89 resultados para DMFC


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Chitosan (CS)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linked with sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) and modified with sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) mixed-matrix membranes are reported for their application in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Polyethersulfone (PES) is sulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid and factors affecting the sulfonation reaction, such as time and temperature, are studied. The ion-exchange capacity, degree of sulfonation, sorption, and proton conductivity for the mixed-matrix membranes are investigated. The mixed-matrix membranes are also characterised for their mechanical and thermal properties. The methanol-crossover flux across the mixed-matrix membranes is studied by measuring the mass balance of methanol using the density meter. The methanol cross-over for these membranes is found to be about 33% lower in relation to Nafion-117 membrane. The DMFC employing CS-PVA-SPES mixed-matrix membrane with an optimum content of 25 wt % SPES delivers a peak power-density of 5.5 mW cm-2 at a load current-density of 25 mA cm-2 while operating at 70 degrees C. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

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A series of novel organic-inorganic hybrid membranes have been prepared employing Nafion and acid-functionalized meso-structured molecular sieves (MMS) with varying structures and surface area. Acid-functionalized silica nanopowder of surface area 60 m(2)/g, silica meso-structured cellular foam (MSU-F) of surface area 470 m(2)/g and silica meso-structured hexagonal frame network (MCM-41) of surface area 900 m(2)/g have been employed as potential filler materials to form hybrid membranes with Nafion framework. The structural behavior, water uptake, proton conductivity and methanol permeability of these hybrid membranes have been investigated. DMFCs employing Nafion-silica MSU-F and Nafion-silica MCM-41 hybrid membranes deliver peak-power densities of 127 mW/cm(2) and 100 mW/cm(2), respectively; while a peak-power density of only 48 mW/cm(2) is obtained with the DMFC employing pristine recast Nafion membrane under identical operating conditions. The aforesaid characteristics of the hybrid membranes could be exclusively attributed to the presence of pendant sulfonic acid groups in the filler, which provide fairly continuous proton-conducting pathways between filler and matrix in the hybrid membranes facilitating proton transport without any trade-off between its proton conductivity and methanol crossover. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.036211jes] All rights reserved.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid membranes are prepared from Nafion and acid functionalized aluminosilicate with varying structures and surface areas. Acid-functionalized mesostructured aluminosilicate with cellular foam framework (Al-MSU-F type) of surface area 463 m(2) g(-1), acid-functionalized aluminosilicate molecular sieves (Al-HMS type) of surface area 651 m(2) g(-1) and acid-functionalized mesostructured aluminosilicate with hexagonal network (Al-MCM-41 type) of surface area 799 m(2) g(-1) have been employed as potential filler materials to form hybrid membranes with Nafion. The structural behavior, water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, proton conductivity and methanol permeability of the hybrid membranes are extensively investigated. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) with Al-HMS-Nafion and Al-MCM-41-Nafion hybrid membranes deliver respective peak power-densities of 170 mW cm(-2) and 246 mW cm(-2), while a peak power-density of only 48 mW cm(-2) is obtained for the DMFC employing pristine recast-Nafion membrane under identical operating conditions. The unique properties associated with hybrid membranes could be exclusively attributed to the presence of pendant sulfonic-acid groups in the filler materials, which provide proton-conducting pathways between the filler and matrix in the hybrid membranes, and facilitate proton transport with adequate balance between proton conductivity and methanol permeability. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Porous titanium oxide-carbon hybrid nanostructure (TiO2-C) with a specific surface area of 350 m(2)/g and an average pore-radius of 21 center dot 8 is synthesized via supramolecular self-assembly with an in situ crystallization process. Subsequently, TiO2-C supported Pt-Ru electro-catalyst (Pt-Ru/TiO2-C) is obtained and investigated as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been employed to evaluate the crystalline nature and the structural properties of TiO2-C. TEM images reveal uniform distribution of Pt-Ru nanoparticles (d (Pt -aEuro parts per thousand Ru) = 1 center dot 5-3 center dot 5 nm) on TiO2-C. Methanol oxidation and accelerated durability studies on Pt-Ru/TiO2-C exhibit enhanced catalytic activity and durability compared to carbon-supported Pt-Ru. DMFC employing Pt-Ru/TiO2-C as an anode catalyst delivers a peak-power density of 91 mW/cm(2) at 65 A degrees C as compared to the peak-power density of 60 mW/cm(2) obtained for the DMFC with carbon-supported Pt-Ru anode catalyst operating under similar conditions.

