Analytical modeling of driver response in crash avoidance maneuvering. Volume I: technical background. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Analytical modeling of driver response in crash avoidance maneuvering. Volume II: an interactive tire model for driver/vehicle simulation. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Analytical modeling of driver response in crash avoidance maneuvering. Volume III: a trim model and computer program for determining ground vehicle steady state operating conditions and quasilinear stability coefficients. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Analytical modeling of driver response in crash avoidance maneuvering. Volume IV: user's guide for linear analysis, nonlinear simulation, part task simulation. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Driver response in active advanced warning signs at high-speed signalized intersections. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.

Legibility and driver response to selected land and road closure barricades. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

The influence of incentive and punishment upon reaction-time,

Mode of access: Internet.

Reaction time to retinal stimulation, with special reference to the time lost in conduction through nerve centers,

Mode of access: Internet.

Attentional blink modulation in a reaction time task: performance feedback, warning stimulus modality, and task difficulty

The present research investigated the effect of performance feedback on the modulation of the acoustic startle reflex in a Go/NoGo reaction time task. Experiment 1 (n = 120) crossed warning stimulus modality (acoustic, visual, and tactile) with the provision of feedback in a between subject design. Provision of performance feedback increased the number of errors committed and reduced reaction time, but did not affect blink modulation significantly. Attentional blink latency and magnitude modulation was larger during acoustic than during visual and larger during visual than during tactile warning stimuli. In comparison to control blinks, latency shortening was significant in all modality conditions whereas magnitude facilitation was not significant during tactile warning stimuli. Experiment 2 (n = 80) employed visual warning stimuli only and crossed the provision of feedback with task difficulty. Feedback and difficulty affected accuracy and reaction time. Whereas blink latency shortening was not affected, blink magnitude modulation was smallest in the Easy/No Feedback and the Difficult/Feedback conditions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The interactive effects of alcohol and temazepam on P300 and reaction time

The present research investigated the separate and interactive effects of the minor tranquilliser, temazepam, and a low dose of alcohol on the amplitude and latency of P300 and on reaction time. Twenty-four participants completed four drug treatments in a repeated measures design. The four drug treatments, organised as a fully repeated 2 x 2 design, included a placebo condition, an alcohol only condition, a temazepam only condition, and an alcohol and temazepam combined condition. Event-related potentials were recorded from midline sites Fz, Cz, and Pz within an oddball paradigm. The results indicated that temazepam, with or without the presence of alcohol, reduced P300 amplitude. Alcohol, on the other hand, with or without the presence of temazepam, affected processing speed and stimulus evaluation as indexed by reaction time and P300 latency. At the low dose levels used in this experiment alcohol and temazepam appear not to interact, which suggests that they affect different aspects of processing in the central nervous system. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A genetic investigation of the covariation among Inspection Time, Choice Reaction Time, and IQ subtest scores

Information processing speed, as measured by elementary cognitive tasks, is correlated with higher order cognitive ability so that increased speed relates to improved cognitive performance. The question of whether the genetic variation in Inspection Time (IT) and Choice Reaction Time (CRT) is associated with IQ through a unitary factor was addressed in this multivariate genetic study of IT, CRT, and IQ subtest scores. The sample included 184 MZ and 206 DZ twin pairs with a mean age of 16.2 years (range 15-18 years). They were administered a visual (pi-figure) IT task, a two-choice RT task, five computerized subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery, and the digit symbol substitution subtest from the WAIS-R. The data supported a factor model comprising a general, three group (verbal ability, visuospatial ability, broad speediness), and specific genetic factor structure, a shared environmental factor influencing all tests but IT, plus unique environmental factors that were largely specific to individual measures. The general genetic factor displayed factor loadings ranging between 0.35 and 0.66 for the IQ subtests, with IT and CRT loadings of -0.47 and -0.24, respectively. Results indicate that a unitary factor is insufficient to describe the entire relationship between cognitive speed measures and all IQ subtests, with independent genetic effects explaining further covariation between processing speed (especially CRT) and Digit Symbol.

Reaction time facilitation by acoustic task-irrelevant stimuli is not related to startle

Previous research has been interpreted to suggest that the startle reflex mediates the RT facilitation observed if intense, accessory acoustic stimuli are presented coinciding with the onset of a visual imperative stimulus in a forewarned simple RT task. The present research replicated this finding as well as the facilitation of startle observed during the imperative stimulus. It failed, however, to find any relationship between the size of the blink startle reflex elicited by the accessory acoustic stimuli, which differed in intensity and rise time, and RT or RT facilitation observed on trials with accessory acoustic stimuli. This finding suggests that the RT facilitation is not mediated by the startle reflex elicited by the accessory acoustic stimuli. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamic response: Real-time adaptation for music emotion

Music plays an enormous role in today's computer games; it serves to elicit emotion, generate interest and convey important information. Traditional gaming music is fixed at the event level, where tracks loop until a state change is triggered. This behaviour however does not reflect musically the in-game state between these events. We propose a dynamic music environment, where music tracks adjust in real-time to the emotion of the in-game state. We are looking to improve the affective response to symbolic music through the modification of structural and performative characteristics through the application of rule-based techniques. In this paper we undertake a multidiscipline approach, and present a series of primary music-emotion structural rules for implementation. The validity of these rules was tested in small study involving eleven participants, each listening to six permutations from two musical works. Preliminary results indicate that the environment was generally successful in influencing the emotion of the musical works for three of the intended four directions (happier, sadder & content/dreamier). Our secondary aim of establishing that the use of music-emotion rules, sourced predominantly from Western classical music, could be applied with comparable results to modern computer gaming music was also largely successfully.