45 mais chance (OR=2,45; I.C. 95%=1,01-5,93;p-valor=0,050) de baixo peso-para-idade e 0,38 chance de excesso de peso-para-idade (OR=0,38;I.C. 95%=0,04-3,17;p-valor=0,38), do que os filhos de mães não deprimidas, porém esta associação apresentou nível de significância maior que 5%. Após ajuste pelo peso ao nascer, condições ambientais, posse de utensílios, prematuridade, idade materna e escolaridade materna a associação entre depressão e estado nutricional infantil não apresentou significância estatística (OR=2,39;I.C. 95%=0,74-7,71;p- valor>0,05).CONCLUSÃO: A DPP não foi associada ao estado nutricional infantil.

Relação entre biomarcadores inflamatórios e espessamento da intima-média carotídea em crianças obesas pré-púberes

A exposição precoce a fatores de risco cardiovascular gera estado inflamatório crônico, podendo causar dano da função endotelial, seguido de espessamento da íntima-média carotídea. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a espessura íntima-média carotídea e seu comportamento em relação aos fatores e biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular em crianças com excesso de peso pré-púberes. Realizou-se estudo transversal com 80 obesos, 18 com sobrepeso e 31 eutróficos do Ambulatório de Pediatria do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Avaliou-se, através de comparação de médias, medianas e frequências, o comportamento dos fatores de risco e da espessura íntima-média carotídea entre os sexos; entre obesos, com sobrepeso e eutróficos; entre resistentes e não resistentes à insulina. Avaliou-se, através de análise de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada, associação entre os fatores de risco e espessamento de íntima-média carotídea. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa das médias e medianas de escore Z de índice de massa corpórea (p-valor=0,02), pressão arterial sistólica (p-valor=0,04) e adiponectina (p-valor=0,02) entre sexos; de circunferência da cintura (p-valor=0,0001), pressão arterial sistólica (p-valor=0,0001), diastólica (p-valor=0,001), homeostaticmodelacessment for insulinresitance (p-valor=0,0001), colesterol total (p-valor=0,02), HDL (p-valor=0,01), LDL (p-valor=0,03), triglicerídeos (p-valor=0,01), proteína C reativa (p-valor=0,0001), interleucina 6 (p-valor=0,02), leptina (p-valor=0,0001), espessura da íntima-média carotídea esquerda (p-valor=0,03) entre obesos, com sobrepeso e eutróficos; de escore Z de índice de massa corpórea (p-valor=0,0009), circunferência da cintura (p-valor=0,0001), pressão arterial sistólica (p-valor=0,0001), diastólica (p-valor=0,0006), colesterol total (p-valor=0,0004), triglicerídeos (p-valor=0,0002), leptina (p-valor=0,004) entre resistentes e não resistentes à insulina. Na regressão logística bivariada, escore Z de índice de massa corpórea, circunferência da cintura e pressão arterial sistólica associaram-se positivamente (p-valor<0,05) com o espessamento das carótidas direita, esquerda e com média dos valores de ambas. Na regressão logística multivariada, escore Z de índice de massa corpórea (p-valor=0,02) e pressão arterial sistólica (p-valor=0,04), associaram-se positivamente com íntima-média carotídea espessada à esquerda; níveis tensionais sistólicos (p-valor=0,01) se associaram com a média dos valores da íntima média carotídea de ambos os lados.Os achados mostram nas crianças pré-púberes com excesso de peso: que os fatores e biomarcadores de risco cardiovascular já se encontram presentes; influência de escore Z de índice de massa corpórea e níveis tensionais sistólicos sobre espessura íntima-média carotídea. A prevenção de aterosclerose deve iniciar precocemente, identificando-se e controlando-se fatores de risco cardiovascular. O pediatra deve procurar promover saúde cardiovascular da criança, prevenindo e/ou controlando obesidade, orientado prática regular de exercícios físicos e hábitos alimentares saudáveis.

