987 resultados para Differential display
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The AINT/ERIC/TACC genes encode novel proteins with a coiled coil domain at their C-terminus. The founding member of this expanding family of genes, transforming acidic coiled coil 1 (TACC1), was isolated from a BAC contig spanning the breast cancer amplicon-1 on 8p11. Transfection of cells in vitro with TACC1 resulted in anchorage-independent growth consistent with a more "neoplastic" phenotype. Database searches employing the human TACC1 sequence revealed other novel genes, TACC2 and TACC3, with substantial sequence homology particularly in the C-terminal regions encoding the coiled coil domains. TACC2, located at 10q26, is similar to anti-zuai-1 (AZU-1), a candidate breast tumour suppressor gene, and ECTACC, an endothelial cell TACC which is upregulated by erythropoietin (Epo). The murine homologue of TACC3, murine erythropoietin-induced cDNA (mERIC-1) was also found to be upregulated by Epo in the Friend virus anaemia (FVA) model by differential display-PCR. Human ERIC-1, located at 4p16.3, has been cloned and encodes an 838-amino acid protein whose N- and C-terminal regions are highly homologous to the shorter 558-amino acid murine protein, mERIC-1. In contrast, the central portions of these proteins differ markedly. The murine protein contains four 24 amino acid imperfect repeats. ARNT interacting protein (AINT), a protein expressed during embryonic development in the mouse, binds through its coiled coil region to the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) and has a central portion that contains seven of the 24 amino acid repeats found in mERIC-1. Thus mERIC-1 and AINT appear to be developmentally regulated alternative transcripts of the gene. Most members of the TACC family discovered so far contain a novel nine amino acid putative phosphorylation site with the pattern [R/K]-X(3)-[E]-X(3)-Y. Genes with sequence homology to the AINT/ERIC/TACC family in other species include maskin in Xenopus, D-TACC in Drosophila and TACC4 in the rabbit. Maskin contains a peptide sequence conserved among eIF-4E binding proteins that is involved in oocyte development. D-TACC cooperates with another conserved microtubule-associated protein Msps to stabilise spindle poles during cell division. The diversity of function already attributed to this protein family, including both transforming and tumour suppressor properties, should ensure that a new and interesting narrative is about to unfold.
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The characterization of complex cellular responses to diverse stimuli can be studied by the use of emerging chip-based technologies.
The p53 pathway is critical to maintaining the integrity of the genome in multicellular organisms. The p53gene is activated in response to DNA damage and encodes a transcription factor [1], which in turn activates genes that arrest cell growth and induce apoptosis, thereby preventing the propagation of genetically damaged cells. It is the most important known tumor suppressor gene: perhaps half of all human neoplasms have mutations in p53, and there is a remarkable concordance between oncogenic mutation and the loss of p53 transcriptional activity [2]. There is also compelling experimental evidence that loss of p53 function (by whatever means) is one of the key oncogenic steps in human cells, along with altered telomerase activity and expression of mutant ras [3]. So far, however, relatively few of the genes regulated by p53 have been identified and it is not even known how many binding sites there are for p53 in the genome, although an estimate based on the incidence of the canonical p53 consensus binding site (four palindromic copies of the sequence 5'-PuPuPuGA/T-3', where Pu is either purine) in a limited region suggests there may be as many as 200 to 300, possibly representing the same number of p53-responsive genes [4]. This makes the p53 response an attractive target for the emerging techniques for global analysis of gene expression, and two recent reports [5,6] illustrate the ways in which these techniques can be used to elucidate the spectrum of genes regulated by this key transcription factor. Vogelstein and colleagues [5] have used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to identify 34 genes that exhibit at least a 10-fold upregulation in response to inducible expression of p53; Tanaka et al. [6] have used differential display to identify p53R2, a homolog of ribonuclease reductase small subunit (R2) as a target gene, thereby for the first time implicating p53 directly in the repair of DNA damage.