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直接甲醇燃料电池( DMFC )具有甲醇来源丰富,价格低廉,在常温常压下是液体,易于携带储存;体积小,重量轻,结构简单,容易操作;维修方便,价格低等优点,近年来得到普遍的关注。然而,要达到DMFC的商品化还存在一些问题。其中一个是阳极催化剂的电催化活性低和易被甲醇氧化的中间产物,如CO毒化。对于甲醇阳极电催化剂人们进行了大量的研究,比较有效的都是Pt-过渡金属或金属氧化物复合催化剂,如Pt-Ru、 Pt-Sn、Pt佩Rh、Pt-Pd、Pt佩Re、Pt-Ru-Sn-W、Pt-WO。和Pt-TIO。等。本文研究了电解液中的稀土离子和与Pt形成复合催化剂的稀土氧化物对甲醇电催化氧化反应的促进作用,得到了如下的结果:1.电解液中的稀土Ho, Eu, Gd或Dy离子对甲醇在光滑Pt电极或DMFC中使用的Pt/C电极上的电催化氧化反应有促进作用,主要表现在的起始氧化电位负移和氧化电流增加。而电解液中加入其它种类的稀土离子对甲醇在光滑Pt电极或Pt/C电极上的电催化氧化反应有阻碍作用,如起始氧化电位正移,峰电流降低。Fu、H食Dy或Gd离子对一甲醇在Pt上的电催化氧化反应有促进作用的主要原因可能与这些稀土离子与甲醇生成配合物能力有关。2.不同Pt一稀土氧化物/C催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化反应有不同的影响。当稀土氧化物是Eu, Ho, Dy或Gd的氧化物时,甲醇在Pt一稀土氧化物/C催化剂上甲醇电催化氧化反应的极化性能和稳定性要优于在Pt/C催化剂上,而在其它的Pt-稀土氧化物/C催化剂上,甲醇电催化氧化的极化性能和稳定性要差于Pt/C电极。用不同方法制备的Pt一稀土氧化物/C催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化反应的促进作用取决于催化剂的制备方法。如先在活性碳上还原沉积Pt,再沉积上稀土氧化物所得的Pt-稀土氧化物/C催化剂的促进作用要优于先在稀土氧化物上还原沉积Pt,再一起沉积到活性碳上或先再活性碳上沉积稀土氧化物,再还原沉积上Pt的方法。另外,Pt和稀上氧化物的原子比为2:1时,pt-稀土氧化物/c催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化反应的催化活性最佳。稀土氧化物对pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化反应的电催化性质的影响与稀土离子相似。但用稀土离子的方法比较简便,因此,相比之下,用稀土离子来促进甲醇在Pt上的电催化氧化反应方法较好。3.用Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho的氧化物制得的Pt-稀土氧化物/C复合催化剂对co的电催化氧化反应的催化活性要高于Pt/C催化剂。相对于的情况,在co在Eu, Gd, Dy,Ho的氧化物的Pt/稀土氧化物/C复合催化剂电极上的循环伏安图中,CO的氧化峰峰电位比在Pt/C电极的有不同程度的负移。吸.初步确定了电极和单体电池制备的较好的工艺参数和工作条件。在发明一种薄电极制备方法,确定最佳的电极催化层配方等的基础上,制得的单体电池,在25℃工作时,输出功率密度峰值达到28 mW/cm~2。

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燃料电池以其高效、环境友好的发电方式,被誉为21世纪的能源技术。其中,直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)更以燃料甲醇来源丰富,价格低廉,储存、携带方便而成为近年的研究热点。目前DNDFC存在的一个主要问题是"甲醇透过",即甲醇从阳极穿过固体电解质膜进入到阴极,而阴极催化剂一般是Pt/C,因此在阴极会同时发生甲醇氧化和氧还原,严重降低了电池的库仑效率和电压效率。此夕卜甲醇及其氧化中间产物还会使P口C中毒。虽然试验了一些低甲醇透过率的电解质膜,但仍无法完全消除甲醇透过。因此研制对氧还原催化活性高而对甲醇氧化没有活性,即耐甲醇的氧还原电催化剂是一个十分重要的课题。本论文主要从催化剂的组成、热处理、制备方法和载体等方面进行了相关研究,此外,还开展了生物燃料电池阴极电催化剂的研究。具体结果如下:1.热处理对电催化剂性能的影响(1)首次研究了炭载铂(Pt/C)对氧还原和甲醇氧化的催化活性与热处理温度的关系。发现P"C的催化活性随热处理温度的升高而降低,其原因是热处理使R/C中Pt的结晶度提高、粒径变大、表面浓度降低。但是,热处理使PUC催化甲醇氧化活性的降低程度远大于催化氧还原活性的降低程度。该研究提供了一种有效改善P口C催化剂耐甲醇性能的简便方法。