A Fitoterapia no tratamento da obesidade

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

O impacto do excesso de gordura corporal sobre a remodelação óssea de adolescentes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anthropometric evaluation and micronutrients intake in patients submitted to laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with a postoperative period of ≥1 year

Backgroung - Bariatric surgery is indicated as the most effective treatment for morbid obesity; the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered the procedure of choice. However, nutritional deficiency may occur in the postoperative period as a result of reduced gastric capacity and change in nutrients absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The prescription of vitamin and mineral supplementation is a common practice after RYGB; however, it may not be sufficient to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. The aim of this study was to quantify the micronutrient intake in patients undergoing RYGB and verify if the intake of supplementation would be enough to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Methods - The study was conducted on 60 patients submitted to RYGB. Anthropometric, analytical, and nutritional intake data were assessed preoperatively and 1 and 2 years postoperatively. The dietary intake was assessed using 24-h food recall; the values of micronutrients evaluated (vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, and calcium) were compared to the dietary reference intakes (DRI). Results - There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between excess weight loss at the first and second year (69.9 ± 15.3 vs 9.6 ± 62.9 %). In the first and second year after surgery, 93.3 and 94.1 % of the patients, respectively, took the supplements as prescribed. Micronutrient deficiencies were detected in the three evaluation periods. At the first year, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of B12, folic acid, and iron intake. Conclusions - Despite taking vitamin and mineral supplementation, micronutrient deficiencies are common after RYGB. In the second year after surgery, micronutrient intake remains below the DRI.

Alimentação e saúde : uma abordagem epidemiológica de estudantes universitários

Resumo: A alimentação e o estado nutricional são factores determinantes do estado de saúde e sabe-se hoje que os mecanismos da patogénese de várias doenças crónicas não-transmissíveis podem ocorrer no início da idade adulta. A alimentação é influenciada por uma multiplicidade de factores, entre os quais se contam a importância atribuída à alimentação, o peso e imagem corporal e a percepção dos riscos associados à escolha de alimentos. Esta investigação teve como objectivos analisar, em estudantes universitários até aos 30 anos de idade, o estado nutricional, a importância atribuída a alimentação, as percepções do peso e da imagem corporal e a percepção do risco de doença relacionada com a alimentação. Os objectivos foram cumpridos através de dois desenhos de estudo distintos: estudo descritivo transversal e estudo de caso-controlo. Avaliou-se o peso, altura e os perímetros da cintura e da anca e construiu-se um questionário de auto-preenchimento para recolher a restante informação. Encontraram-se valores para a prevalência de obesidade e excesso de peso de, respectivamente, 6,5% e 24,3% e concluiu-se que existe uma percepção incorrecta do peso e da imagem corporal, mais frequente entre os indivíduos obesos. Os obesos também consideram a alimentação menos importante que os indivíduos normoponderais. A análise da percepção dos riscos revela que os inquiridos consideram que factores como a obesidade e a inactividade física são menos prejudiciais para a saúde do que factores como as alterações climáticas ou as radiações de telefones móveis. Verificaram-se também diferenças entre sexos nos parâmetros estudados: relativamente às mulheres, os homens sobrestimam mais frequentemente o peso e a imagem corporal, consideram a alimentação menos importante, julgam-se em menor risco de doença e classificam os factores de risco estudados como menos prejudiciais. Conclui-se que as estratégias de educação alimentar e de promoção da saúde devem considerar as diferenças registadas entre sexos e a importância atribuída à alimentação e as percepções do risco, do peso e da imagem corporal. Abstract: Nutrition and nutritional status are health determinants and it’s accepted that the mechanisms for the pathogenesis of several chronic non-communicable diseases can occur in early adult age. Nutrition is influenced by a large number of factors, including the value placed on food, weight and body image and the risk perception associated with food choice. Consequently, the analysis of the factors that can influence food behaviour and food choice in young adults can be useful for the control and prevention of nutrition related disease. The objectives of this research were to analyse, in college students up to 30 years of age, nutritional status, value placed on nutrition, weight and body image perceptions and the risk perception of nutrition related disease. Two study designs were used: cross-sectional and case-control. Weight, height and waist and hip circumference were measured and a questionnaire was built to collect the remaining information. Prevalences of 6,5% for obesity and 24,3% for excess weight were found, along with the existence of biased weight and body image perceptions, more frequent in obese subjects. Obese subjects also placed less value on nutrition than non-obese. Risk perception analysis shows that risk factors like obesity and physical inactivity are considered less hazardous than risk factors like climate changes and mobile phone radiation. Men, comparatively to women, overestimated more frequently their weight and body image, placed less value in nutrition, considered themselves less disease susceptible and classified the risk factors studied as less hazardous. The conclusions of this study show that nutrition education and health promotion strategies should consider the gender related differences reported and, also, the value placed on nutrition and weigh, body image and risk perceptions.