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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
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L’athérosclérose est une maladie vasculaire inflammatoire chronique qui se développe progressivement au cours de la vie. Les mécanismes impliqués sont complexes et la recherche de nouveaux candidats impliqués dans l'athérogénèse est toujours d'actualité. L’Angiopoietine-like 2 (Angptl2) est une protéine relativement peu connue, aux propriétés pro-angiogéniques et pro-inflammatoires, qui appartient par homologie à la grande famille des angiopoietines, mais dont le récepteur n'est pas encore clairement identifié. Les situations pathologiques dans lesquelles l’Angptl2 jouerait un rôle crucial sont diverses, mais sa contribution moléculaire dans le développement de l’athérosclérose est inconnue. Par differential display, nous avons initialement identifié l'Angptl2 comme étant surexprimée dans des cellules endothéliales sénescentes, isolées et cultivées à partir d'artères mammaires internes de patients athérosclérotiques ayant subi un pontage coronarien. Cette découverte a été la à base de mon projet, et mes objectifs ont été 1) de déterminer l'implication de l’Angptl2 vasculaire en présence de facteurs de risques tels que le tabagisme et la dyslipidémie, 2) de produire et de purifier une protéine recombinante fonctionnelle de l’Angptl2 afin d'identifier in vitro de nouvelles propriétés cellulaires de l'Angptl2 et 3) d'étudier in vivo le potentiel pro-athérogénique de l'Angptl2 recombinante dans un modèle murin de dyslipidémie sévère. Nous avons montré que l’Angptl2 est sécrétée préférentiellement dans des conditions pro-oxydantes et pro-inflammatoires, avec une augmentation de son expression endothéliale de l’ordre de 6 fois chez des patients coronariens fumeurs atteints de maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique. Suite à ces résultats, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’Angptl2, en plus de ses fonctions pro-inflammatoires connues, possède des propriétés pro-oxydantes. Nous avons démontré que l’Angptl2 recombinante stimule en effet la production de radicaux libres dans des HUVEC en culture, via l’inhibition partielle de la voie cytoprotectrice antioxydante Nrf2/HO-1 et potentiellement via l'activation de kinase intracellulaire de type p38. A l'aide de souris dyslipidémiques LDLr-/-; hApoB-100+/+, nous avons démontré que le niveau d’Angptl2 plasmatique, vasculaire et dans les plaques athéromateuses, augmente parallèlement avec le développement de l’athérosclérose. De plus, une stimulation avec l’Angptl2 recombinante engendre chez ces souris une réponse inflammatoire évaluée par l’expression endothéliale de cytokines et de molécules d'adhésion et par l’infiltration de leucocytes sur l’endothélium vasculaire. Finalement, l’administration intraveineuse de la protéine recombinante d’Angptl2 pendant quatre semaines à des souris LDLr-/-; hApoB-100+/+ augmente de 10 fois l'expansion de la plaque athérosclérotique et double leur taux de cholestérol circulant. Nous avons aussi montré que chez des patients athérosclérotiques, l'Angptl2 plasmatique est 6 fois plus élevée que chez des sujets sains du même âge. Nos études semblent donc définir l’Angptl2 comme un facteur contribuant directement au développement de l'athérosclérose en favorisant la sénescence, l’inflammation et l’oxydation des cellules endothéliales. Ces propriétés pourraient globalement définir l'Angptl2, non seulement comme un nouveau biomarqueur circulant de l’athérosclérose, mais également comme l'un de ses promoteurs.
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BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an increasing medical phenomenon of unknown aetiology leading to high levels of chronic morbidity. Of the many hypotheses that purport to explain this disease, immune system activation, as a central feature, has remained prominent but unsubstantiated. Supporting this, a number of important cytokines have previously been shown to be over-expressed in disease subjects. The diagnosis of CFS is highly problematic since no biological markers specific to this disease have been identified. The discovery of genes relating to this condition is an important goal in seeking to correctly categorize and understand this complex syndrome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to screen for changes in gene expression in the lymphocytes of CFS patients. METHODS: 'Differential Display' is a method for comparing mRNA populations for the induction or suppression of genes. In this technique, mRNA populations from control and test subjects can be 'displayed' by gel electrophoresis and screened for differing banding patterns. These differences are indicative of altered gene expression between samples, and the genes that correspond to these bands can be cloned and identified. Differential display has been used to compare expression levels between four control subjects and seven CFS patients. RESULTS: Twelve short expressed sequence tags have been identified that were over-expressed in lymphocytes from CFS patients. Two of these correspond to cathepsin C and MAIL1 - genes known to be upregulated in activated lymphocytes. The expression level of seven of the differentially displayed sequences have been verified by quantifying relative level of these transcripts using TAQman quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION: Taken as a whole, the identification of novel gene tags up-regulated in CFS patients adds weight to the idea that CFS is a disease characterized by subtle changes in the immune system.
