Tunnuslukujen monimuotoisuus: ROI, RI ja EVA

Tässä työssä käsitellään sijoitetun pääoman tuottoprosentin, jäännöskatteen ja taloudellisen lisäarvon historiaa, käsitteitä ja käyttöä. Erityisesti keskitytään näistä tunnusluvuista käytettyjen määritelmien moninaisuuteen. Aluksi tutustutaan tunnuslukujen historiaan ja määritelmiin. Tämän jälkeen tutkitaan niiden käyttömahdollisuuksia johdon ja rahoituksen laskentatoimessa. Lopuksi tutkitaan empiirisen aineiston avulla näiden tunnuslukujen käyttöä yrityksissä. Sijoitetun pääoman tuottoprosentti syntyi 1900-luvun alussa Yhdysvalloissa, josta se levisi maailmanlaajuiseksi. Sijoitetun pääoman tuottoprosentti on suosittu tunnusluku sen helppokäyttöisyyden ansiosta. Rahoituksen laskentatoimen puolella on annettu tarkat ohjeet sijoitetun pääoman tuottoprosentin laskemiseksi, koska sen esittäminen ulkoisessa tiedottamisessa on joillekin yrityksille lakisääteistä. Johdon laskentatoimessa ei ole olemassa sääntöjä tämän tunnusluvun laskemiseksi, ja se voidaan laskea yrityksen haluamalla tavalla. Jäännöskate on ensimmäisen kerran mainittu kirjallisuudessa jo 1700-luvun loppupuolella, mutta sen käytöstä tuli yleisempää vasta 1900-luvulla. Jäännöskate ei kuitenkaan koskaan saavuttanut suurta suosiota, eikä sitä nykyään juuri käytetä. Jäännöskatteeseen pohjautuva taloudellinen lisäarvo nousi julkisuuteen, kun Stern Stewart & Co. rekisteröi sen tuotemerkikseen 1980-luvun lopussa. Verrattuna jäännöskatteeseen taloudellinen lisäarvo vastaa paremmin yrityksen todellista arvonmuodostusta. Näiden tunnuslukujen laskenta ei ole lakisääteisiä, joten kaikki yritykset voivat laskea ne omalla tavallaan. Jäännöskatetta ja taloudellista lisäarvoa käytetään lähinnä johdon laskentatoimessa, mutta vähitellen ne ovat siirtymässä myös rahoituksen laskentatoimeen.

Estudo da correlação do EVA com a geração de valor ao acionista na Petropar S/A : um caso clínico

A busca por um indicador que meça a geração de valor ao acionista é um desafio que vem despertando cada vez mais interesse no meio acadêmico e empresarial. Dentre as métricas conhecidas, o EVAâ (Economic Value Added – Valor Econômico Agregado) se apresenta como uma das mais correlacionadas com a geração de valor ao acionista. Este trabalho resgata os conceitos dos temas relacionados, faz um apanhado geral sobre as metodologias de cálculo mais conhecidas e estuda a correlação do EVAâ com a geração de valor ao acionista em uma empresa brasileira de participações ou holding. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a impossibilidade de se afirmar que haja correlação entre o EVAÒ e a geração de valor ao acionista em empresas brasileiras de participações (holdings não-operacionais). As conclusões do estudo evidenciam ainda que a falta da correlação entre EVAÒ e geração de valor ao acionista em empresas de participações no Brasil pode estar ligada às adaptações na metodologia para apurar o EVAÒ no ambiente econômico-financeiro do Brasil, e na utilização de metodologias alternativas para o cálculo da geração de valor ao acionista destas empresas. No desenvolvimento dos cálculos, são apontadas as principais dificuldades para implementação destas metodologias no Brasil e as alternativas para contornálas.

Mexico: value added in exports of manufactures

Includes bibliography

Value added trade and structure of high-technology exports in China

This study focuses on the technological intensity of China's exports. It first introduces the method of decomposing gross exports by using the Asian international input–output tables. The empirical results indicate that the technological intensity of Chinese exports has been significantly overestimated due to its high dependency on import content, especially in high-technology exports, an area highly dominated by the electronic and electrical equipment sector. Furthermore, a significant portion of value added embodied in China's high-technology exports comes from services and high-technology manufacturers in neighboring economies, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Input-output-based genuine value added and genuine productivity in China's industrial sectors (1995-2010)

The rapid growth of China's economy has brought about huge losses of natural capital in the form of natural resource depletion and damages from carbon emissions. This paper recalculates value added, capital formation, capital stock, and related multifactor productivity in China's industrial sectors by further developing the genuine savings method of the World Bank. The sector-level natural capital loss was calculated using China's official input–output table and their extensions for tracing final consumers. The capital output elasticity in the productivity estimation was adjusted based on these tables. The results show that although the loss of natural capital in China's industrial sectors in terms of value added has slowed, the impacts on their productivity during the past decades is still quite clear.