(2)研究了炭载四狡基酞著钻(CoPcTc/C)和炭载四苯基铁叶琳(FeTPP/C)对氧还原和甲醇氧化的催化活性与热处理温度的关系。发现800℃热处理的CoPcTc/C对氧还原的催化活性最高;XPS和XRD分析表明,其活性位主要为含CoN4结构的物质。FeTPP/C催化剂与CoPcTc/C类似,700℃热处理的对氧还原催化活性最高。二者对甲醇氧化都没有活性。(3)首次研究了炭载四苯基铁叶琳一铂(FeTPP-Pt/C)复合催化剂对氧还原和甲醇氧化的催化活性与热处理温度的关系。发现热处理使FeTPP-Pt/C对氧还原的催化活性提高,并且优于相应P灯C,这是因为复合催化剂对氧还原的催化活性来源于FeTPP和Pt两部分。另外,FeTPP-Pt/C对甲醇氧化的催化活性随热处理温度的升高而降低,降低幅度大于相应Pt/C,这是因为在复合催化剂中,FeTPP在Pt/C表面的分散会降低甲醇与R的接触。700℃热处理的FeTPP-Pt/C对氧还原的催化活性最高,并且耐甲醇能力很强,非常适合作为DMFC阴极电催化剂。(4)首次研究了FeTPP-TiO2/C复合催化剂对氧还原的催化活性与热处理温度的关系。发现70。℃热处理的FeTPP-TiO2/C对氧还原的催化活性最高,并且稳定性好;复合催化剂提高了氧还原的电子转移数。这是因为TIOZ能够将FeTPP催化氧还原过程中产生的H2O2及时分解为O2和H2O,再重新被FeTPP还原。TIOZ的加入有望改善过渡金属大环化合物催化剂的长程稳定性。此夕卜该复合催化剂对甲醇氧化没有活性。2.制备方法对电催化剂性能的影响(1)首次同时研究了Pt/C对氧还原和甲醇氧化的催化性能,讨论了影响Pt/C催化活性的主要因素。XRD、XPS和TEM分析表明,无定型Pt含量高的Pt/C对氧还原的催化活性较高,表面氧化物含量高的Pt/C对甲醇氧化的催化活性较高。为制备耐甲醇能力强、催化氧还原活性高的Pt/C催化剂提供了理论参考。(2)比较了平衡吸附法和强制沉积法制备的FeTPP-Pt/C催化剂的性能,发现前者对氧还原和甲醇氧化的催化活性都高于后者,这是因为由强制吸附法制备的复合催化剂,FeTPP将一部分Pt覆盖,使其无法发挥活性。3.活性炭载体对Pt/C电催化剂性能的影响利用多种分析手段,系统比较了VulcanXC-72炭和上海松木炭的物理、化学性质对Pt/C电催化剂性能的影响。发现孔径适当、电导率高、灰分和表面含氧基团较少的活性炭作载体时,制得的P口C催化剂的性能较好。为PEMFC中电催化剂载体的选择提供了一些理论依据。4.生物燃料电池阴极电催化剂的研究首次制备了炭载微过氧化物酶-11(MP-11/C)电催化剂,通过循环伏安法、线性扫描法和旋转圆盘电极技术研究发现,MP-11/C对O2还原具有较高的催化活性,并且稳定性好,为生物燃料电池的研制提供了一种较好的酶固定方法。

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燃料电池以其高效、环境友好的发电方式,被誉为21世纪的能源技术。其中,直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)更以燃料甲醇来源丰富,价格低廉,储存、携带方便而成为近年的研究热点。但是,DMFC在其实用化之前还需要解决一些重要问题,其中的关键之一就是高性能的贵金属催化剂的研究。我们知道,甲醇的电化学活性要低于氢气三个数量级;而且甲醇在R表面进行电化学氧化时,其中间解离吸附产物会造成贵金属催化剂中毒,显著降低了催化剂的活性。因此,要使DMFC具有相当高的电流密度和运行稳定性,就需要对贵金属催化剂制备进行不断的研究和改进。在本文的工作中,主要从Pt/C催化剂的制备方法、新型碳纳米管载体、稀土助催化剂等三个方面进行了研究和探索,取得的具体结果如下:1.Pt/C催化剂制备方法的研究与改进(1)在本组已有的研究结果基础上,对预沉积还原法进行了一些改进,采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)进行表征,发现Pt的利用率得到了明显的提高。采用X射线衍射。(RD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和BET表征铂的粒径、晶态结构和催化剂特性,分析表明,经过改进的预沉积还原法制备的催化剂仍然具有良好的分散性、较小的粒径、较低的晶态结构和良好的催化剂特性,电化学测试证明其性能要优于同等的E-TEK催化剂。(2)借鉴冶金学中的相关技术,提出了一种新的Pt/C催化剂制备方法一程序升温焙烧法。该方法的具体步骤增强了金属催化剂粒子和碳载体之间的相互作用力,提高了碳载体的导电性,并且形成了部分有利于催化反应进行的活性晶态结构。得到的R/C催化剂获得了近似E-TEK催化剂的催化活性,在具体方法上仍有改进的潜力。采用了同(1)的催化剂表征方法。2.甲醇电化学氧化稀土助催化剂研究在直接甲醇燃料电池Pt/C催化剂的研究过程中,一个重要的方面就是助催化剂的研究,并且已经得到了较好的结果。