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As leucemias são neoplasias que afetam o sistema hematopoiético e compreendem 2,53% dos casos de câncer relatados. Entre as leucemias, 27,95% correspondem a casos de leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC), que apresenta como marcador genético o cromossomo Philadelphia (Ph). Presente em mais de 80% dos casos, o cromossomo Ph é derivado da translocação t(9;22) (q34;q11), que origina um gene híbrido entre a região 5´ do gene bcr e 3´do gene abl. O produto deste gene é uma proteína Bcr-Abl na qual a atividade reguladora e nuclear do domínio tirosina quinase, originado da proteína Abl, torna-se constitutiva e citoplasmática. Estas mudanças na atividade tirosina quinase afetam diferentes vias de sinalização, com consequências em vários processos celulares como adesão, proliferação e apoptose. Em nível fisiológico, foi mostrado tanto in vitro quanto in vivo que as células hematopoiéticas precursoras Ph+ se diferenciam principalmente em células eritróides. Entretanto, quase 70% dos pacientes com LMC sofrem anemia, mostrando que, as células Ph+ diferenciadas em células eritróides não conseguem amadurecer até hemácias funcionais. Isto faz da LMC um bom modelo para o estudo da diferenciação de células eritróides e suas características, como os fatores que afetam a sintese de hemoglobina (Hb). A linhagem K562 é uma linhagem celular eritroleucêmica Ph+, amplamente utilizada como modelo para estudar drogas com capacidade anti-proliferativa e/ou indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina fetal. Entre estas drogas encontram-se a aclarrubicina (ACLA) e doxorrubicina (DOX) que, embora sejam análogos químicos pertencentes à família das antraciclinas, possuem mecanismos de ação diferentes e ainda não completamente esclarecidos. Neste trabalho, foram investigados vários aspectos da biologia das células K562 durante o tratamento com estas drogas. Foi observado que o tratamento com DOX produz um aumento de tamanho nas células e bloqueio do ciclo celular na fase G2/M, afetando também grandemente a viabilidade celular, com 70% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento. Já durante o tratamento com ACLA a viabilidade, tamanho e ciclo celular foram menos afetados, com aproximadamente 15% de células mortas no sétimo dia de tratamento e um bloqueio transitório do ciclo na fase G1. No entanto, as duas drogas causaram um aumento significativo da síntese de hemoglobina, principalmente DOX que induziu um aumento quase duas vezes maior que o induzido por ACLA. A análise da expressão gênica realizada através da técnica de differential display mostrou várias bandas diferencialmente representadas e com diversas cinéticas de expressão, apresentando semelhanças e diferenças quando são comparados os dois tratamentos ou células tratadas e controle. Destas bandas, 26 estão sequenciadas mostrando genes envolvidos em vários processos celulares como dano do DNA, resistência a drogas, processamento do RNA e codificação de proteinas relacionadas com ferro. Das bandas sequenciadas, 7 foram validadas por RT-PCR (ndrg1, erk2, nf2l2, atp6ap1, rfc1, phf20 e zkscan) sendo observado um aumento na sua expressão durante o tratamento, com exceção de ndrg1 para o qual a expressão foi induzida em vez de aumentada e nf2l2 onde a diferença com o controle foi pequena e não permitiu validar este gene como diferencialmente expresso. Com o objetivo de procurar por mecanismos comuns entre os vários indutores da síntese de hemoglobina em células K562, estes genes foram também analisados durante o tratamento destas células com os indutores hidroxiuréia e dGTP. Além de induzirem a expressão de hemoglobina, os dois tratamentos provocaram um aumento no tamanho das células tratadas e um bloqueio no ciclo celular na fase