Seletividade dos herbicidas Bentazon e Nicosulfuron para Crotalaria juncea e Crotalaria spectabilis em consórcio com a cultura do milho

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

外源褪黑激素对野芥菜(Brassica juncea)生长的影响

褪黑激素（N-乙酰基-5-甲氧基色胺）是一种广泛存在于生物体内的吲哚类活性分子。本文以野芥菜（Brassica juncea）为例，初步研究了外源褪黑激素对植物生长生殖的影响。我们选取了发芽2天和发芽4天的野芥菜幼苗，用不同浓度的褪黑激素对其处理24小时，然后测量根的伸长量。结果表明，对于发芽2天的野芥菜，0.1 µM的外源褪黑激素能够显著提高野芥菜幼苗根的生长，而100 µM的外源褪黑激素处理则能够显著抑制根的生长;对于发芽4天的野芥菜，低浓度的外源褪黑激素处理对根生长的影响不明显，而高浓度的褪黑激素处理（如100 µM）能够显著抑制根的伸长。结果表明发芽晚期的野芥菜幼苗的根可能对褪黑激素的处理不敏感。由于褪黑激素对植物的生理作用类似于生长素的作用，因此选用了发芽2天的野芥菜幼苗为植物材料，用外源褪黑激素处理其根24小时后，通过间接酶联免疫吸附测定(ci-ELISA)的方法测定了内源吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量的变化。结果表明低浓度的褪黑激素处理时，内源IAA的含量增高，而在高浓度的褪黑激素处理时，内源IAA含量的变化不大。 关于褪黑激素对野芥菜生殖的影响，我们在花蕾期用褪黑激素涂抹野芥菜的花蕾，并在开花授粉后用褪黑激素涂抹柱头，然后在结实时测量果荚长度，种子千粒重，平均每荚种子数，发芽率等指标。结果表明：对于在花蕾期用褪黑激素处理的植株来说，褪黑激素处理对其的果荚长度，千粒重，平均每荚种子数都没有显著的影响。对于开花后用褪黑激素处理授粉后的柱头，1 µM的褪黑激素处理过的主枝具有较长的果荚长度，而褪黑激素处理对千粒重，平均每荚种子数，发芽率，发芽势和发芽指数均没有显著的影响。在花粉萌发实验中，外源褪黑激素的处理浓度和时间均对花粉萌发有一定的影响，表现为随时间的增加，花粉萌发数目增加，在4 h时，低浓度的褪黑激素处理（10 µM）下花粉的萌发较多。

Processo de compostagem a partir da mistura entre capim elefante e crotalária.

2011

Evaluación de daños del Yuyo esqueleto (Chondrilla juncea L.) sobre un cultivo de trigo

p.161-171

Efecto de la aplicación de ácidos orgánicos de bajo peso molecular en la Biodisponibilidad de Pb y Zn en un sistema usando Brassica juncea.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación en Procesos Sustentables) UANL, 2010.

Thermal and pressure stability of myrosinase enzymes from black mustard (Brassica nigra L. W.D.J Koch. var. nigra), brown mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. var. juncea) and yellow mustard (Sinapsis alba L. Subsp Maire) seeds

This study investigates the effects of temperature and pressure on inactivation of myrosinase extracted from black, brown and yellow mustard seeds. Brown mustard had higher myrosinase activity (2.75 un/mL) than black (1.50 un/mL) and yellow mustard (0.63 un/mL). The extent of enzyme inactivation increased with pressure (600-800 MPa) and temperature (30-70 °C) for all the mustard seeds. However, at combinations of lower pressures (200-400 MPa) and high temperatures (60-80 °C), there was less inactivation. For example, application of 300 MPa and 70 °C for 10 minutes retained 20%, 80% and 65% activity in yellow, black and brown mustard, respectively, whereas the corresponding activity retentions when applying only heat (70 °C, 10min) were 0%, 59% and 35%. Thus, application of moderate pressures (200-400 MPa) can potentially be used to retain myrosinase activity needed for subsequent glucosinolate hydrolysis.