本工作选用了稀土元素为研究对象,因为稀土元素属于过渡金属,具有丰富的d电子轨道,易于和金属形成强的类化学键的吸附作用,并且能够和有机小分子形成多种配位化合物。经过初步的工作,发现了有些稀土离子如Sm3+能够在Pt表面吸附并且对甲醇电化学氧化具有较稳定的促进作用,采用循环伏安法,计时电流,交流阻抗等电化学方法进行了表征。根据实验结果,对其反应机理进行了初步的探讨。3.碳纳米管(CNTs)作为贵金属催化剂载体的研究碳纳米管(CNTs)由于其结构上的特殊性(径向尺寸为纳米量级,轴向尺寸为微米量级)而表现出典型的一维量子材料,同时具有较高的机械强度和超常的电学性能,能够为化学反应提供纳米级的反应场所,因此受到了化学界包括电化学研究人员的极大关注。已经在作为贵金属催化剂载体方面进行了一些研究,本工作的主要内容就是针对Pt/CNTs催化剂对碳纳米管的要求,对其预处理方法进行了改进,采用了如(1)中的催化剂表征方法和(2)中的相关电化学方法进行测定,发现碳纳米管作为贵金属催化剂载体时,对它的纯化处理方法的不同明显地影响了其载体性质和催化剂的活性。

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论文主要研究了直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)中三种甲醇替代燃料,二甲氧基甲烷(DMM)、乙醇和乙二醇及导致阳极催化剂中毒的吸附CO(COad)在光滑R电极及几种新的R基催化剂电极上的电氧化行为。结合对催化剂的X射线光电子能谱(xPS)、X衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重分析(TG)表征,初步探讨了几种新催化剂对三种甲醇替代燃料的电催化活性要高于碳载R(PtC)催化剂的原因。另外,还研究了用表面活化处理来提高阳极催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性的方法。本论文得到的主要结果如下:1.在研究DMM在不同条件下,在不同R基催化剂电极上的电化学氧化行为的基础上,发现碳载R和TiO2(Pt-TiO2/C)复合催化剂对DMM氧化的电催化活性要优于Pt/C电极。而Pt-TiO2/C催化剂在吸附Ho3+(Pt-TiO2-Ho3+/C)或Eu3+(Pt-TiO2-Eu3+/C)后,对DMM氧化的电催化活性比Pt-TiO2/C电极高。表明TiO2、Eu3+和Ho3+对DMM的氧化都有很好的促进作用,这主要是它们都能为DMM的氧化在电极表面提供更多的含氧物种。由于DMM本身在这些催化剂电极上的氧化性能不好,而且DMM容易在酸性溶液中水解,生成甲醇和甲醛,因此,DMM不是一种好的甲醇替代燃料。2.无论在中性介质中还是在酸性介质中,Eu3+和Ho3+对乙醇在R/C电极上的电化学氧化反应都有较好的促进作用,而Eu3+的促进作用要大于H3+,Eu3+和H3+在酸性溶液中的促进作用要大于在中性溶液中。无论是中性溶液还是酸性溶液中,吸附CO(COad)在Pt/C催化剂电极上在较正的电位处有一个很大的氧化峰,而在R-Eu3+/C或R-H3+/C催化剂电极上在较负电位处有两个小的氧化峰,表明吸附的Eu3+和Ho3+对cood在R/C催化剂电极上的氧化都有很好的促进作用,主要表现在使Cood的吸附强度降低和吸附量减少。XPs测量表明,当R/C电极表面吸附了Eu3+或H了十后,使催化剂中Pt和c土的电子云密度变小,因此使Pt对coad的吸附强度减弱。由于Eu3+或H03+在电极上吸附不是物理吸附,而是化学吸附,因此,它们与Pt的结合具有相对的稳定性。乙醇电氧化的中间产物,如COad等能强烈地吸附在R上,因此会使R中毒。而Eu3+或H矿"能降低Coad在R上地吸附强度,因此,Eu3+或H3+能促进乙醇在Pt/C电极上的电化学氧化反应。Pt-TiO2/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性要高于R/C催化剂,表明TiO2对乙醇在R/C电极上的电化学氧化反应也有较好的促进作用。XPS的测量表明,TiO2的加入并不改变Pt的电子状态,因此,TiO2能促进乙醇电氧化反应的主要原因是TIOZ能为乙醇氧化提供含氧物种。实验结果表明,Eu3+或H3+对乙醇在R-TiO2/C电极上的电化学氧化反应也有一定的促进作用。这是由于Eu3+或H3+改变了R的电子状态,降低了乙醇电氧化中间产物,COod在Pt上的吸附强度,而TIOZ提供了COod的氧化所必须的含氧物种。3.无论是酸性溶液中还是中性溶液中,乙二醇在R-TiO2/C电极上的氧化活性比在R/C电极上高。这表明TIOZ能促进乙二醇在Pt上的电氧化反应。进一步的实验表明,TIOZ对COad在Pt催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用并不明显。