Condition of Employment, 2003

For much of American economic history, strength and manual dexterity could assure both a job and a reasonably comfortable standard of living. This is no longer the case as the industrial structure of American society has moved from agricultural to manufacturing to a service-producing economy. Today, we are changing the way we look at industries, jobs and, by extension, our economy. One of the responsibilities of Iowa Workforce Development is to study and report on those aspects of the economy that affect the working lives of Iowans – jobs, industrial employment, wages, and occupations. Condition of Employment 2003 is one of the vehicles we use to describe trends in the Iowa economy and the Iowa workplace.

Effect of long-term climbing training on cerebellar ataxia: a case series.

Background. Efficient therapy for both limb and gait ataxia is required. Climbing, a complex task for the whole motor system involving balance, body stabilization, and the simultaneous coordination of all 4 limbs, may have therapeutic potential. Objective. To investigate whether long-term climbing training improves motor function in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Methods. Four patients suffering from limb and gait ataxia underwent a 6-week climbing training. Its effect on ataxia was evaluated with validated clinical balance and manual dexterity tests and with a kinematic analysis of multijoint arm and leg pointing movements. Results. The patients increased their movement velocity and achieved a more symmetric movement speed profile in both arm and leg pointing movements. Furthermore, the 2 patients who suffered the most from gait ataxia improved their balance and 2 of the 4 patients improved manual dexterity. Conclusion. Climbing training has the potential to serve as a new rehabilitation method for patients with upper and lower limb ataxia.

Expanding view of phenotype and oxidative stress in Friedreich's ataxia patients with and without idebenone

Summary: Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, is characterised by progressive ataxia with dysarthria of speech, loss of deep-tendon reflexes, impaired vibratory and proprioceptive sensations and corticospinal weakness with a Babinski's sign. Patients eventually also develop kyphoscoliosis, cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus. The disease is a GAA repeat disorder resulting in severely reduced levels of frataxin, with secondary increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. The anti-oxidative drug, idebenone, is effective against FRDA-associated cardiomyopathy. We provide detailed clinical, electrophysiological and biochemical data from 20 genetically confirmed FRDA patients and have analysed the relation-ship between phenotype, genotype and malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker of superoxide formation. We assessed the effects of idebenone biochemically by measuring blood M DA and clinically by serial measurements of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). The GAA repeat length influenced the age at onset (p <0.001), the severity of ataxia (p= 0.02), the presence of cardiomyopathy (p =0.04) and of low-frequency hearing loss (p = 0.009). Multilinear regression analysis showed (p = 0.006) that ICARS was dependent on the two variables of disease duration (p = 0.01) and size of the GAA expansion (p = 0.02). We found no correlation to bilateral palpebral ptosis visual impairment, diabetes mellitus or skeletal deformities, all of which appear to be signs of disease progression rather than severity. We discuss more thoroughly two underrecognised clinical findings: palpebral ptosis and GAA length-dependent low-frequency hearing loss. The average ICARS remained unchanged in 10 patients for whom follow-up on treatment was available (mean 2.9 years), whereas most patients treated with idebenone reported an improvement in dysarthria (63%), hand dexterity (.58%) and fatigue (47%) after taking the drug for several weeks or months. Oxidative stress analysis showed an unexpected increase in blood MDA levels in patients on idebenone (p = 0.04), and we discuss the putative underlying mechanism for this result, which could then explain the unique efficacy of idebenone in treating the FRDA-associated cardiomyopathy, as opposed to other antioxidative drugs. Indeed, idebenone is not only a powerful stimulator of complexes II and III of the respiratory chain, but also an inhibitor of complex I activity, then promoting superoxide formation. Our preliminary clinical observations are the first to date supporting an effect of idebenone in delaying neurological worsening. Our MDA results point to the dual effect of idebenone on oxidative stress and to the need for controlled studies to assess its potential toxicity at high doses on the one hand, and to revisit the exact mechanisms underlying the .physiopathology of Friedreich's ataxia on the other hand, while recent reports suggest non-oxidative pathophysiology of the disease.

