Getting diversity at work to work:what we know and what we still don’t know

Diversity has the potential to significantly benefit organizations by leading to positive work outcomes when diversity ‘works’. Unfortunately, not only is our knowledge limited as to the necessary conditions and the mechanisms by which diversity affects individual, work performance and organizational outcomes, but we still know very little about which diversity management practices are most effective in promoting positive outcomes. We analyse the literature on diversity and its management, and describe how the seven papers included in this section advance our understanding of what organizations can do to get diversity at work to work. Our discussion points to the need for more research on how diversity at multiple levels affects work and organizational outcomes; the development of integrative theory which takes into account that diversity might not only engender separation and variety but also disparity; as well as to the need for more empirical attention to the climates or cultures that facilitate the positive effects of diversity on work and organizational outcomes. We suggest that future research should also identify those people management practices that are most powerful in the creation of a positive diversity climate, and the factors that moderate and underlie its effects on work and organizational outcomes. We conclude with proposals about how this might be achieved. © 2013 The British Psychological Society.

Managing diversity in organizations:an integrative model and agenda for future research

The literature on policies, procedures, and practices of diversity management in organizations is currently fragmented and often contradictory in highlighting what is effective diversity management, and which organizational and societal factors facilitate or hinder its implementation. In order to provide a comprehensive and cohesive view of diversity management in organizations, we develop a multilevel model informed by the social identity approach that explains, on the basis of a work motivation logic, the processes by, and the conditions under which employee dissimilarity within diverse work groups is related to innovation, effectiveness, and well-being. Building on this new model, we then identify those work group factors (e.g., climate for inclusion and supervisory leadership), organizational factors (e.g., diversity management policies and procedures, and top management's diversity beliefs), and societal factors (e.g., legislation, socioeconomic situation, and culture) that are likely to contribute to the effective management of diversity in organizations. In our discussion of the theoretical implications of the proposed model, we offer a set of propositions to serve as a guide for future research. We conclude with a discussion of possible limitations of the model and practical implications for managing diversity in organizations. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

Racioethnic Diversity on the Web: A Lost Opportunity

The authors report the generally poor results attained when the NAACP assessed the diversity management performance of 16 major hotel companies. Then, as an alternative means of assessing the same hotel companies’ commitment to diversity, they report the results of an analysis of the world-wide web pages the companies use to represent themselves in the electronic marketplace. Analysis of the web sites found virtually no evidence of corporate concern for diversity.

Gender, Diversity und Chancengleichheit in der Wirtschaft

Gender und Diversity spielen in der Wirtschaft und Verwaltung eine große Rolle. Der Begriff Gender beschreibt das soziale Geschlecht. In unserer Wahrnehmung unterscheiden wir zwischen männlich und weiblich und ordnen entsprechende Attribute zu. Die Differenzierung geschieht auf individueller, interaktionaler und institutionaler Ebene und ist immer mit Wertungen versehen (Gender Orders). Dadurch kommt es zu Ungleichheiten und Ungerechtigkeiten. Der Begriff „Diversity“ (Vielfalt) beschreibt die Vielfalt der Mitglieder (z.B. die Mitarbeitenden), der Bezugsgruppen (z.B. Geldgeber) und der Kunden einer Organisation bzw. eines Betriebes. Unterschieden werden Geschlecht, Kultur, Alter, Behinderung, familiäre Situation und sexuelle Orientierung. Ziel von Gender Mainstreaming und Diversity Management ist es, Chancengleichheit im Unternehmen bzw. in der Verwaltung zu schaffen. Chancengleichheit als personalpolitisches Ziel beinhaltet den Abbau von Diskriminierungen, gleiche Rechte und Chancen und Möglichkeiten sowie die sinnvolle Berücksichtigung und Einbeziehung der verschiedenen Mitarbeiter- und Kundengruppen. In dem folgenden Artikel werden Gender Mainstreaming und Diversity Management und deren Instrumente beschrieben. Eine Checkliste, Praxis und Fallbeispiele ermöglichen das Bearbeiten des Themas und die Umsetzung in die Praxis.

Intercultural Management

Globalization has increasingly brought permanent contact with people whose cultural background is different from what many would consider their ‘own’ culture. The area of intercultural management is of critical interest due to the impact of increased European and global migration, which has required health and social care leaders and managers to develop competency to respond to the diversity and changing needs of their workforce and service users. The communities within the European Union are now often characterised by significant diversity whether at cultural, social, or psychological levels. The purpose of this chapter is to enable health and social care practitioners to assume a clinical/ professional leadership role in quality intercultural management in the health and social care sector. This chapter will focus on developing health and social care practitioners’ knowledge and understanding in the area of intercultural management within contemporary health and social care organisations. It will focus on the critical application of knowledge to practice through the provision of underpinning knowledge, understanding and debates surrounding contemporary issues and practices in the areas of intercultural management. Many practitioners accessing this information may already work in the heath/social sector and this critical focus on intercultural and diversity management has the potential to improve the quality in health and social care services through the critical application to practice.

