Parameterized fast decoupled power flow methods for obtaining the maximum loading point of power systems. Part I. Mathematical modeling

The conventional Newton and fast decoupled power flow (FDPF) methods have been considered inadequate to obtain the maximum loading point of power systems due to ill-conditioning problems at and near this critical point. It is well known that the PV and Q-theta decoupling assumptions of the fast decoupled power flow formulation no longer hold in the vicinity of the critical point. Moreover, the Jacobian matrix of the Newton method becomes singular at this point. However, the maximum loading point can be efficiently computed through parameterization techniques of continuation methods. In this paper it is shown that by using either theta or V as a parameter, the new fast decoupled power flow versions (XB and BX) become adequate for the computation of the maximum loading point only with a few small modifications. The possible use of reactive power injection in a selected PV bus (Q(PV)) as continuation parameter (mu) for the computation of the maximum loading point is also shown. A trivial secant predictor, the modified zero-order polynomial which uses the current solution and a fixed increment in the parameter (V, theta, or mu) as an estimate for the next solution, is used in predictor step. These new versions are compared to each other with the purpose of pointing out their features, as well as the influence of reactive power and transformer tap limits. The results obtained with the new approach for the IEEE test systems (14, 30, 57 and 118 buses) are presented and discussed in the companion paper. The results show that the characteristics of the conventional method are enhanced and the region of convergence around the singular solution is enlarged. In addition, it is shown that parameters can be switched during the tracing process in order to efficiently determine all the PV curve points with few iterations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Parameterized fast decoupled power flow methods for obtaining the maximum loading point of power systems. Part II. Performance evaluation

The parameterized fast decoupled power flow (PFDPF), versions XB and BX, using either theta or V as a parameter have been proposed by the authors in Part I of this paper. The use of reactive power injection of a selected PVbus (Q(PV)) as the continuation parameter for the computation of the maximum loading point (MLP) was also investigated. In this paper, the proposed versions obtained only with small modifications of the conventional one are used for the computation of the MLP of IEEE test systems (14, 30, 57 and 118 buses). These new versions are compared to each other with the purpose of pointing out their features, as well as the influence of reactive power and transformer tap limits. The results obtained with the new approaches are presented and discussed. The results show that the characteristics of the conventional FDPF method are enhanced and the region of convergence around the singular solution is enlarged. In addition, it is shown that these versions can be switched during the tracing process in order to efficiently determine all the PV curve points with few iterations. A trivial secant predictor, the modified zero-order polynomial, which uses the current solution and a fixed increment in the parameter (V, theta, or mu) as an estimate for the next solution, is used for the predictor step. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the performance of a dual-mode non-linear vibration energy harvesting device

The research trend for harvesting energy from the ambient vibration sources has moved from using a linear resonant generator to a non-linear generator in order to improve on the performance of a linear generator; for example, the relatively small bandwidth, intolerance to mistune and the suitability of the device for low-frequency applications. This article presents experimental results to illustrate the dynamic behaviour of a dual-mode non-linear energy-harvesting device operating in hardening and bi-stable modes under harmonic excitation. The device is able to change from one mode to another by altering the negative magnetic stiffness by adjusting the separation gap between the magnets and the iron core. Results for the device operating in both modes are presented. They show that there is a larger bandwidth for the device operating in the hardening mode compared to the equivalent linear device. However, the maximum power transfer theory is less applicable for the hardening mode due to occurrence of the maximum power at different frequencies, which depends on the non-linearity and the damping in the system. The results for the bi-stable mode show that the device is insensitive to a range of excitation frequencies depending upon the input level, damping and non-linearity.

Comparative analysis of current and voltage-controlled photovoltaic Maximum Power Point tracking

Maximum Power Point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems may be achieved by controlling either the voltage or current of the PV device. There is no consensus in the technical literature about how is the best choice. This paper provides a comparative analysis performance among current and voltage control using two different MPPT strategies: the perturb and observe (P&O) and the incremental conductance techniques. �� 2011 IEEE.