Neuropsychological dysfunction related to earlier occupational exposure to mercury vapor

We assessed the neuropsychological test performances of 26 patients (mean age = 41.5 ± 6.1 years; mean years of education = 9.8 ± 1.8; 20 males) diagnosed with chronic occupational mercurialism who were former workers at a fluorescent lamp factory. They had been exposed to elemental mercury for an average of 10.2 ± 3.8 years and had been away from this work for 6 ± 4.7 years. Mean urinary mercury concentrations 1 year after cessation of work were 1.8 ± 0.9 µg/g creatinine. Twenty control subjects matched for age, gender, and education (18 males) were used for comparison. Neuropsychological assessment included attention, inhibitory control, verbal and visual memory, verbal fluency, manual dexterity, visual-spatial function, executive function, and semantic knowledge tests. The Beck Depression Inventory and the State and Trait Inventory were used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The raw score for the group exposed to mercury indicated slower information processing speed, inferior performance in psychomotor speed, verbal spontaneous recall memory, and manual dexterity of the dominant hand and non-dominant hand (P < 0.05). In addition, the patients showed increased depression and anxiety symptoms (P < 0.001). A statistically significant correlation (Pearson) was demonstrable between mean urinary mercury and anxiety trait (r = 0.75, P = 0.03). The neuropsychological performances of the former workers suggest that occupational exposure to elemental mercury has long-term effects on information processing and psychomotor function, with increased depression and anxiety also possibly reflecting the psychosocial context.

Manpower development and nation-building : Singapore's experience

Manpower is a basic resource. It is the indispensable means of converting other resources to mankind '.s use and benefit. As a process· of increasing the knowledge, skills, and dexterity of the people of a society, manpower development is the most fundamental means of enabling a nation to acquire the capacities to bring about its desired future state of affairs -- a more mighty and wealthier nation. Singapore's brief nation-building history justifies the emphasis accorded to the importance of good quality human resources and manpower development in economic and socio-political developments. As a tiny island-state with a poor natural resource base, Singapore's long-term survival and development depend ultimately upon the quality and the creative energy of her people. In line with the nation-building goals and strategies of the Republic, as conditioned by her objective setting, Singapore's basic manpower development premise has been one of "quality and not quantity". While implementing the "stop-at-two" family planning and population control programs and the relevant immigration measures to guard against the prospect of a "population explosion", the Government has energetically fostered various educational programs, including vocational training schemes, adult education programs, the youth movement, and the national service scheme to improve the quality of Singaporeans. There is no denying that some of the manpower development measures taken by the Government have imposed sacrifice and hardship on the Singapore citizens. Nevertheless, they are the basic conditions for the island-Republic's long-term survival and development. It is essential iii to note that Singapore's continuing existence and phenomenal-success are largely attributable to the will, capacities and efforts of her leaders and people. In the final analysis, the wealth and the strength of a nation are based upon its ability to conserve, develop and utilize effectively the innate capacities of its people. This is true not only of Singapore but necessarily of other developing nations. It can be safely presumed that since most developing states' concerns about the quality of their human resources and the progress of their nation-building work are inextricably bound to those about the quantity of their population, the "quality and not quantity" motto of Singapore's manpower development programs can also be their guiding principle.

Effets de la vibration des muscles sur les mécanismes neuronaux et la fonction du membre supérieur et inférieur des personnes ayant une hémiparésie chronique