XPS测量表明,这是由于TIOZ并不改变R的电子状态。所以,TiO2对乙二醇在Pt上的电氧化的促进作用只是基于提供乙二醇电氧化所需的含氧物种。无论是酸性溶液中还是中性溶液中,乙二醇在R-WO3/C电极上的氧化活性都比在R/C电极上高。这表明W03能促进乙二醇在R上的电氧化反应。进一步的实验表明,R-WO3/C电极对Coad氧化的电催化活性也要高于R/C电极,XPS测量表明,WO3会降低Pt的电子云密度。所以,WO3对乙二醇在R上的电氧化的促进作用除了提供含氧物种外,还由于它能降低R的电子云密度而降低了乙二醇电氧化中间产物。4.用四氢吠喃和丙酮混合溶液浸泡法对电极进行表面处理后能使Pt/C和Pt-WO3/C电极对乙醇和乙二醇氧化的电催化活性有很大的提高。其原因可能是Pt/C和Pt一w03/C电极在经表面处理后,在电极制备过程中带来的表面活性剂等杂质由于溶解在混合溶液中而被除去,Nafion也可能在用混合溶液浸泡后会发生一定程度的结构变化,因此,使活性中心的位点增加,从而增加了催化剂的电催化活性。另外,经表面处理后,Pt/C和Pt-WO3/C电极的活性中心的结构有一定的变化,使COad的吸附强度降低而容易氧化,降低了COad对催化剂的毒化作用,因而提高了电极对乙醇和乙二醇氧化的电催化活性。

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燃料电池以其高效、环境友好的发电方式,被誉为21世纪的能源技术。其中,直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)更以燃料甲醇来源丰富,价格低廉,储运方便而成为近年的研究热点。目前,DMFC两个主要问题是阴、阳极催化剂电催化活性低和甲醇会从阳极渗透过固体电解质膜到达阴极,使在P灯C阴极上同时发生甲醇氧化和氧还原,严重降低了电池的性能。因此,本论文主要研究高效阴、阳极催化剂及耐甲醇的阴极催化剂,以提高DMFC的性能。本论文主要研究内容和结论如下:1.分别用空气,硝酸,双氧水,C02对Vulcan-XC72活性炭进行预处理,然后负载R,得到炭载R(P灯C)催化剂。发现与用未处理活性炭或用空气,硝酸,双氧水处理的活性炭制备的P灯C催化剂相比,COZ预处理的P灯C催化剂对甲醇氧化和氧还原显示出最高的电催化活性。2.用电化学方法制备了磷钨酸(PWA)修饰Pt电极,发现PWA对甲醇在R上电氧化有很好的促进作用,虽然甲醇氧化峰峰电位并不发生变化,但峰电流要比在未经修饰的Pt电极上高。该促进作用与修饰电极制备时所用的修饰液中的P从叭浓度有关,修饰液中PWA的浓度为0.25mgml-1时,制得的PWA修饰Pt电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性最高,与未修饰电极相比,可使甲醇氧化峰峰电流提高50%左右。3.用机械混合的方法制备了Pt-PWA/C催化剂,并研究了不同混合质量比对催化剂性能的影响。发现具有合适的PWA和P仃C质量比的Pt-PWA/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性和耐甲醇的性能要优于P灯C催化剂。当PWA和Pt/C的质量比为1:1时,R-PWA/C催化剂具有最佳性能。与P灯C催化剂相比,Pt-PWA5/C催化剂可使氧还原电流最大提高38%,使甲醇氧化电流下降76%。其原因可归结于PWA分子的高度亲氧性。4.制备了炭载钻叶琳(CoTPP)和R(CoTPP-Pt/C)催化剂,并对其进行了不同温度的热处理,发现热处理可提高CoTPP-Pt/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性和耐甲醇能力。而且这种性能的提高与热处理温度有关,最佳的热处理温度为700℃。与Pt/C-un催化剂相比,其氧还原电流密度可以提高74.4%,而甲醇氧化峰峰电流密度可以下降22.0%。因此,CoTPP-Pt/C-700催化剂可成为DMFC中性能优良的阴极催化剂。5.研究了大环化合物四磺酸基酞著钻(CoTSPc)作为阴极电解液中的添加剂对于光滑Pt电极对氧还原的电催化活性和耐甲醇能力的影响。发现COTSPc使光滑R电极对氧还原的电催化活性稍有降低,而对甲醇氧化的电催化活性降低很大,这主要是由于CoTSPc对氧还原有较好的电催化活性,而对甲醇氧化却没有电催化活性。这种效应与加入COTSPc的浓度有关,因此,选择最佳的CoTSPc浓度,可使光滑Pt电极对氧还原的电催化活性基本不受影响,而大大降低了对甲醇氧化的电催化活性。当电解液中加入CoTSP。的浓度为0.09mmolL-1时,氧的还原电流可以基本保持不变,而甲醇的氧化峰峰电流下降79.7%。