S. Visando futuros trabalhos envolvendo os genes diferencialmente expressos, foi ainda otimizado um sistema de transferência gênica por eletroporação. Para isto foram testados varios parâmetros como campo elétrico, resistência, capacitância, meios de eletroporação, manipulação das células e uso de inibidores de DNAses. Como resultado, foi alcançado com o eletroporador padrão uma eficiência de transfecção de 81%, similar àquela alcançada pelo nucleoporator (eletroporador de última geração). As condições estabelecidas foram 750 V/cm, resistência infinita, 500 μF, meio RPMI1640, centrifugação e sulfato de zinco pós-pulso. A relação das antraciclinas e a hidroxiuréia, assim como de outros indutores da síntese de hemoglobina, com o ferro intracelular, juntamente com a diferença na expressão, durante o tratamento, de genes afetados direta ou potencialmente pela não disponibilidade de ferro intracelular, nos permitiu gerar uma hipótese para a via de sinalização que leva à síntese de hemoglobina. Nesta, sinais de falta ou não disponibilidade de ferro nas células ativariam a maquinaria celular para a captação e internalização do ferro extra-celular, simultaneamente com síntese de proteínas que utilizam o ferro para realizar as suas funções biológicas, entre elas a hemoglobina. Do mesmo modo, propomos a via de sinalização do ferro como um alvo potencialmente afetado por drogas indutoras da síntese de hemoglobina, como as antraciclinas, cujos alvos são ainda pouco conhecidos. Contudo, mais genes desta via de sinalização, bem como outros indutores, deveram ser estudados para saber se a síntese de hemoglobina pode ser induzida por drogas mais específicas e com menos efeitos colaterais que aquelas usadas atualmente para o tratamento de câncer e outras doenças.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas) - FCAV
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Background. Previous knowledge of cervical lymph node compromise may be crucial to choose the best treatment strategy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here we propose a set four genes, whose mRNA expression in the primary tumor predicts nodal status in OSCC, excluding tongue. Material and methods. We identified differentially expressed genes in OSCC with and without compromised lymph nodes using Differential Display RT-PCR. Known genes were chosen to be validated by means of Northern blotting or real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Thereafter we constructed a Nodal Index (NI) using discriminant analysis in a learning set of 35 patients, which was further validated in a second independent group of 20 patients. Results. Of the 63 differentially expressed known genes identified comparing three lymph node positive (pN+) and three negative (pN0) primary tumors, 23 were analyzed by Northern analysis or RT-PCR in 49 primary tumors. Six genes confirmed as differentially expressed were used to construct a NI, as the best set predictive of lymph nodal status, with the final result including four genes. The NI was able to correctly classify 32 of 35 patients comprising the learning group (88.6%; p = 0.009). Casein kinase 1alpha1 and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 were found to be up regulated in pN + group in contrast to small proline-rich protein 2B and Ras-GTPase activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 2 which were upregulated in the pN0 group. We validated further our NI in an independent set of 20 primary tumors, 11 of them pN0 and nine pN+ with an accuracy of 80.0% (p = 0.012). Conclusions. The NI was an independent predictor of compromised lymph nodes, taking into the consideration tumor size and histological grade. The genes identified here that integrate our "Nodal Index" model are predictive of lymph node metastasis in OSCC.