Production fragmentation, upstreamness, and value-added : evidence from factory Asia 1990-2005

We exploit the recent release of the 2005 Asian Input-Output Matrix to dress a picture of the geographic fragmentation of value added in Factory Asia from 1990 to 2005. We document 3 stylized facts. The first is that the average share of foreign value added embedded in production rose by about 7 percentage points between 1990 and 2005, from 9% to 16%. The second is that, contrary to popular belief, China's production embeds a smaller share of foreign value added than other Factory Asia countries'. Between 1990 and 2005 among Factory Asia countries China grew most after Japan as a source of value added to other countries' production. Third, country-industries at the upstream and downstream extremities of the supply chain embed a smaller share of foreign value added than those with intermediate levels of upstreamness.

Heckscher-Ohlin : evidence from virtual trade in value added

The fragmentation of production chains across borders is one of the most distinctive feature of the last 30 years of globalization. Nonetheless, our understanding of its implications for trade theory and policy is only in its infancy. We suggest that trade in value added should follow theories of comparative advantage more closely than gross trade, as value-added flows capture where factors of production, e.g. skilled and unskilled labor, are used along the global value chain. We find empirical evidence that Heckscher-Ohlin theory does predict manufacturing trade in value-added, and it does so better than for gross shipment flows. While countries exports across a broad range of sectors, they contribute more value-added in techniques using their abundant factor intensively.

Starting a value-added agribusiness : the legal perspective /

"First Printing: January 2000."--p. [ii].

Recreational fishing: Its expansion, its economic value and aquaculture's role in sustaining it

Economic growth usually leads to a substantial increase in the demand for recreational fishing, and China is likely to follow this trend. Factors influencing this expansion in demand are identified. Recreational fishing is of major economic importance in higher income countries and indicators of its economic significance are given. Growing demand for recreational fishing results in intensified involvement of recreational fishers in conflicts about resource use. With increasing demand for recreational fishing, recreational fishers face growing competition with one another for limited fish stocks and with commercial fishers. Their concerns for environmental threats to fish stocks also intensify. Furthermore, some strategies of recreational fishers are increasingly criticised by conservationists. Governments, therefore, are put under pressure to adopt policies to address these conflicts. Some of the policy measures adopted to help sustain the fisheries and reduce conflict are outlined. These include limits on the catch and exclusive zones for recreational fishing. However, wild stocks of fish are likely to remain under mounting harvesting and other pressures. Therefore, we need to consider the role that aquaculture can play in overcoming these problems. The possible ways in which aquaculture can do this are outlined and discussed.

Avaliação da performance empresarial: as métricas tradicionais versus as métricas baseadas em valor

Mestrado em Controlo e Gestão dos Negócios

The economic value of Portuguese pine and eucalyptus forests

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Regional value added in Italy over the long run (1891-2001): linking indirect estimates with official figures, and implications

This paper presents value added estimates for the Italian regions, in benchmark years from 1891 until 1951, which are linked to those from official figures available from 1971 in order to offer a long-term picture. Sources and methodology are documented and discussed, whilst regional activity rates and productivity are also presented and compared. Thus some questions are briefly reconsidered: the origins and extent of the north-south divide, the role of migration and regional policy in shaping the pattern of regional inequality, the importance of social capital, and the positioning of Italy in the international debate on regional convergence, where it stands out for the long run persistence of its disparities.

Fusões e Aquisições e a Criação de Valor Para os Accionistas:Aplicação às Empresas Portuguesas cotadas no Período 2004-2008

Numa economia global, em que é importante as fusões e aquisições como motor de crescimento empresarial, justifica-se estudar este tema muito importante no mundo das finanças e da estratégia empresarial. A criação de valor para as empresas e para os seus accionistas tornou-se um imperativo na gestão das empresas, pelo que os seus responsáveis devem preocupar-se em criar riqueza através de fontes geradoras de valor como fusões e aquisições. Esta dissertação teve como objectivo analisar se os processos de fusões e aquisições realizadas em Portugal no período de 2004 a 2008 aumentaram a riqueza para os accionistas das empresas evolvidas nestes processos. Para analisarmos se efectivamente as fusões e aquisições criaram valor para os accionistas procedeu-se a um estudo empírico, que se traduz no estudo de casos, e que foi realizada através da análise dos indicadores tradicionais de desempenho e do EVA® (Economic Value Added). Após a análise realizou-se testes estatísticos com o objectivo de verificar quais destes indicadores têm maior poder explicativo das cotações das acções.