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Experimental study of a liquid fed direct methanol fuel cell has been conducted in different gravity environments. A small single cell with 5 cm x 5 cm active area has single serpentine channel on the graphite cathode polar plate and 11 parallel straight channels on the graphite anode flow bed. Cell voltage and current have been measured and two-phase flow in anode channels has been in situ visually observed. The experimental results indicate that the effect of gravity on power performance of the direct methanol fuel cell is large when the concentration polarization governs fuel cells operation. Gravitational effect becomes larger at higher current density. Increasing methanol feeding molarity is conducive to weaken the influence of gravity on performance of liquid fed direct methanol fuel cells. Increasing feeding flow rate of methanol solution from 6 to 15 ml/min could reduce the size of carbon dioxide bubbles, while the influence of gravity still exist. Transport phenomena inside direct methanol fuel cells in microgravity is also analyzed and discussed.

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微重力条件下的气液两相流动与传热现象不仅在航天科技领域有重要的应用前景,而且由于抑制了重力和两相密度差所引起的浮力分层与相间滑移等因素的干扰,能够简化流动复杂性,突出流动中经由液气界面产生的相互作用,对揭示气液两相流动与传热现象内在控制机理极为有利,因此得到国际航天工程界和微重力流体力学界的高度重视,是目前相当活跃的研究前沿领域之一。中国科学院国家微重力实验室自20世纪90年代中期创建伊始,即将微重力气液两相流动与传热作为主要研究方向之一,先后完成了"和平号"空间站气液两相流实验、IL-76失重飞机气液两相流实验、第22颗返回式卫星和实践8号育种卫星搭载池内沸腾实验、NML落塔池内沸腾实验、NML落塔燃料电池内部气液两相流动及其电性能实验(与北京工业大学合作)等微重力实验研究项目,并通过地面对比实验及深入的数据分析和理论探索,得到如下结果:\newline (1)管内绝热气液两相流:首个长期、稳定微重力条件下圆管气液两相流型图和低重力条件下方管气液两相流型图,预测微重力气液两相弹状流-环状流转换的半理论Weber数模型,低重力条件下方管气液两相流摩擦压降数据及一个新的预测微重力气液两相泡状流压降的均相流模型等。\newline (2)池内沸腾:不同压力和过冷度条件下丝状表面和平板表面上的微重力池内沸腾传热曲线,临界热流(CHF)数据及其与重力相关的尺度关系,微重力池内沸腾现象中的气泡动力学行为及一个计入Marangoni效应的气泡脱落模型等。\newline (3)燃料电池微细通道气液两相流动:直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)内CO$_2$气泡生成与运动规律及其对燃料电池电性能的影响,H$_2$质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)内水滴的生成与两相流动的发展及其对燃料电池电性能的影响等。\newline 本文首先对上述成果予以详细评述,然后结合该领域国际发展现状与我国航天(尤其是载人航天)事业的发展需求,对我国微重力气液两相流动与传热研究近期的发展趋势予以探讨。