Equity in the twenty-first century

Issues of equity and inequity have always been part of employment relations and are a fundamental part of the industrial landscape. For example, in most countries in the nineteenth century and a large part of the twentieth century women and members of ethnic groups (often a minority in the workforce) were barred from certain occupations, industries or work locations, and received less pay than the dominant male ethnic group for the same work. In recent decades attention has been focused on issues of equity between groups, predominantly women and different ethnic groups in the workforce. This has been embodied in industrial legislation, for example in equal pay for women and men, and frequently in specific equity legislation. In this way a whole new area of law and associated workplace practice has developed in many countries. Historically, employment relations and industrial relations research has not examined employment issues disaggregated by gender or ethnic group. Born out of concern with conflict and regulation at the workplace, studies tended to concentrate on white, male, unionized workers in manufacturing and heavy industry (Ackers, 2002, p. 4). The influential systems model crafted by Dunlop (1958) gave rise to The discipline’s preoccupation with the ‘problem of order’ [which] ensures the invisibility of women, not only because women have generally been less successful in mobilizing around their own needs and discontents, but more profoundly because this approach identifies the employment relationship as the ultimate source of power and conflict at work (Forrest, 1993, p. 410). While ‘the system approach does not deliberately exclude gender . . . by reproducing a very narrow research approach and understanding of issues of relevance for the research, gender is in general excluded or looked on as something of peripheral interest’ (Hansen, 2002, p. 198). However, long-lived patterns of gender segregation in occupations and industries, together with discriminatory access to work and social views about women and ethnic groups in the paid workforce, mean that the employment experience of women and ethnic groups is frequently quite different to that of men in the dominant ethnic group. Since the 1980s, research into women and employment has figured in the employment relations literature, but it is often relegated to a separate category in specific articles or book chapters, with women implicitly or explicitly seen as the atypical or exceptional worker (Hansen, 2002; Wajcman, 2000). The same conclusion can be reached for other groups with different labour force patterns and employment outcomes. This chapter proposes that awareness of equity issues is central to employment relations. Like industrial relations legislation and approaches, each country will have a unique set of equity policies and legislation, reflecting their history and culture. Yet while most books on employment and industrial relations deal with issues of equity in a separate chapter (most commonly on equity for women or more recently on ‘diversity’), the reality in the workplace is that all types of legislation and policies which impact on the wages and working conditions interact, and their impact cannot be disentangled one from another. When discussing equity in workplaces in the twenty-first century we are now faced with a plethora of different terms in English. Terms used include discrimination, equity, equal opportunity, affirmative action and diversity with all its variants (workplace diversity, managing diversity, and so on). There is a lack of agreed definitions, particularly when the terms are used outside of a legislative context. This ‘shifting linguistic terrain’ (Kennedy-Dubourdieu, 2006b, p. 3) varies from country to country and changes over time even within the one country. There is frequently a division made between equity and its related concepts and the range of expressions using the term ‘diversity’ (Wilson and Iles, 1999; Thomas and Ely, 1996). These present dilemmas for practitioners and researchers due to the amount and range of ideas prevalent – and the breadth of issues that are covered when we say ‘equity and diversity in employment’. To add to these dilemmas, the literature on equity and diversity has become bifurcated: the literature on workplace diversity/management diversity appears largely in the business literature while that on equity in employment appears frequently in legal and industrial relations journals. Workplaces of the twenty-first century differ from those of the nineteenth and twentieth century not only in the way they deal with individual and group differences but also in the way they interpret what are fair and equitable outcomes for different individuals and groups. These variations are the result of a range of social conditions, legislation and workplace constraints that have influenced the development of employment equity and the management of diversity. Attempts to achieve employment equity have primarily been dealt with through legislative means, and in the last fifty years this legislation has included elements of anti-discrimination, affirmative action, and equal employment opportunity in virtually all OECD countries (Mor Barak, 2005, pp. 17–52). Established on human rights and social justice principles, this legislation is based on the premise that systemic discrimination has and/or continues to exist in the labour force and particular groups of citizens have less advantageous employment outcomes. It is based on group identity, and employment equity programmes in general apply across all workplaces and are mandatory. The more recent notions of diversity in the workplace are based on ideas coming principally from the USA in the 1980s which have spread widely in the Western world since the 1990s. Broadly speaking, diversity ideas focus on individual differences either on their own or in concert with the idea of group differences. The diversity literature is based on a business case: that is diversity is profitable in a variety of ways for business, and generally lacks a social justice or human rights justification (Burgess et al., 2009, pp. 81–2). Managing diversity is represented at the organizational level as a voluntary and local programme. This chapter discusses some major models and theories for equity and diversity. It begins by charting the history of ideas about equity in employment and then briefly discusses what is meant by equality and equity. The chapter then analyses the major debates about the ways in which equity can be achieved. The more recent ideas about diversity are then discussed, including the history of these ideas and the principles which guide this concept. The following section discusses both major frameworks of equity and diversity. The chapter then raises some ways in which insights from the equity and diversity literature can inform employment relations. Finally, the future of equity and diversity ideas is discussed.