Traditional local medicines in the republic of Palau and non-communicable diseases (NCD), signs of effectiveness.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The aim of this survey was to describe which traditional medicines (TM) are most commonly used for non-communicable diseases (NCD - diabetes, hypertension related to excess weight and obesity) in Pacific islands and with what perceived effectiveness. NCD, especially prevalent in the Pacific, have been subject to many public health interventions, often with rather disappointing results. Innovative interventions are required; one hypothesis is that some local, traditional approaches may have been overlooked. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method used was a retrospective treatment-outcome study in a nation-wide representative sample of the adult population (about 15,000 individuals) of the Republic of Palau, an archipelago of Micronesia. RESULTS: From 188 respondents (61% female, age 16-87, median 48,), 30 different plants were used, mostly self-prepared (69%), or from a traditional healer (18%). For excess weight, when comparing the two most frequent plants, Morinda citrifolia L. was associated with more adequate outcome than Phaleria nishidae Kaneh. (P=0.05). In case of diabetes, when comparing Phaleria nishidae (=Phaleria nisidai) and Morinda citrifolia, the former was statistically more often associated with the reported outcome "lower blood sugar" (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Statistical association between a plant used and reported outcome is not a proof of effectiveness or safety, but it can help select plants of interest for further studies, e.g. through a reverse pharmacology process, in search of local products which may have a positive impact on population health.

Les déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans la population québécoise adulte

Titre : Étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans la population québécoise adulte. Objectif : L’objectif principal des travaux effectués était l'étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans quatre groupes d’adultes qui ont participé à l’Enquête sociale et de santé 1998 (ESS 98). Méthodologie : Les microdonnées de l'ESS 98 ont été accédées en utilisant les services de l’Institut de la statistique du Québec. Les groupes étudiés étaient les hommes et les femmes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans ou 45 et 64 ans. Résultats : La pratique d’activités physiques reliées au transport et un niveau de scolarité plus élevé ont été associés à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les hommes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans. Une meilleure perception des habitudes alimentaires a aussi été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids dans la plupart des groupes à l’exception des femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans. Le niveau d’AP a été associé négativement à l’excès de poids uniquement chez les femmes plus âgées. Une meilleure perception de l’état de santé a été associée à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans et à plus de probabilités chez les hommes âgés entre 45 et 64 ans. Chez les hommes des deux groupes, le tabagisme a été associé à moins de probabilités de rapporter avoir un excès de poids. Chez les femmes, la consommation d’alcool a été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids. Dans tous les groupes, tenter présentement de perdre du poids a été associé à plus de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids. Les travaux effectués démontrent que ces déterminants du poids corporel ne sont pas nécessairement associés aux habitudes alimentaires et au niveau d’AP. Conclusion : Les déterminants psychosociaux associés à l’obésité divergent selon le sexe et l’âge. L’identification de ces associations illustre le besoin d’intégrer les spécificités de chacun de ces groupes dans les interventions populationnelles qui visent la problématique du poids corporel.