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In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden verschiedene Kandidatengene für den Wilmstumor (WT), eine Tumorerkrankung der Niere, identifiziert und charakterisiert. Da dieses frühkindliche Malignom aus einer inkorrekt ablaufenden Metanephrogenese resultiert, wurden die Genexpressionsmuster verschiedener humaner Wilmstumor- und Normalnierengewebe (adulte sowie fetale Niere) mit Hilfe der Technik des differential display verglichen und die als differenziell exprimiert identifizierten Gene kloniert und charakterisiert. Bei TM7SF1 handelt es sich um ein neues Gen, dessen Transkription im Zuge der Metanephrogenese angeschaltet wird. Das von ihm codierte putative Protein kann aufgrund von Strukturvorhersagen vermutlich zur Familie G Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptoren gezählt werden. Die ableitbare Funktion als Signalmolekül der Nierenentwicklung, sowie seine Lokalisation in einem WT-Lokus (1q42-q43) machen TM7SF1 zu einem aussichtsreichen Kandidatengen für den WT. Darüber hinaus konnten die Voraussetzungen für funktionelle Tests, die eine weitere Charakterisierung von TM7SF1 erlauben, geschaffen werden (Identifikation und Klonierung des murinen Homologen, stabil überexprimierende WT-Zelllinien, Antikörper gegen den Aminoterminus des putativen Proteins). Mit TCF2 wurde ein weiteres Gen identifiziert, dessen Produkt in Prozessen der Metanephrogenese eine Rolle spielt. Die signifikante Herunterregulation der TCF2-Expression in der großen Mehrzahl der untersuchten WTs, die innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigte Regulation durch das WT1-Genprodukt, sowie seine genomische Lokalisation in einem Intervall für die familiäre Form des WT (FWT1 in 17q12-q21) zeigen das Potenzial von TCF2, als Kandidatengen für den FWT zu gelten. Darüber hinaus wurde mit GLI3 ein in verschiedenen WTs stark exprimiertes Gen identifiziert. Sein Produkt ist eine Komponente des entwicklungsbiologisch relevanten und in verschiedene Tumorerkrankungen involvierten sonic hedgehog-Signaltransduktionsweges. Mit FE7A3 und CDT151 konnten zwei differenziell exprimierte cDNAs identifiziert werden, die Teile neuer Gene darstellen und die in WT-Loci kartiert werden konnten. Aufgrund von Homologievergleichen im Bereich der identifizierten offenen Leserahmen konnte eine mögliche Bedeutung der putativen Genprodukte für die WT-Pathogenese als Zelladhäsionsmolekül (FE7A3) bzw. als mit der Proliferation assoziiertem Transkriptionsfaktor (CDT151) herausgearbeitet werden. Neben den komparativen Genexpressionsuntersuchungen wurde in einem zweiten Ansatz die transkriptionelle Regulation des einzigen bisher klonierten Wilmstumorgens (WT1) analysiert. Mit Hilfe vergleichender Reportergenanalysen in WT1-exprimierenden und nicht-exprimierenden Zelllinien konnten neue für die transkriptionelle Regulation von WT1 relevante Bereiche identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde der für die Transkriptionsfaktoren SP1 und SP3 an anderen Promotoren beschriebene funktionelle Antagonismus für die WT1-Expression untersucht und in Gelretardationsanalysen mit dem WT1-Expressionsstatus oben genannter Zelllinien korreliert.
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Schwämme (Porifera) sind die phylogenetisch ältesten Metazoa. Sie besitzen komplexe Abwehrsysteme, welche vor allem auf der Synthese bioaktiver niedermolekularer Sekundärmetaboliten beruhen und diese Tiere zu einer der reichhaltigsten Quellen für medizinisch nutzbare Wirkstoffe machen. Besonders der marine Einsiedler-Korkschwamm (Suberites domuncula) hat sich in den letzten Jahren zur Untersuchung der molekularen Zusammenhänge dieser Abwehrmechanismen als besonders geeignet herausgestellt. So wurden in diesem Schwamm beispielsweise zwei lyso-PAF (plättchenaktivierender Faktor) Derivate (1-O Hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholin und 1-O-Octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholin) identifiziert und charakterisiert, sowie deren ausgeprägte antibakterielle Aktivität besonders gegenüber gramnegativen Bakterien demonstriert. Eine Behandlung mit der Modellsubstanz zur Simulation einer bakteriellen Infektion, dem Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), für insgesamt 72 Stunden resultierte in einem Anstieg der Expressionslevel zweier an der Biosynthese dieser bioaktiven Etherphospholipide beteiligten Proteine. Unter Anwendung der Methode des Differential Display konnte einerseits das Schlüsselenzym der Etherphospholipid Biosynthese Alkyl- Dihydroxyacetonphosphat (DHAP)-Synthase und andererseits die regulatorische Untereinheit der PAF-deacetylierenden PAF Acetylhydrolase I