She'll be right mate : inclusivity experiences of men and women working in projects

Occupational segregation is a major source of labour market rigidity and economic inefficiency due to a waste of human resources. Organisations are repeatedly recognised as gendered constructs exhibiting sustained work segregation, income and status inequality, as well as cultural and individual images of gender, and these are perpetuated through their processes, practices and pressures (Acker, 1990). A large percentage of Australia’s workforce is now employed in project-based or project-oriented organisations, leading to the claim that Australia is a project-based economy. For a continued strong performance in this economy, organisations that employ project personnel will need to consider how they address inclusivity and equality in diversity in project based temporary organisations to ensure the supply of high quality project professionals into the future. This paper investigates the inclusion processes experienced and exercised by men and women working in temporary organisations in project situations through a review of reports on the inclusion processes experienced by 60 project managers and project workers in three project based industries in Australia. Results indicate that temporary organisations are not implementing equality and diversity management strategies at the macro level and project workers are accepting this lack of recognition. However inclusivity and equality at the micro level of the team is seen as vital.

Reverberações da Lei n 8.213/91 à luz das concepções de deficiência: estudo de caso sobre o programa de sensibilização gerencial em uma organização privada de ensino profissionalizante

Com base nos rebatimentos da Lei n 8.213/1991, que prevê a obrigatoriedade legal de empresas privadas brasileiras contratarem de 2% a 5% de beneficiários da Previdência Social reabilitados ou de pessoas com deficiência (PcDs) habilitadas em seus quadros funcionais, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar as repercussões da Lei de Cotas, tendo como referência as concepções de deficiência preponderantes dentro de uma organização privada de ensino profissionalizante por meio do seu Projeto de Sensibilização Gerencial. O projeto de sensibilização gerencial objetivou consolidar as etapas iniciais, na implementação de um programa institucional de valorização da diversidade. A hipótese principal formulada para a pesquisa, dentre outras relativas às concepções de deficiência, por parte de gestores, é que as reverberações positivas produzidas pela Lei de Cotas atingem, inclusive, as organizações empresariais supostamente distanciadas do movimento inclusionista. Para fins de avaliação das concepções de deficiência foram utilizados delineamentos de pesquisa estatística, compreendendo o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para determinar se as respostas às perguntas configuravam ou não uma distribuição normal, além do Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson para medir a intensidade da relação linear entre as variáveis estudadas. Serviram como instrumentos da pesquisa um questionário sociodemográfico e um inventário de concepções de deficiência (ICD), sendo este direcionado para o objeto atitudinal, considerando-se as percepções sociais favoráveis e desfavoráveis no grupo pesquisado. Esse inventário de concepções de deficiência é composto de sete blocos de asserções e de uma escala do tipo Likert de seis pontos, que foi aplicada em um universo que contempla estrategicamente 60 participantes selecionados em três (3) grupos (Grupo piloto 1 envolvendo 30 participantes das áreas do Comitê Gestor do projeto na empresa; Grupo piloto 2 envolvendo 12 trainees; e Grupo Gerencial envolvendo 18 participantes, incluindo Gerentes de Área e Gerentes de Equipe da Superintendência de Produtos Educacionais). De posse dos resultados da avaliação das concepções de deficiência pelo ICD, foram realizados workshops de sensibilização com os participantes com o objetivo de sensibilizá-los e disseminar o conhecimento sobre inclusão social e laboral de PcDs, as ações de políticas públicas na atualidade, a natureza das deficiências, considerando-se os aspectos sociais da profissionalização, empregabilidade de pessoas com deficiência na empresa. Para tanto, foram empregadas técnicas e procedimentos lúdicos, além de debates para fins de reflexão crítica por parte dos participantes. A avaliação de reação foi conduzida ao término desses workshops. O conjunto dos dados levantados até então possibilitou proceder-se a um diagnóstico das concepções que prevalecem sobre PcDs na organização alvo da pesquisa. Os resultados evidenciaram a coexistência de concepções distintas da deficiência, indicando que, embora concepções negativas se perpetuem, as reverberações da Lei de Cotas têm apresentado também repercussões visivelmente positivas valorizando, assim, as ações corporativas apontadas para a diversidade humana, no contexto do trabalho. Em termos conclusivos, considera-se, no entanto, que o processo de inclusão laboral deva ser percebido por parte dos gestores como contínuo e em direção à mudança do comportamento humano nas organizações frente à profissionalização de PcDs. Posteriormente, tendo-se como suporte os resultados da presente pesquisa, um plano de ação institucional será implementado, como proposta de um programa balizado em 10 projetos sintéticos que servirão de modelo para empresas brasileiras interessadas em incluir a diversidade e reter talentos com deficiência em seus postos de trabalho, de modo a garantir-lhes o direito de exercício pleno da cidadania.