L'excès de poids chez les enfants québécois

Objectifs : Analyser l’évolution de l’embonpoint chez les enfants québécois entre 4 et 8 ans et évaluer le rôle des différents facteurs de risque sur l’excès de poids persistant. Les données proviennent de l’étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ, 1998-2010). Cette enquête est réalisée par l’Institut de la statistique du Québec auprès d’une cohorte de 2120 nourrissons québécois nés en 1998, faisant l’objet d’un suivi annuel à partir de l’âge de 5 mois. Méthodes d’analyse : univariées, bivariées, modélisation semi-paramétrique, analyses de régressions logistique et log-linéaire (Poisson). Principaux résultats : i) L’excès de poids persistant chez les enfants âgés de 4 à 8 ans est un phénomène fluctuant, qui ne varie pas de façon significative selon le sexe ; ii) Le fait d’allaiter les enfants ne semble pas avoir un effet protecteur en ce qui concerne l’excès de poids ; iii) En ce qui concerne le poids à la naissance, les données dont on dispose ne nous permettent pas de tirer des conclusions ; iv) Le fait d’avoir une santé moins qu’excellente à la naissance semble augmenter le risque d’avoir un excès de poids persistant ; v)Ce qui influence surtout, c’est de toujours manger trop ou trop vite, ou le fait de vivre dans une famille avec un ou deux parents qui font de l’embonpoint ; vi) Les mères qui ont fume pendant leur grossesse présentent une probabilité plus élevée d’avoir des enfants avec un excès de poids persistant que celles qui n’ont pas fumé.

Relations entre l'excès de poids, la qualité de l'alimentation et l'insécurité alimentaire chez les Premières Nations vivant sur les réserves de la Colombie-Britannique, Canada

La prévalence de l’excès de poids (EP) est en pleine croissance à travers le monde. Au Canada, elle serait de 59,1% dans la population générale, dont 23,1% d’obésité et 36,0% d’embonpoint. Ces pourcentages sont encore plus élevés dans la population autochtone, en plus d’une forte prévalence d’insécurité alimentaire (IA) et une alimentation en transition vers de moins en moins de nourritures traditionnelles, et de plus en plus de nourritures commerciales de faible densité nutritionnelle. L’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) recommande des initiatives pour documenter le statut sanitaire de cette population afin d’orienter les actions pouvant prévenir les conséquences négatives sur la santé. Notre étude visait donc à décrire les phénomènes de l’EP et de l’IA chez les Premières Nations (PN) adultes de 19 ans et plus, vivant sur les réserves en Colombie-Britannique (CB). Cet échantillon est en effet le premier d’un projet de 10 ans dénommé « First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study » ou (FNFNES), visant à documenter l’état nutritionnel et l’exposition à certains contaminants chez les PN vivant au sud du 60ème parallèle au Canada. Plus particulièrement, cette thèse cherche à associer trois dimensions de la santé, soit l’EP, la qualité de l’alimentation (QA) et l’IA. Nous avons voulu en effet vérifier dans le contexte des PN de la CB: 1) si une QA inadéquate serait associée à un risque plus élevé d’EP; 2) si l’IA des ménages serait associée à une qualité inadéquate de l’alimentation; et 3) si la QA et l’IA expliqueraient ensemble la présence d’EP. A l’issue des analyses (univariées, bivariées, MANOVA et régressions logistiques) de nos données transversales colligées en 2008/2009, les prévalences respectives chez les femmes (n = 493) et les hommes (n = 356) adultes étaient de 44,8% et 35,4% pour l’obésité, de 31,6% et 41,3% pour l’embonpoint, soit un total de 76,4% et 76,7% d’EP. Elles étaient de 39,3% et de 34,8% pour l’IA. Seuls 42,4% des femmes et 43,8% des hommes avaient un accès suffisant aux aliments traditionnels. Après ajustement pour les variables sociodémographiques et du mode de vie, les résultats des analyses multivariées ont montré ii que bien que les prévalences d’EP et d’IA soient assez similaires dans les deux sexes, les processus reliant l’EP, la QA et l’IA seraient différents. En effet, chez les femmes, l’EP serait expliqué par une QA compromise par des apports énergétiques relativement élevés (RC = 2,26; IC: 1,13 - 4,52), la consommation fréquente des boissons gazeuses (pour l’embonpoint, RC = 2,70; IC: 1,11 - 6,56 et pour l’obésité, RC = 2,53; IC: 1,05 - 6,09), en synergie avec l’inactivité physique (RC = 0,52; IC: 0,28 – 0,98 pour le groupe à activité modérée, et RC = 0,36; IC: 0,18 – 0,72 pour le groupe le plus actif), tandis que les produits céréaliers (RC = 0,35; IC: 0,16 - 0,75) et le lait et substituts (RC = 0,40; IC: 0,16 - 0,95) joueraient un rôle protecteur contre l’EP. D’autre part, l’IA des ménages influencerait la QA (à travers les gras saturés, p = 0,02) mais lorsque les trois variables sont étudiées ensemble, seules des dimensions de la QA apparaissent associées à l’EP. Par contre chez les hommes, le seul facteur alimentaire associé à l’EP est le pain blanc mais dans un rôle protecteur (pour l’embonpoint, RC = 0,38; IC: 0,18 - 0,76 et pour l’obésité, RC = 0,36; IC: 0,16 - 0,80); de même, lorsque les trois variables sont étudiées ensemble, l’IA joue un rôle protecteur de l’EP, dans un contexte de tabagisme relativement élevé et également protecteur, ce qui n’expliquerait pas la forte prévalence d’EP observée chez les hommes PN vivant sur les réserves de la CB. Des études plus approfondies et sur des échantillons plus grands seraient nécessaires pour mieux cerner la nature des relations mais d’ores et déjà, notre travail suggère que des effets positifs sur l’EP peuvent être attendus des politiques et programmes visant à réduire la consommation des boissons gazeuses et l’inactivité physique, et à encourager la consommation des produits céréaliers et de lait et substituts chez les femmes. Quant aux hommes, les conclusions de notre étude ne nous permettent pas encore de formuler des recommandations précises. Alors, les comportements santé recommandés aux femmes devraient être généralisés aux hommes en attendant les conclusions d’autres études.