Cette thèse vise à répondre à trois questions fondamentales: 1) La diminution de l’excitabilité corticospinale et le manque d’inhibition intracorticale observés suite à la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) du cortex moteur de la main atteinte de sujets hémiparétiques sont-ils aussi présents suite à la SMT du cortex moteur de la jambe atteinte? 2) Est-ce que les altérations dans l’excitabilité corticomotrice sont corrélées aux déficits et incapacités motrices des personnes ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral depuis plus de 6 mois? 3) La vibration musculaire, étant la source d’une forte afférence sensorielle, peut-elle moduler l’excitabilité corticomotrice et améliorer la performance motrice de ces personnes? Premièrement, afin d’appuyer notre choix d’intervention et d’évaluer le potentiel de la vibration mécanique locale pour favoriser la réadaptation des personnes ayant une atteinte neurologique, nous avons réalisé une révision en profondeur de ses applications et intérêts cliniques à partir d’informations trouvées dans la littérature scientifique (article 1). La quantité importante d’information sur les effets physiologiques de la vibration contraste avec la pauvreté des études qui ont évalué son effet thérapeutique. Nous avons trouvé que, malgré le manque d’études, les résultats sur son utilisation sont encourageants et positifs et aucun effet adverse n’a été rapporté. Dans les trois autres articles qui composent cette thèse, l’excitabilité des circuits corticospinaux et intracorticaux a été étudiée chez 27 sujets hémiparétiques et 20 sujets sains sans atteintes neurologiques. Les fonctions sensorimotrices ont aussi été évaluées par des tests cliniques valides et fidèles. Tel qu’observé à la main chez les sujets hémiparétiques, nous avons trouvé, par rapport aux sujets sains, une diminution de l’excitabilité corticospinale ainsi qu’un manque d’inhibition intracorticale suite à la SMT du cortex moteur de la jambe atteinte (article 2). Les sujets hémiparétiques ont également montré un manque de focus de la commande motrice lors de l’activation volontaire des fléchisseurs plantaires. Ceci était caractérisé par une augmentation de l’excitabilité nerveuse des muscles agonistes, mais aussi généralisée aux synergistes et même aux antagonistes. De plus, ces altérations ont été corrélées aux déficits moteurs au membre parétique. Le but principal de cette thèse était de tester les effets potentiels de la vibration des muscles de la main (article 3) et de la cuisse (article 4) sur les mécanismes neuronaux qui contrôlent ces muscles. Nous avons trouvé que la vibration augmente l’amplitude de la réponse motrice des muscles vibrés, même chez des personnes n’ayant pas de réponse motrice au repos ou lors d’une contraction volontaire. La vibration a également diminué l’inhibition intracorticale enregistrée au quadriceps parétique (muscle vibré). La diminution n’a cependant pas été significative au niveau de la main. Finalement, lors d’un devis d’investigation croisé, la vibration de la main ou de la jambe parétique a résulté en une amélioration spécifique de la dextérité manuelle ou de la coordination de la jambe, respectivement. Au membre inférieur, la vibration du quadriceps a également diminuée la spasticité des patients. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse sont très prometteurs pour la rééducation de la personne hémiparétique car avec une seule séance de vibration, nous avons obtenu des améliorations neurophysiologiques et cliniques.

Transfert et traitement de l’information visuomotrice dans le cerveau autiste : intégrité et hétérogénéité

En plus de la triade de symptômes caractérisant l’autisme, ce trouble neurodévelopmental est associé à des particularités perceptives et motrices et, au niveau cérébral, par une connectivité atypique entre les différentes régions du cerveau. Au niveau anatomique, un des résultats les plus communs est la réduction du corps calleux. Toutefois, des effets directs de cette altération anatomique sur l’intégrité et l’efficacité du transfert interhémisphérique restent à être démontrés. Pour la présente thèse, trois différentes études investiguent différents aspects du traitement de l’information visuomotrice : le transfert interhémisphérique entre les régions bilatérales motrices et visuelles, la vitesse de traitement perceptif, et les habiletés motrices visuellement guidées. Dans la première étude, le paradigme visuomoteur de Poffenberger a été utilisé pour mesurer le temps de transfert interhémisphérique (TTIH). L’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) et structurale ainsi que l’imagerie de diffusion ont aussi été utilisées pour étudier les réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans la tâche de Poffenberger. Les autistes ont été comparés à un groupe d’individus à développement typique. La deuxième étude avait pour but d’investiguer la vitesse de traitement perceptif en autisme. Dans la troisième étude, deux tâches motrices (Purdue et Annett) ont été utilisées pour examiner la nature et l’importance des déficits moteurs. La tâche de Purdue inclut deux conditions bimanuelles utilisées comme indice additionnel d’intégration interhémisphérique. Dans les études 2 et 3, le groupe d’autistes a aussi été comparé à un groupe d’individus Asperger afin de voir si, et comment, les deux sous-groupes peuvent être distingués en ce qui concerne le traitement visuel et les déficits moteurs. Aucune différence entre les groupes n’a été observée en termes de TTIH. Les résultats de l’étude IRMf révèlent des différences d’activations corticales en lien avec la tâche de Poffenberger. Dans les groupes d’autistes et de typiques, l’efficacité de la communication interhémisphérique était associée à différentes portions du corps calleux (frontales/motrices chez les typiques, postérieures/visuelles chez les autistes). De façon globale, les résultats de cette étude démontrent un patron atypique de transfert interhémisphérique de l’information visuomotrice en autisme, reflétant un rôle plus important des mécanismes visuels dans le comportement sensorimoteur possiblement en lien avec une réorganisation cérébrale. Les résultats des études comportementales 2 et 3 indiquent que les autistes excellent dans la tâche mesurant la vitesse de traitement perceptif alors que les Asperger accomplissent la tâche à des niveaux similaires à ceux des typiques. La nature des déficits moteurs diffère aussi entre les deux sous-groupes; la dextérité et la coordination bimanuelle est affectée chez les individus Asperger mais pas chez les autistes, qui eux sont plus atteints au niveau de la rapidité unimanuelle. Les sous-groupes d’autistes et de syndrome d’Asperger sont caractérisés par des profils cognitifs différents dont les particularités perceptives et motrices font partie intégrante.