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Low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells directly fed by methanol and ethanol were investigated employing carbon supported Pt, PtSn and PtRu as anode catalysts, respectively. Employing Pt/C as anode catalyst, both direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) showed poor performances even in presence of high Pt loading on anode. It was found that the addition of Ru or Sn to the Pt dramatically enhances the electro-oxidation of both methanol and ethanol. It was also found that the single cell adopting PtRu/C as anode shows better DMFC performance, while PtSn/C catalyst shows better DEFC performance. The single fuel cell using PtSn/C as anode catalyst at 90degreesC shows similar power densities whenever fueled by methanol or ethanol. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and single fuel cell tests indicated that PtRu is more suitable for DMFC while PtSn is more suitable for DEFC. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported Pt (Pt/MWNT) nanocomposites were prepared by both the aqueous solution reduction of a Pt salt (HCHO reduction) and the reduction of a Pt ion salt in ethylene glycol solution. For comparison, a Pt/XC-72 nanocomposite was also prepared by the EG method. The Pt/MWNT catalyst prepared by the EG method has a high and homogeneous dispersion of spherical Pt metal particles with a narrow particle-size distribution. TEM images show that the Pt particle size is in the range of 2-5 nm with a peak at 2.6 nm, which is consistent with 2.5 nm obtained from the XRD broadening calculation. Surface chemical modifications of MWNTs and water content in EG solvent are found to be the key factors in depositing Pt particles on MWNTs. In the case of the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) test, the Pt/MWNT catalyst prepared by EG reduction is slightly superior to the catalyst prepared by aqueous reduction and displays significantly higher performance than the Pt/XC-72 catalyst. These differences in catalytic performance between the MWNT-supported or the carbon black XC-72-supported catalysts are attributed to a greater dispersion of the supported Pt particles when the EG method is used, in contrast to aqueous HCHO reduction and to possible unique structural and higher electrical properties when contrasting MWNTs to carbon black XC-72 as a support.