Représentations sociales interethniques en région : les cas de Drummondville et de Gatineau

Les études portant sur la régionalisation de l’immigration au Québec ont largement traité de la question des avantages démographiques, politiques et économiques d’une telle pratique en matière de repeuplement des régions touchées par l’exode des jeunes, alors que celles portant sur la dimension sociale de l’établissement d’immigrants en région se font plus rares. Par ailleurs, la recension des écrits portant sur la régionalisation de l’immigration a fait ressortir l’absence d’études au sujet de certaines régions du Québec. De là le double intérêt du présent mémoire, qui propose d’une part d’enrichir le corpus de connaissances en étudiant les contextes de Drummondville et de Gatineau, et d’autre part d’examiner la question de la régionalisation de l’immigration au Québec d’une perspective relationnelle entre immigrants et natifs. Pour ce faire, il a été question d’examiner les discours des immigrants et des non-immigrants de Drummondville et de Gatineau sur l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants en région dans le but d’identifier s’il existe une homogénéité des propos au sein de chacun des deux groupes, afin de comprendre les dynamiques des dichotomisations nous/eux dans le contexte des relations interethniques en région au Québec et d’en questionner la pertinence. L’élaboration du cadre conceptuel a ainsi permis de définir sociologiquement les notions des représentations sociales, de l’identité culturelle, des relations interethniques et intraethniques et de l’intégration, et un travail de terrain de plusieurs mois a permis la cueillette du matériau d’analyse. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été menés auprès de vingt-quatre sujets, répartis également entre immigrants et natifs du Canada. Enfin, l’analyse qualitative a été structurée selon cinq thèmes : pratiques résidentielles; fréquentations et affinités; emploi et engagement communautaire; gestion de la diversité; politique et identité. L’hypothèse de départ voulant que les interactions fréquentes avec l’exogroupe génèrent des représentations sociales positives à leur égard s’est avérée invérifiable dans la mesure où les sujets qui ont accepté d’être interviewés entretenaient pour la plupart déjà des interactions fréquentes avec l’exogroupe. Et ces interactions s’avéraient de nature positive. D’autre part, le postulat concernant la présence d’une crainte généralisée chez les natifs du Québec face aux immigrants et le conservatisme associé aux secteurs situés hors de la métropole montréalaise s’est avéré faux. Il ressort que ces deux milieux possèdent des institutions et des individus activement engagés dans ce projet, et que la peur ou le rejet des immigrants, malgré le fait que ma recherche ait été menée dans une période de haute tension (accommodements raisonnables, affaire d’Hérouxville, etc.), était extrêmement minoritaire. Par ailleurs, les participants non-immigrants habitant Drummondville ont paru aussi ouverts d’esprit que ceux habitant Gatineau, en dépit de la proximité de la seconde d’Ottawa, une grande ville multiculturelle et réceptrice de l’immigration depuis plus longtemps.