Effet d’un bloc stellaire par bupivacaïne combinée ou non à la néostigmine sur la douleur chez des patients présentant un syndrome douloureux régional complexe

Le syndrome douloureux régional complexe (SDRC) est un trouble neurologique qui se caractérise par des douleurs intenses, des troubles vasomoteurs, sudomoteurs, moteurs et trophiques, accompagnés d’un œdème au niveau du membre affecté. Malgré la présence de peu de données en faveur, à cause de l’absence d’un traitement clé du SDRC, le blocage sympathique a été utilisé depuis de nombreuses années pour traiter ce syndrome. Objectif Le but principal de ce projet est d’étudier l’effet antalgique de la néostigmine utilisée comme adjuvant à la bupivacaïne lors d’un bloc stellaire dans le traitement du syndrome douloureux régional complexe du membre supérieur. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude pilote, randomisée en double insu. L’intensité de la douleur a été évaluée en utilisant l’échelle numérique. La force de préhension aux deux mains a été estimée par dynamométrie de Jamar. La dextérité fine des doigts a été mesurée par le « Purdue Pegboard Test ». L’œdème au niveau de la main a été déterminé par la volumétrie. Le questionnaire « SF-36 » a été utilisé afin de déterminer l’homogénéité des échantillons. Résultats Notre étude a eu des difficultés à établir l’efficacité de la thérapie par bloc stellaire dans le traitement du syndrome douloureux régional complexe. Conclusion Notre recherche n’a pu prouver l’hypothèse que le traitement de la douleur dans le SDRC du membre supérieur par un bloc stellaire est plus efficace quand l’action de l’anesthésique local est potentialisée par l’ajout de la néostigmine.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the project ‘Caring caregivers of persons in disability situation’. Bogotá - second semester of 2007

The present paper presents the results of a transversal descriptive study which intended to estimate the contribution of the project “Caring for those who take care of people with disabilities” in the areas of: strength of personal and group competences, self care, life project, dexterity in the care process of people with disabilities, and communitarian auto management; that was implemented in 20 urban areas with caregivers of the city of Bogota in the year 2007. The study allowed the nresearches to acknowledge the little change perception that caregivers had in terms of self care, however, the caregivers perceived change in the four areas, although this were not statistically significant in comparison with the general population. There were only significant changes in the communitarian auto management area in 30% of the population. As a result, it is proposed that more extensive, continuous, and sustainable processes are implemented and that this process arises from contention spaces which can be created with the caregivers, from which they can be motivated to participate in other ´processes of collective and individual changes. Also there’s a need to rely on facilitators (professionals and change agents) who have stronger competences on the how to be and the how to interact competences, because there’s a need to manage the psychosocial components in this group of people. Also, we must make organizational processes and the social networks stronger, this is: collective actions are required, because disability is a social fact, and so, the individual issues are just a moment in the process of inclusion of the person with disability, his family and caregiver.