Produção de biomassa e composição química de adubos verdes cultivados no Vale do Ribeira

The contribution of green manure to soil improvement and crop production depends primarily on biomass production and its chemical composition, which vary depending on the species, region and growing season. The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition of biomass produced by green manures in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. In order to develop this research, was carried an experiment in Pariquera-Acu, in 2006/2007, in completely randomized blocks design with four treatments (three green manure and spontaneous vegetation) and five replications. At 30, 60, 90 and 120 after sowing samples were collected in 1m(2) of the shoots and determined fresh and dry, and chemical composition biomass. Sunhemp, pigeon pea and mucuna produced, in decreasing order, the largest quantities of biomass and were more efficient than the spontaneous vegetation. The biomass produced by green manure had higher quality than that produced by spontaneous vegetation. Sunhemp and pigeon pea have a higher proportion of dry matter in stems which have low N, high C/N and L/N ratio, variables indicating slow decomposition of residues. The analysis of dry matter partitioned to better indication of the chemical composition of the residues and the prevision of the availability of nutrients in the soil.

Adubação nitrogenada para milho com o uso de plantas de cobertura e modos de aplicação de calcário

O sistema plantio direto (SPD) é uma realidade na região dos Cerrados, mas alguns questionamentos persistem nesse tipo de manejo como o modo de realização da calagem e a dose de nitrogênio (N) a ser adotada em cultura comercial, em relação às culturas precedentes. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar modos de aplicar o calcário na implantação do SPD e o efeito de culturas de cobertura precedentes sobre a necessidade de adubação nitrogenada da cultura do milho, durante diferentes anos agrícolas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (modos de aplicação do calcário x culturas de cobertura) e posterior divisão em três subparcelas, referentes às doses de N (0, 90 e 180 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados quatro modos de aplicação de calcário: incorporado a 0-0,2 m, em out./2001; dose total em superfície aplicada, em out./2001; aplicação de 1/2 da dose, em out./2001, e 1/2, em ago./2002, na superfície; e aplicação de 1/3 da dose recomendada, em mar./2001, + 1/3, em out./2001, e 1/3, em ago./2002, também em superfície. Além de um tratamento testemunha (sem calcário) e duas culturas de cobertura, crotalária e milheto. Os diferentes modos de calagem não alteraram a produtividade de grãos de milho. O cultivo de milho após crotalária apresentou melhor desempenho e menor demanda de adubação nitrogenada, quando comparado ao cultivado após milheto.

Consorciação e plantas daninhas afetando a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes de sorgo

This research aimed to study competition effects of legumes intercropping and weeds on seeds yield and quality of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Nitisol, under field condition in Botucatu region, São Paulo State, Brazil. Ten treatments were tested: sorghum (cv. A-6304) intercropped with Dolichos lablab L., Mucuna aterrima (Piper et Tracy) Holland, Canavalia ensiformis D. C. or Crotalaria juncea L., that were sown in the same time of sorghum or 20 days after the sorghum sowing, and sorghum weed-free and sorghum without weeding. The experimental design employed was the completely randomized blocks with four replications. There were evaluated sorghum seeds yield and some characteristcs of seed quality: purity, hectolitric weight, 1000 seeds weight, insect infestation, germination and vigor (by first counting of germination test and accelerated ageing test). The competition caused by legumes intercropping and weeds affected the yield and the physical and physiological characteristics of sorghum seeds, but the intensity of prejudicial effects depended on the time and the species of legume intercropping.

Physical quality of an Oxisol cultivated with maize submited to cover crops in the pre-cropping period

The intensive use of land alters the distribution of the pore size which imparts consequences on the soil physical quality. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) allows for the visualization of the effects of management systems upon either the improvement or the degradation of the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of a Red Latosol (Oxisol) submited to cover crops in the period prior to the maize crop in a no-tillage and conventional tillage system, using porosity, soil bulk density and the LLWR as attributes. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT) and a no-tillage system with the following cover crops: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) (NS), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) (NP) and lablab (Dolichos lablab L.) (NL). The experimental design was randomized blocks in subdivided plots with six replications, with the plots being constituted by the treatments and the subplots by the layers analyzed. The no-tillage systems showed higher total porosity and soil organic matter at the 0-0.5 m layer for the CT. The CT did not differ from the NL or NS in relation to macroporosity. The NP showed the greater porosity, while CT and NS presented lower soil bulk density. No <= 10 % airing porosity was found for the treatments evaluated, and value for water content where soil aeration is critical (theta(PA)) was found above estimated water content at field capacity (theta(FC)) for all densities. Critical soil bulk density was of 1.36 and 1.43 Mg m(-3) for NP and CT, respectively. The LLWR in the no-tillage systems was limited in the upper part by the theta(FC), and in the bottom part, by the water content from which soil resistance to penetration is limiting (theta(PR)). By means of LLWR it was observed that the soil presented good physical quality.