Manejo interdisciplinario integrado de vida real contra uno multidisciplinario desintegrado para disminuir exceso de peso : Endocare-Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: la problemática del Sistema Colombiano de Salud, no favorece que los pacientes reciban un manejo interdisciplinario integrado para disminuir su exceso de peso. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, comparativo y de serie de casos en el período comprendido entre junio de 2006 y febrero de 2009 en el centro de investigación endocrinológica Endocare. Se seleccionaron 62 pacientes (46 mujeres y 16 varones entre 22 y 88 años): 31 pacientes en el grupo interdisciplinario integrado y 31 pacientes en el grupo multidisciplinario desintegrado. Se les realizó un manejo por endocrinología, nutrición y deportología; si recibían y cumplían con las tres valoraciones en Endocare se definían como tratamiento interdisciplinario integrado de lo contrario se definían como tratamiento multidisciplinario desintegrado. Se evaluaron los cambios de peso y de perímetro de cintura logrados por cada paciente durante doce meses. Resultados: se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa mediante un análisis Anova de un factor para la reducción de peso, con una media de reducción de -6% (-8 a -3.9%) del manejo integrado comparado con -3.6% (-4.5 a -2.8%) del manejo desintegrado (IC95%,F= 4.58,p= 0.036). También se observó una disminución del perímetro de cintura, con una media de reducción de -8.1% (-10.6 a -5.5%) del manejo integrado comparado con -4.6% (-5.9 a -3.3%) del manejo desintegrado (IC95%,F=4.58,p=0.036), en un seguimiento a doce meses. Se encontró correlación entre disminución de peso y disminución del perímetro de cintura (Pearson=0.455 p=0.044). Discusión: es posible que un manejo interdisciplinario integrado produzca a un año una mayor reducción de exceso de peso y cintura.

Factores perinatales para riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 4 a 5 años en Colombia 2010.

Introducción: La OMS revela que en 2010 alrededor de 43 millones de niños menores de 5 años presentan sobrepeso. En Colombia según la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia en su versión 2005, mostraba una prevalencia general de sobrepeso de 3.1% niños de 0 a 4 años. Es una condición de salud de origen multifactorial en la que interviene factores genéticos, ambientales, maternos y perinatales. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación de riesgo entre el bajo peso al nacer y el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 4 a 5 años. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal con los datos nutricionales, maternos y perinatales de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía en Salud del año 2010 en Colombia. Se analizó la asociación entre la variable independiente bajo peso al nacer con el desenlace sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de 4 a 5 años, usando como medida el IMC según la edad. Se realizaron análisis univariados, bivariados y de regresión logística con un modelo de riesgo según las variables que inciden en el desenlace y la variable independiente. Resultados: La muestra obtenida para el estudio fue de 2166 niños de 4 a 5 años de edad quienes cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La prevalencia de sobrepeso u obesidad en la primera infancia fue de 21.8% (472) y el bajo peso al nacer. Los resultados sugieren la asociación de bajo peso y sobrepeso u obesidad es de ORajustado= 0.560 (0.356 – 0.881). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que existe una asociación como factor protector entre el bajo peso y el sobrepeso u obesidad en la primera infancia. Sin embargo, debido al comportamiento de las variables consideradas en la muestra no hay suficiente información para rechazar completamente la hipótesis nula.