A survey of multi-fingered robot hands: issues and grasping achievements

Recently a substantial amount of research has been done in the field of dextrous manipulation and hand manoeuvres. The main concern has been how to control robot hands so that they can execute manipulation tasks with the same dexterity and intuition as human hands. This paper surveys multi-fingered robot hand research and development topics which include robot hand design, object force distribution and control, grip transform, grasp stability and its synthesis, grasp stiffness and compliance motion and robot arm-hand coordination. Three main topics are presented in this article. The first is an introduction to the subject. The second concentrates on examples of mechanical manipulators used in research and the methods employed to control them. The third presents work which has been done on the field of object manipulation.

Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences

The male bias in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) has led to females with ASC being under-researched. This lack of attention to females could hide variability due to sex that may explain some of the heterogeneity within ASC. In this study we investigate four key cognitive domains (mentalizing and emotion perception, executive function, perceptual attention to detail, and motor function) in ASC, to test for similarities and differences between males and females with and without ASC (n = 128 adults; n = 32 per group). In the mentalizing and facial emotion perception domain, males and females with ASC showed similar deficits compared to neurotypical controls. However, in attention to detail and dexterity involving executive function, although males with ASC showed poorer performance relative to neurotypical males, females with ASC performed comparably to neurotypical females. We conclude that performance in the social-cognitive domain is equally impaired in male and female adults with ASC. However, in specific non-social cognitive domains, performance within ASC depends on sex. This suggests that in specific domains, cognitive profiles in ASC are modulated by sex.

Using the Technology Acceptance Model to explore community dwelling older adults’ perceptions of a 3D interior design application to facilitate pre-discharge home adaptations

Background In the UK occupational therapy pre-discharge home visits are routinely carried out as a means of facilitating safe transfer from the hospital to home. Whilst they are an integral part of practice, there is little evidence to demonstrate they have a positive outcome on the discharge process. Current issues for patients are around the speed of home visits and the lack of shared decision making in the process, resulting in less than 50 % of the specialist equipment installed actually being used by patients on follow-up. To improve practice there is an urgent need to examine other ways of conducting home visits to facilitate safe discharge. We believe that Computerised 3D Interior Design Applications (CIDAs) could be a means to support more efficient, effective and collaborative practice. A previous study explored practitioners perceptions of using CIDAs; however it is important to ascertain older adult’s views about the usability of technology and to compare findings. This study explores the perceptions of community dwelling older adults with regards to adopting and using CIDAs as an assistive tool for the home adaptations process. Methods Ten community dwelling older adults participated in individual interactive task-focused usability sessions with a customised CIDA, utilising the think-aloud protocol and individual semi-structured interviews. Template analysis was used to carry out both deductive and inductive analysis of the think-aloud and interview data. Initially, a deductive stance was adopted, using the three pre-determined high-level themes of the technology acceptance model (TAM): Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Actual Use (AU). Inductive template analysis was then carried out on the data within these themes, from which a number of sub-thmes emerged. Results Regarding PU, participants believed CIDAs served as a useful visual tool and saw clear potential to facilitate shared understanding and partnership in care delivery. For PEOU, participants were able to create 3D home environments however a number of usability issues must still be addressed. The AU theme revealed the most likely usage scenario would be collaborative involving both patient and practitioner, as many participants did not feel confident or see sufficient value in using the application autonomously. Conclusions This research found that older adults perceived that CIDAs were likely to serve as a valuable tool which facilitates and enhances levels of patient/practitioner collaboration and empowerment. Older adults also suggested a redesign of the interface so that less sophisticated dexterity and motor functions are required. However, older adults were not confident, or did not see sufficient value in using the application autonomously. Future research is needed to further customise the CIDA software, in line with the outcomes of this study, and to explore the potential of collaborative application patient/practitioner-based deployment.

Arbetsorganisation i träbränslefabriker

The objective of this study has been to describe and analyse existing forms of organisation in wood fuel plants regarding work tasks, organisational structure, work content, skill demands, crew recruitment, working hours and wage conditions. The study has been introductory, con¬sisting of 2-3 hour visits to 12 plants.The production of refined wood fuels is carried out in rather small plants. The number of employees ranges from 6 to 15 persons in the factories producing between 20 and 100 thousand tons per year. Generally one shift crew consists of only two persons. The operator job requires multiskill capacity, dexterity and autonomous problem-solving.The job can be considered as qualified, responsible, autonomous, meaningful and variable. It was generally considered that it takes about a year to become a good operator. And even after that, one is still learning. Negative factors are shift work, partly poor physical working environment (dust and noise) and, occasionally, mental pressure and overtime.Modern organisation concepts are, to a large extent, applied in the wood fuel plants. The organisation is flat, lean and customer-oriented.