Vers un rééchelonnement de la citoyenneté en France et au Québec : les politiques de gestion de la diversité ethnique à Marseille et Montréal

La thèse analyse les recompositions de la citoyenneté dans un contexte de rééchelonnement de l’État en France et au Québec. L’argument est que, dans un tel contexte, la citoyenneté nationale se rééchelonne. Le cadre théorique consiste en une relecture institutionnelle du concept de rééchelonnement de l’État développé par N. Brenner ainsi que certains apports des travaux de J. Jenson et S. Phillips sur les régimes de citoyenneté. La thèse compare les évolutions de politiques de gestion de la diversité ethnique - centrales dans l’analyse de la citoyenneté - à Marseille et Montréal au travers des reconfigurations des rapports entre acteurs institutionnels prenant place à l’échelle locale. Nous montrons que l’État national reste un acteur important de la régulation de la citoyenneté et que les villes et les échelons locaux de l’État ont acquis une marge de manœuvre par rapport à l’État central dans la mise en place de politiques régulant la citoyenneté à l’échelle locale. Néanmoins, à l’issue de la comparaison, des différences se font jour. Au Québec, l’État central conserve un contrôle important sur les politiques instaurées à l’échelle locale alors que ceci est moins le cas en France. Ces résultats indiquent que le rééchelonnement de l’État est plus fortement institutionnalisé en France qu’au Québec. Les apports de la thèse sont triples. En premier lieu, nous montrons que l’approche institutionnelle du rééchelonnement de l’État permet de mieux décrire les processus à l’œuvre dans différents contextes nationaux que ne le permet la perspective de N. Brenner. En second lieu, nous démontrons que le concept de citoyenneté urbaine ne permet pas de rendre compte des mutations actuelles de la citoyenneté. Enfin, nous montrons que le rééchelonnement de la citoyenneté s’est institutionnalisé en France, dans un État où la conception de la citoyenneté est traditionnellement considérée comme « unitaire », nuançant ainsi cette catégorie classique en science politique.

Le multiculturalisme dans une perspective féministe : une théorie libérale de l’aménagement de la diversité culturelle

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de montrer qu’il est nécessaire de complémenter les schèmes multiculturalistes existants de mesures destinées à promouvoir l’autonomie et l’égalité des individus vulnérables au sein des groupes culturels et religieux minoritaires. En effet, les politiques multiculturalistes sont justifiées, dans une société libérale, dans la mesure où elles permettent de compenser les inégalités imméritées liées à l’appartenance à une culture minoritaire. C’est de cette justification de l’aménagement de la diversité culturelle dont traite le premier chapitre de ce mémoire. Cependant, plusieurs féministes, dont les critiques sont exposées au deuxième chapitre, ont mis en lumière le fait que ces politiques peuvent, en pratique, contribuer à fragiliser encore la position des individus vulnérables au sein de ces minorités et donc à renforcer les inégalités au sein du groupe. Dans le troisième chapitre, à l’aide du concept de capabilités, compris comme définition opérationnelle et procédurale de l’autonomie relationnelle, un modèle pouvant servir de complément aux schèmes multiculturels existants est élaboré. Le fonctionnement concret que pourrait avoir ce modèle fait l’objet du quatrième chapitre. Le modèle des capabilités – qui sont ici conçues à la fois comme guide pour les politiques et comme critère pour trancher les cas particuliers – pourrait donc mener à un type d’aménagement de la diversité à la fois plus flexible, au niveau des pratiques qu’il serait possible d’accommoder, mais également plus exigeant, au niveau des mécanismes institutionnels à mettre en place.

Le pluralisme religieux à l'heure de la laïcité scolaire : une analyse du programme Éthique et culture religieuse à la lumière de la pensée de Raimon Panikkar

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Universities in crisis? Knowledge economies, emancipatory pedagogies, and the critical intellectual

Discrimination against women in public sector organisations has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. While much of this literature acknowledges the structural basis of gender inequality, strategies for change are often focused on anti-discrimination policies, equal employment opportunities and diversity management.Discriminatory behaviour is often individualised in these interventions and the larger systems of dominance and subordination are ignored. The flipside of gender discrimination, we argue, is the privileging of men. The lack of critical interrogation of men’s privilege allows men to reinforce their dominance. In this paper we offer an account of gender inequalities and injustices in public sector institutions in terms of privilege. The paper draws on critical scholarship on men and masculinities and an emergent scholarship on men’s involvement in the gender relations of workplaces and organisations, to offer both a general account of privilege and an application of this framework to the arena of public sector institutions and workplaces in general.

The experience of Asian expatriates in Australia

Workforces in individualistic countries, such as the US, the UK and Auslralia, are becoming increasingly culturally diverse. In Australia, the population now comprises people from more than 220 nationalities, approximately 45% of whom were born overseas. It is expected that. by the year 2030, 25% of the Australian population will be of Asian origin Nankervis. Compton, & McCarthy, 1999). Despite large Asian expatriations, the small number of Asian permanent residents in Australia (i.e. 4.7% of 18m people) infers that Asians may be having difficulty fitting into the Australian context. This paper will highlight the unaddressed racial tension in Australian workplaces and discuss the experience of Asian expatriates in light of the racial and value dissimilarity associated with Asian (collectivist) and Australian (individualist) cultures.