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This work reports on the design and performance evaluation of a miniature direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)integrated with an electro_osmotic(EO)pump for methanol delivery.Electro-osmotic pumps require minimal parasitic power while boasting no moving parts and simple fuel cell integration.Here ,aneletro-osmotic pump is realized from a commercially available porous glass frit.We characterize a custom-fabricated DMFC with a free convection cathode and coupled to an extennal electro-osmotic pump operated at applied potentials of 4.0,7.0,and 10V.Maximum gross power density of our free convection DMFC(operated at 50°)is 55 mW/cm2 using 4.0 mol/L concentration methanol solution supplied by the EO pump.Experimental results show that electro-osmotic pumps can deliver 2.0,4.0 and 8.0mol/L methanol/water mixtures to DMFCs while utilizing ~5.0% of the fuel cell power.Furthermore ,we discuss pertinent design considerations when using electro-osmotic pumps with DMFCs and areas of further study.

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The sulphonated phenol novolac (PNBS) which was used as a curing agent of epoxy was synthesised from phenol novolac (PN) and 1,4-butane sultone and confirmed by FTIR and H-1 NMR. The degree of sulphonation (DS) in PNBS was calculated by H-1 NMR. The semi-IPN membranes composed of sulphonated tetramethyl poly(ether ether ketone) (STMPEEK) (the value of ion exchange capacity is 2.01 meq g(-1)), epoxy (TMBP) and PNBS were successfully prepared. The semi-IPN membranes showed high thermal properties which were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) With the introduction of the corss-linked TMBP/PNBS, the mechanical properties, dimensional stability, methanol resistance and oxidative stability of the membranes were improve in comparison to the pristine STMPEEK membrane.