Organização de uma bateria de testes para seleção de candidatos ao ensino técnico de 2. grau

O trabalho aqui apresentado relata um estudo exploratório na área de Educação Técnico-Industrial de segundo grau, cujo objetivo consistiu em selecionar, dentre vários testes, os que fossem melhores preditores do aproveitamento acadêmico dentro da formarão profissional, para formar parte da bateria de testes que serão utilizadas na seleção dos candidatos aos cursos oferecidos pelo Colégio Técnico Nacional para a formação de técnicos de nível médio. o estudo em apreço, realizado mediante a colaboração entre o Departamento de Educação Técnica e o Departamento de Orientação Educacional e Vocacional, ambos do Ministério de Educa9ão e Cultura do Paraguai, é parte do projeto de expansão da orientação no nível de Formação Técnico-Industrial e Formação Profissional do qual um dos objetivos é controlar a qualidade da matricula a fim de evitar a evasão e favorecer o maior aproveitamento destes cursos oferecidos a este nível, o que será possível através da implantarão, em todos os Colégios desde tipo, de medidas de avaliação de aptidões e interesses para o desenvolvimento dos recursos humanos dos países em desenvolvimento. Partiu-se de uma análise minuciosa dos programas de estudo das matérias que compunham a bagagem de cada especialidade, com a finalidade de realizar uma lista de aptidões e traços que compõe a especificação profissional de cada especialidade. Foram experimentados 13 testes psicométricos, um de interesses ocupacionais e dois de personalidade. Dos quais após submetidos ao tratamento estadístico para conhecer sua precisão e validade em relação a um critério (o rendimento acadêmico nas matérias da especialidade) foram selecionados os seguintes testes: I N V de Pierre Weil, Raciocínio espacial Ribakow, Rapidez e exatidão no cálculo da bateria CEPA, Teste de Destreza Manual e Atenção distribuída e o Raciocínio Mecânico do DAT por ser os de melhor índice de precisão e validade (elevada correlação com as mate rias profissionais das especialidades). Este estudo se constitui no passo inicial para a elaboração de outros sistemas de seleção de matrícula baseados em provas pSicol6gicas, organizados pela Unidade de Psicometria e Psicologia Escolar de Dpto. de Orientação Educativa e Vocacional do M. E. C.

Coordenação motora fina de escolares com dislexia e transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

OBJETIVOS: descrever e comparar o desempenho da coordenação motora fina em escolares com dislexia e com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade utilizando parâmetros de desempenho motor e idade cronológica da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor. MÉTODO: participaram 22 escolaresdo ensino fundamental, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 6 a 11 anos de idade distribuídos em: GI: 11 escolares com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e GII: 11 com dislexia. Como procedimento, provas de motricidade fina da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor foram aplicadas. RESULTADOS: os resultados revelaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre a idade motora fina e a idade cronológica de GI e GII. Conforme a classificação da Escala do Desenvolvimento Motor, 90% dos escolares de GI e GII apresentaram desenvolvimento motor fino muito inferior ao esperado para a idade e 10% dos escolares com dislexia apresentam desenvolvimento normal baixo ao esperado para a idade e 10% dos escolares com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade apresentaram desenvolvimento inferior ao esperado para a idade. CONCLUSÃO: concluímos que tanto os escolares com dislexia como os com TDAH deste estudo apresentam atrasos na coordenação motora fina, demonstrando que os participantes desta pesquisa apresentam dificuldades em atividades que exijam destreza, quadro característico do transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação. Estudos complementares estão sendo conduzidos pelos autores deste estudo para poder verificar e comprovar se o perfil motor fino dos escolares encontrados neste estudo se assemelham ou se diferem de acordo com o quadro apresentado pelos mesmos.