Estado nutricional antropométrico, perfil lipídico e consumo alimentar como fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em adolescentes

The dyslipidemia and excess weight in adolescents, when combined, suggest a progression of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides these, the dietary habits and lifestyle have also been considered unsuitable impacting the development of chronic diseases. The study objectives were: (1) estimate the prevalence of lipid profile and correlate with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist / height ratio (WHR) in adolescents, considering the maturation sexual, (2) know the sources of variance in the diet and the number of days needed to estimate the usual diet of adolescents and (3) describe the dietary patterns and lifestyle of adolescents, family history of CVD and age correlates them with the patterns of risk for CVD, adjusted for sexual maturation. A cross-sectional study was performed with 432 adolescents, aged 10-19 years from public schools of the Natal city, Brazil. The dyslipidemias were evaluated considering the lipid profile, the index of I Castelli (TC / HDL) and II (LDL / HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol. Anthropometric indicators were BMI, WC and WHR. The intake of energy, nutrients including fiber, fatty acids and cholesterol was estimated from two 24-hour recalls (24HR). The variables of lipid profile, anthropometric and clinical data were used in the models of Pearson correlation and linear regression, considering the sexual maturation. The variance ratio of the diet was calculated from the component-person variance, determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The definition of the number of days to estimate the usual intake of each nutrient was obtained by taking the hypothetical correlation (r) ≥ 0.9, between nutrient intake and the true observed. We used the principal component analysis as a method of extracting factors that 129 accounted for the dependent variables and known cardiovascular risk obtained from the lipid profile, the index for Castelli I and II, non-HDL cholesterol, BMI, and WC the WHR. Dietary patterns and lifestyle were obtained from the independent variables, based on nutrients consumed and physical activity weekly. In the study of principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated associations between the patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in dietary patterns and lifestyle, age and positive family history of CVD, through bivariate and multiple logistic regression adjusted for sexual maturation. The low HDL-C dyslipidemia was most prevalent (50.5%) for adolescents. Significant correlations were observed between hypercholesterolemia and positive family history of CVD (r = 0.19, p <0.01) and hypertriglyceridemia with BMI (r = 0.30, p <0.01), with the CC (r = 0.32, p <0.01) and WHR (r = 0.33, p <0.01). The linear model constructed with sexual maturation, age and BMI explained about 1 to 10.4% of the variation in the lipid profile. The sources of variance between individuals were greater for all nutrients in both sexes. The reasons for variances were  1 for all nutrients were higher in females. The results suggest that to assess the diet of adolescents with greater precision, 2 days would be enough to R24h consumption of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, 3 days would be recommended for protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Two cardiovascular risk factors as have been extracted in the ACP, referring to the dependent variables: the standard lipid profile (HDL-C and non-HDL cholesterol) and "standard anthropometric index (BMI, WC, WHR) with a power explaining 75% of the variance of the original data. The factors are representative of two independent variables led to dietary patterns, "pattern 130 western diet" and "pattern protein diet", and one on the lifestyle, "pattern energy balance". Together, these patterns provide an explanation power of 67%. Made adjustment for sexual maturation in males remained significant variables: the associations between puberty and be pattern anthropometric indicator (OR = 3.32, CI 1.34 to 8.17%), and between family history of CVD and the pattern lipid profile (OR = 2.62, CI 1.20 to 5.72%). In females adolescents, associations were identified between age after the first stage of puberty with anthropometric pattern (OR = 3.59, CI 1.58 to 8.17%) and lipid profile (OR = 0.33, CI 0.15 to 0.75%). Conclusions: The low HDL-C was the most prevalent dyslipidemia independent of sex and nutritional status of adolescents. Hypercholesterolemia was influenced by family history of CVD and sexual maturation, in turn, hypertriglyceridemia was closely associated with anthropometric indicators. The variance between the diets was greater for all nutrients. This fact reflected in a variance ratio less than 1 and consequently in a lower number of days requerid to estimate the usual diet of adolescents considering gender. The two dietary patterns were extracted and the pattern considered unhealthy lifestyle as healthy. The associations were found between the patterns of CVD risk with age and family history of CVD in the studied adolescents