Tecniche per il controllo dinamico del consumo di potenza per piattaforme system-on-chip

Providing support for multimedia applications on low-power mobile devices remains a significant research challenge. This is primarily due to two reasons: ��� Portable mobile devices have modest sizes and weights, and therefore inadequate resources, low CPU processing power, reduced display capabilities, limited memory and battery lifetimes as compared to desktop and laptop systems. ��� On the other hand, multimedia applications tend to have distinctive QoS and processing requirementswhichmake themextremely resource-demanding. This innate conflict introduces key research challenges in the design of multimedia applications and device-level power optimization. Energy efficiency in this kind of platforms can be achieved only via a synergistic hardware and software approach. In fact, while System-on-Chips are more and more programmable thus providing functional flexibility, hardwareonly power reduction techniques cannot maintain consumption under acceptable bounds. It is well understood both in research and industry that system configuration andmanagement cannot be controlled efficiently only relying on low-level firmware and hardware drivers. In fact, at this level there is lack of information about user application activity and consequently about the impact of power management decision on QoS. Even though operating system support and integration is a requirement for effective performance and energy management, more effective and QoSsensitive power management is possible if power awareness and hardware configuration control strategies are tightly integratedwith domain-specificmiddleware services. The main objective of this PhD research has been the exploration and the integration of amiddleware-centric energymanagement with applications and operating-system. We choose to focus on the CPU-memory and the video subsystems, since they are the most power-hungry components of an embedded system. A second main objective has been the definition and implementation of software facilities (like toolkits, API, and run-time engines) in order to improve programmability and performance efficiency of such platforms. Enhancing energy efficiency and programmability ofmodernMulti-Processor System-on-Chips (MPSoCs) Consumer applications are characterized by tight time-to-market constraints and extreme cost sensitivity. The software that runs on modern embedded systems must be high performance, real time, and even more important low power. Although much progress has been made on these problems, much remains to be done. Multi-processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) are increasingly popular platforms for high performance embedded applications. This leads to interesting challenges in software development since efficient software development is a major issue for MPSoc designers. An important step in deploying applications on multiprocessors is to allocate and schedule concurrent tasks to the processing and communication resources of the platform. The problem of allocating and scheduling precedenceconstrained tasks on processors in a distributed real-time system is NP-hard. There is a clear need for deployment technology that addresses thesemulti processing issues. This problem can be tackled by means of specific middleware which takes care of allocating and scheduling tasks on the different processing elements and which tries also to optimize the power consumption of the entire multiprocessor platform. This dissertation is an attempt to develop insight into efficient, flexible and optimalmethods for allocating and scheduling concurrent applications tomultiprocessor architectures. It is a well-known problem in literature: this kind of optimization problems are very complex even in much simplified variants, therefore most authors propose simplified models and heuristic approaches to solve it in reasonable time. Model simplification is often achieved by abstracting away platform implementation ���details���. As a result, optimization problems become more tractable, even reaching polynomial time complexity. Unfortunately, this approach creates an abstraction gap between the optimization model and the real HW-SW platform. The main issue with heuristic or, more in general, with incomplete search is that they introduce an optimality gap of unknown size. They provide very limited or no information on the distance between the best computed solution