Predictive control of a current-source inverter for solar photovoltaic grid interface

Solar photovoltaic systems are an increasing option for electricity production, since they produce electrical energy from a clean renewable energy resource, and over the years, as a result of the research, their efficiency has been increasing. For the interface between the dc photovoltaic solar array and the ac electrical grid is necessary the use of an inverter (dc-ac converter), which should be optimized to extract the maximum power from the photovoltaic solar array. In this paper is presented a solution based on a current-source inverter (CSI) using continuous control set model predictive control (CCS-MPC). All the power circuits and respective control systems are described in detail along the paper and were tested and validated performing computer simulations. The paper shows the simulation results and are drawn several conclusions.

Determination and control of schistosomiasis

The subject of this conference reflects the scientific community's interest in seeking to understand the complex causal web whose various social, economic, and biological components interact in the production and reproduction of schistosomiasis and its control in relation to community participation. From the onset, the author stresses the impossibility of dealing separately with community participation, as if social components were just one more "weapon" in the arsenal for schistosomiasis control. This study begins with a brief historical review of the 71 years of control activities with this endemic disease, stressing the enormous efforts and huge expenditures in this field vis-à-vis the limited results, despite the extraordinary technological development of specific, classical control inputs such as new treatment drugs and molluscicides. The article then discusses the various strategies used in control programs, emphasizing ideological consistencies and contradictions. Interactions at the macro and micro levels are discussed, as are the determinants and risk factors involved in producing the disease's endemicity. Unequal occupation of space leaves the segregated portion of the population exposed to extremely favorable conditions for transmission of the disease. This raises the issue of how to control an endemic disease which is so closely linked to the way of life imposed on the population. The study challenges the classical control model and suggests an alternative model now undergoing medium-term investigation in the States of Espirito Santo, and Pernambuco, Brazil. The author concludes that we do not need new strategies, but a new control model, contrary to the prevailing classical model in both concept and practice. From the conceptual point of view, the new model mentioned above is different from others in that schistosomiasis control is seen from a social perspective stressing the population's accumulated knowledge in addition to the building of shared knowledge. The model's praxis has the following characteristics: (1) it is integrated with and financed by research agencies and health services; (2) it operates at the local health services level; (3) use of molluscicides has been eliminated; (4) emphasis is given to individual medical treatment and improvement of sanitary conditions.

Design and implementation of FPGA-based LQ control of active magnetic bearings

The need for high performance, high precision, and energy saving in rotating machinery demands an alternative solution to traditional bearings. Because of the contactless operation principle, the rotating machines employing active magnetic bearings (AMBs) provide many advantages over the traditional ones. The advantages such as contamination-free operation, low maintenance costs, high rotational speeds, low parasitic losses, programmable stiffness and damping, and vibration insulation come at expense of high cost, and complex technical solution. All these properties make the use of AMBs appropriate primarily for specific and highly demanding applications. High performance and high precision control requires model-based control methods and accurate models of the flexible rotor. In turn, complex models lead to high-order controllers and feature considerable computational burden. Fortunately, in the last few years the advancements in signal processing devices provide new perspective on the real-time control of AMBs. The design and the real-time digital implementation of the high-order LQ controllers, which focus on fast execution times, are the subjects of this work. In particular, the control design and implementation in the field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits are investigated. The optimal design is guided by the physical constraints of the system for selecting the optimal weighting matrices. The plant model is complemented by augmenting appropriate disturbance models. The compensation of the force-field nonlinearities is proposed for decreasing the uncertainty of the actuator. A disturbance-observer-based unbalance compensation for canceling the magnetic force vibrations or vibrations in the measured positions is presented. The theoretical studies are verified by the practical experiments utilizing a custom-built laboratory test rig. The test rig uses a prototyping control platform developed in the scope of this work. To sum up, the work makes a step in the direction of an embedded single-chip FPGA-based controller of AMBs.