Estilo de vida individual de universitários jovens com excesso de peso da Universidade Católica de Murcia-Espanha

Individual lifestyle includes health and risk behaviors that can altar health status. Excess weight is a public health problem of modern civilization and there is an estimated mean prevalence of 45% in European countries. In Spain, the Murcia Region is an area of high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disorders. In this study we assess the differences in health and risk behaviors in ove/weight and normal weight undergraduates at the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM). Methods: Transversal design of parallel groups (overweight - cases and normal weight - control) , formed using the anthropometric technique. A questionnaire applied to a sample of 471 undergraduates of either sex, between the ages of 18 and 29 years, enrolled in 4 bachelor degree courses (ADE, CA, PER, PUB) at UCAM. We performed a standardized measurement of body mass (weight in kg), height (in meters) using a Seca® scale with calibrated stadiometer, waist and hip circumferences (in cm) with an inelastic tape and skinfolds thickness (triceps and subscapular in mm) with a Holtain® caliper, to calculate body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the sum of skinfolds (SSF). We applied a lifestyle questionnaire about alcohol and tobacco consumption, knowledge and behaviors related to health indicators (arterial pressure and cholesterol), diet and physical activity. The information was collected in April and May, 2001 at the UCAM laboratory of Applied Nutrition. Statistical analysis: analysis of independent groups, contingency tables that reveal which qualitativa variables show differences and associations between the groups, Pearson's chi-square,and a significance levei of p < 0.05 followed by a residual analysis (1.96). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to establish the two groups: case and contrai with 65 men and 26 women each who had BMI < 25 kg/m2. Results: A total of 65 of the men assessed (14%) and 26 (6%) of the women were overweight. Mean body mass index of the case group was 27. 78 ±: 2.83 kg/m2 in the men and 26.26 ± 1.37 kg/m2 in the women, while contrai group men had mean BMI of 22.36 ± 1.72 kg/m2, while for the women it was 20.76 ±: 2.13 kg/m2. The self-declared values of weight and height were underestimated, but with high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Thus, these can be used to calculate the BMI of overweight Spanish undergraduates. Regular vigorous physical activity was observed only in normal weight men. The analysis showed the following significant differences for the qualitativa variables of the two groups. The contrai group was interested in arterial hypertension, believed that they were not overweight, that they had no abdominal fat, and had not considered controlling 'fatty food consumption. Those who thought of controlling it sometimes, did so without professional help. However, part of the overweight group believed that they were overweight and had abdominal fat between average and considerable, had often or always considered controlling fatty foods and had often or always tried to control consumption with the help of professionals. They had always thought of engaging in physical activities, unlike the normal weight individuals. Nearly all (95%) of the overweight undergraduates and most (75%) of the normal weight group reported that they sometimes or always controlled fatty food ingestion. Mean physical activity was nearly twice as high in the summer than in the winter. Conclusions: The overweight undergraduates in this sample displayed a lifestyle with a greater number of healthy behaviors when compared to normal weight individuals

Metabolic Effects of the Ingestion of Different Fructose Sources in Rats

Introduction: Fructose is a simple carbohydrate that should be ingested in a restricted manner. However, current data suggest increased daily consumption of fructose which may lead to an increased incidence of diseases such as obesity, diabetes and co-morbidities associated with excess weight. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of the ingestion of different fructose sources on weight gain, glycemia and serum triglyceride levels in rats.Methods: The study was conducted on male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups according to the source and concentration of fructuse (ingested ad libitum in liquid form).Results: Drink intake was increased and chow consumption was reduced in all groups compared to control (p<0.05). The animals of the groups receiving 10 and 20% fructose solutions showed increased triglyceride levels and the 20% group also showed weight gain. The exaggerate consumption of fructose promotes a reduced consumption of chow, an increase in serum triglyceride levels, and weight gain in some animals.