and the optimal one. The goal of this work is to address both abstraction and optimality gaps, formulating accurate models which accounts for a number of ���non-idealities��� in real-life hardware platforms, developing novel mapping algorithms that deterministically find optimal solutions, and implementing software infrastructures required by developers to deploy applications for the targetMPSoC platforms. Energy Efficient LCDBacklightAutoregulation on Real-LifeMultimediaAp- plication Processor Despite the ever increasing advances in Liquid Crystal Display���s (LCD) technology, their power consumption is still one of the major limitations to the battery life of mobile appliances such as smart phones, portable media players, gaming and navigation devices. There is a clear trend towards the increase of LCD size to exploit the multimedia capabilities of portable devices that can receive and render high definition video and pictures. Multimedia applications running on these devices require LCD screen sizes of 2.2 to 3.5 inches andmore to display video sequences and pictures with the required quality. LCD power consumption is dependent on the backlight and pixel matrix driving circuits and is typically proportional to the panel area. As a result, the contribution is also likely to be considerable in future mobile appliances. To address this issue, companies are proposing low power technologies suitable for mobile applications supporting low power states and image control techniques. On the research side, several power saving schemes and algorithms can be found in literature. Some of them exploit software-only techniques to change the image content to reduce the power associated with the crystal polarization, some others are aimed at decreasing the backlight level while compensating the luminance reduction by compensating the user perceived quality degradation using pixel-by-pixel image processing algorithms. The major limitation of these techniques is that they rely on the CPU to perform pixel-based manipulations and their impact on CPU utilization and power consumption has not been assessed. This PhDdissertation shows an alternative approach that exploits in a smart and efficient way the hardware image processing unit almost integrated in every current multimedia application processors to implement a hardware assisted image compensation that allows dynamic scaling of the backlight with a negligible impact on QoS. The proposed approach overcomes CPU-intensive techniques by saving system power without requiring either a dedicated display technology or hardware modification. Thesis Overview The remainder of the thesis is organized as follows. The first part is focused on enhancing energy efficiency and programmability of modern Multi-Processor System-on-Chips (MPSoCs). Chapter 2 gives an overview about architectural trends in embedded systems, illustrating the principal features of new technologies and the key challenges still open. Chapter 3 presents a QoS-driven methodology for optimal allocation and frequency selection for MPSoCs. The methodology is based on functional simulation and full system power estimation. Chapter 4 targets allocation and scheduling of pipelined stream-oriented applications on top of distributed memory architectures with messaging support. We tackled the complexity of the problem by means of decomposition and no-good generation, and prove the increased computational efficiency of this approach with respect to traditional ones. Chapter 5 presents a cooperative framework to solve the allocation, scheduling and voltage/frequency selection problem to optimality for energyefficient MPSoCs, while in Chapter 6 applications with conditional task graph are taken into account. Finally Chapter 7 proposes a complete framework, called Cellflow, to help programmers in efficient software implementation on a real architecture, the Cell Broadband Engine processor. The second part is focused on energy efficient software techniques for LCD displays. Chapter 8 gives an overview about portable device display technologies, illustrating the principal features of LCD video systems and the key challenges still open. Chapter 9 shows several energy efficient software techniques present in literature, while Chapter 10 illustrates in details our method for saving significant power in an LCD panel. Finally, conclusions are drawn, reporting the main research contributions that have been discussed throughout this dissertation.

Studio nel dominio tempo-frequenza di emissioni condotte generate da convertitori elettronici di potenza

La presente Tesi di Laurea si colloca nell���ambito di un progetto strategico di ateneo chiamato OpIMA. Tale progetto mira a sviluppare codificatori innovativi per segnali di tipo impulsivo, discreti nei livelli, con riferimento soprattutto all���attuazione, alla sintesi di forme d���onda e all���amplificazione audio. L���obiettivo del progetto �� di sviluppare nuove generazioni di codificatori, simili nell���uso a quelli tradizionali ed in qualche modo compatibili con essi e pure basati su principi operativi radicalmente diversi. La Tesi di Laurea �� stata svolta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica (DIE) nel laboratorio di Compatibilit�� Elettromagnetica (LACEM). Il lavoro tratta di uno studio nel dominio tempo-frequenza sulle emissioni condotte prodotte da un convertitore statico DC/AC progettato presso il DIE. Tale studio risulta utile per capire come e quando vengono generati questi disturbi e per migliorare la compatibilit�� elettromagnetica del convertitore. La Tesi inizialmente richiama con il Capitolo 1 i concetti che stanno alla base della compatibilit�� elettromagnetica, soprattutto per quanto riguarda le emissioni condotte. Con il Capitolo 2 si descrive in dettaglio il banco prova in ogni sua parte; nel Capitolo 3 vengono riportati i dati teorici di carica e scarica del BUS DC del convertitore. Nel Capitolo 4, 5, 6 vengono riportati i risultati delle prove effettuate sul convertitore per quanto riguarda le emissioni condotte; in particolare nel Capitolo 4 le prove sono state eseguite sul convertitore originale, nel Capitolo 5 si sono ripetute le prove separando elettricamente il circuito di potenza del convertitore da quello di controllo (ovviamente in questa fase abbiamo utilizzato due fonti di alimentazione separate) e nel Capitolo 6 si �� voluto eliminare il rumore generato dall���alimentatore presente all���interno del circuito di controllo e per far ci�� sono stati costruiti cinque alimentatori lineari esterni con determinate caratteristiche. Infine nell���ultimo Capitolo si sono tratte le conclusioni sui risultati delle misure effettuate.

Sistemi di ancoraggio per convertitori di energia da onda galleggianti

Il presente lavoro presenta una analisi di sensitivit�� sui parametri progettuali pi�� significativi per i sistemi di ancoraggio di dispositivi di produzione di energia del mare di tipo galleggiante, comunemente conosciuti come Floating Wave Energy Converters (F-WEC). I convertitori di questo tipo sono installati offshore e possono basarsi su diversi principi di funzionamento per la produzione di energia: lo sfruttamento del moto oscillatorio dell���onda (chiamati Wave Active Bodies, gran parte di convertitori appartengono la tecnologia di questo tipo), la tracimazione delle onde (Overtopping Devices), o il principio della colonna d���acqua oscillante (Oscillating Water Columns). La scelta del luogo di installazione dei tali dispositivi implica una adeguata progettazione del sistema di ancoraggio che ha lo scopo di mantenere il dispositivo in un intorno sufficientemente piccolo del punto dove �� stato originariamente collocato. Allo stesso tempo, dovrebbero considerarsi come elemento integrato del sistema da progettare al fine di aumentare l���efficienza d���estrazione della potenza d���onda. Le problematiche principali relativi ai sistemi di ancoraggio sono: la resistenza del sistema (affidabilit��, fatica) e l���economicit��. Le due problematiche sono legate tra di loro in quanto dall���aumento del resistenza dipende l���aumento della complessit�� del sistema di ancoraggio (aumentano il numero delle linee, si utilizzano diametri maggiori, aumenta il peso per unit�� di lunghezza per ogni linea, ecc.). E��� per�� chiaro che sistemi pi�� affidabili consentirebbero di abbassare i costi di produzione e renderebbero certamente pi�� competitiva l���energia da onda sul mercato energetico. I dispositivi individuali richiedono approcci progettuali diversi e l���economia di un sistema di ormeggio �� strettamente legata al design del dispositivo stesso. Esistono, ad oggi, una serie di installazioni a scala quasi di prototipo di sistemi WEC che hanno fallito a causa del collasso per proprio sistema di ancoraggio, attirando cos�� l���attenzione sul problema di una progettazione efficiente, affidabile e sicura.

Energy harvesting da trasduttori piezoelettrici mediante estrazione di carica quasi-sincrona

In questo documento �� stata proposta una soluzione per l'estrazione di carica da un trasduttore piezoelettrico mediante un circuito di conversione quasi-sincrono. Il trasduttore piezoelettrico pu�� essere considerato un ottimo dispositivo per convertire l���energia derivante dalle vibrazioni; la soluzione proposta di estrazione di carica in maniera quasi-sincrona permette un processo di energy harvesting con prestazioni nettamente migliori rispetto al caso di conversione sincrona per casi di trasduttori fortemente accoppiati.

Progetto di un convertitore flyback sincrono per applicazioni di energy harvesting piezoelettrico

In questo elaborato �� stata trattata la caratterizzazione tramite simulazioni e prove in laboratorio di un circuito in grado di estrarre e accumulare energia elettrica, la quale viene generata da vibrazioni meccaniche tramite l'uso di dispositivi piezoelettrici. Partendo da una tipologia di circuito gi�� esistente �� stata studiata una variante nel sistema di conversione dell'energia, in questo caso il convertitore implementato �� un convertitore di tipo flyback. Dopo aver studiato il circuito in dettaglio, �� stata realizzata una prima simulazione circuitale mediante software Ltspice. Sono stati quindi analizzati gli andamenti delle tensioni di uscita e di ingresso durante il processo di carica della capacit��, applicando in ingresso differenti tensioni. Infine i dati ottenuti sono stati elaborati in un foglio elettronico per poter ricavare l'andamento del rendimento.

Realizzazione e verifica sperimentale del sistema di controllo di convertitori elettronici di potenza per l'interfacciamento con la rete elettrica

In questo lavoro di tesi �� stato realizzato lo schema di controllo di un raddrizzatore attivo e di un filtro attivo. Questi sono stati realizzati utilizzando il software Simulink, effettuando una prima fase di simulazione. Tramite il sistema dSpace �� stato possibile poi controllare concretamente il convertitore ed effettuare le prove sperimentali.

Impiego di regolatori ripetitivi per il controllo di convertitori elettronici di potenza per l'interfacciamento con la rete elettrica

L���obiettivo di tesi consiste nel valutare il funzionamento di regolatori ripetitivi per il controllo di un inverter utilizzato come filtro attivo al fine di eliminare le armoniche di corrente prodotte da un carico distorcente trifase connesso in rete. �� descritto lo schema di simulazione realizzato in ambiente Simulink di Matlab per poter individuare una possibile implementazione del controllo. �� descritta l���attivit�� di prototipazione rapida svolta mediante il sistema dSPACE per poter verificare sperimentalmente il funzionamento del controllo con regolatore ripetitivo su un modello di impianto reale costituito da inverter, carico distorcente e rete.

Valutazioni energetiche per circuiti di energy harvesting da linee elettriche

viene stimata la fattibilit�� di sistemi di energy harvesting dedicati alle linee elettriche con particolare riferimento a modelli capacitivi e vengono analizzati energeticamente due soluzioni circuitali per alimentare un carico.

Energy harvesting from piezoelectric devices embedded in a 3D printed wing

This thesis work has been carried out at Clarkson University in Potsdam NY, USA and involved the design of a low elongation wing, consisting of parts made by polylactide (PLA) using the fused deposition model (FDM) technology of Rapid Prototyping, then assembled together in a thin aluminum spar. The aim of the research is to evaluate the feasibility of collecting electrical energy by converting mechanical energy from the vibration of the wing flutter. With this aim piezoelectric stripes were glued in the inner part of the wing, as well as on the aluminum spar, as monomorphic configuration. During the phases of the project, particular attention was given to the geometry and the materials used, in order to trigger the flutter for low flow velocity. The CAD software SolidWorks�� was used for the design of the wing and then the drawings were sent to the Clarkson machine shop in order to to produce the parts required by the wing assembly. FEM simulations were performed, using software MSC NASTRAN/PATRAN��, to evaluate the stiffness of the whole wing as well as the natural vibration modes of the structure. These data, in a first approximation, were used to predict the flutter speed. Finally, experimental tests in the Clarkson wind tunnel facility were carried out in order to validate the results obtained from FEM analysis. The power collected by the piezoelectrics under flutter condition was addressed by tuning the resistors downstream the electronic circuit of the piezoelectrics.

Variable Step Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Modules with Embedded Temperature Sensing

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06