Linguistic models for decision support

Linguistic modelling is a rather new branch of mathematics that is still undergoing rapid development. It is closely related to fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic, but knowledge and experience from other fields of mathematics, as well as other fields of science including linguistics and behavioral sciences, is also necessary to build appropriate mathematical models. This topic has received considerable attention as it provides tools for mathematical representation of the most common means of human communication - natural language. Adding a natural language level to mathematical models can provide an interface between the mathematical representation of the modelled system and the user of the model - one that is sufficiently easy to use and understand, but yet conveys all the information necessary to avoid misinterpretations. It is, however, not a trivial task and the link between the linguistic and computational level of such models has to be established and maintained properly during the whole modelling process. In this thesis, we focus on the relationship between the linguistic and the mathematical level of decision support models. We discuss several important issues concerning the mathematical representation of meaning of linguistic expressions, their transformation into the language of mathematics and the retranslation of mathematical outputs back into natural language. In the first part of the thesis, our view of the linguistic modelling for decision support is presented and the main guidelines for building linguistic models for real-life decision support that are the basis of our modeling methodology are outlined. From the theoretical point of view, the issues of representation of meaning of linguistic terms, computations with these representations and the retranslation process back into the linguistic level (linguistic approximation) are studied in this part of the thesis. We focus on the reasonability of operations with the meanings of linguistic terms, the correspondence of the linguistic and mathematical level of the models and on proper presentation of appropriate outputs. We also discuss several issues concerning the ethical aspects of decision support - particularly the loss of meaning due to the transformation of mathematical outputs into natural language and the issue or responsibility for the final decisions. In the second part several case studies of real-life problems are presented. These provide background and necessary context and motivation for the mathematical results and models presented in this part. A linguistic decision support model for disaster management is presented here – formulated as a fuzzy linear programming problem and a heuristic solution to it is proposed. Uncertainty of outputs, expert knowledge concerning disaster response practice and the necessity of obtaining outputs that are easy to interpret (and available in very short time) are reflected in the design of the model. Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is considered in two case studies - first in the context of the evaluation of works of art, where a weak consistency condition is introduced and an adaptation of AHP for large matrices of preference intensities is presented. The second AHP case-study deals with the fuzzified version of AHP and its use for evaluation purposes – particularly the integration of peer-review into the evaluation of R&D outputs is considered. In the context of HR management, we present a fuzzy rule based evaluation model (academic faculty evaluation is considered) constructed to provide outputs that do not require linguistic approximation and are easily transformed into graphical information. This is achieved by designing a specific form of fuzzy inference. Finally the last case study is from the area of humanities - psychological diagnostics is considered and a linguistic fuzzy model for the interpretation of outputs of multidimensional questionnaires is suggested. The issue of the quality of data in mathematical classification models is also studied here. A modification of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) method is presented to reflect variable quality of data instances in the validation set during classifier performance assessment. Twelve publications on which the author participated are appended as a third part of this thesis. These summarize the mathematical results and provide a closer insight into the issues of the practicalapplications that are considered in the second part of the thesis.

L’influence d’un contexte virtuel sur les processus de contrôle en ligne des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle

L’objectif principal de la présente thèse était de déterminer les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer l’efficacité des processus de contrôle en ligne des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle. De nos jours, les mouvements d’atteinte manuelle réalisés dans un environnement virtuel (déplacer une souris d’ordinateur pour contrôler un curseur à l’écran, par exemple) sont devenus chose commune. Par comparaison aux mouvements réalisés en contexte naturel (appuyer sur le bouton de mise en marche de l’ordinateur), ceux réalisés en contexte virtuel imposent au système nerveux central des contraintes importantes parce que l’information visuelle et proprioceptive définissant la position de l’effecteur n’est pas parfaitement congruente. Par conséquent, la présente thèse s’articule autour des effets d’un contexte virtuel sur le contrôle des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle. Dans notre premier article, nous avons tenté de déterminer si des facteurs tels que (a) la quantité de pratique, (b) l’orientation du montage virtuel (aligné vs. non-aligné) ou encore (c) l’alternance d’un essai réalisé avec et sans la vision de l’effecteur pouvaient augmenter l’efficacité des processus de contrôle en ligne de mouvement réalisés en contexte virtuel. Ces facteurs n’ont pas influencé l’efficacité des processus de contrôle de mouvements réalisés en contexte virtuel, suggérant qu’il est difficile d’optimiser le contrôle des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle lorsque ceux-ci sont réalisés dans un contexte virtuel. L’un des résultats les plus surprenants de cette étude est que nous n’avons pas rapporté d’effet concernant l’orientation de l’écran sur la performance des participants, ce qui était en contradiction avec la littérature existante sur ce sujet. L’article 2 avait pour but de pousser plus en avant notre compréhension du contrôle du mouvement réalisé en contexte virtuel et naturel. Dans le deuxième article, nous avons mis en évidence les effets néfastes d’un contexte virtuel sur le contrôle en ligne des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle. Plus précisément, nous avons observé que l’utilisation d’un montage non-aligné (écran vertical/mouvement sur un plan horizontal) pour présenter l’information visuelle résultait en une importante diminution de la performance comparativement à un montage virtuel aligné et un montage naturel. Nous avons aussi observé une diminution de la performance lorsque les mouvements étaient réalisés dans un contexte virtuel aligné comparativement à un contexte naturel. La diminution de la performance notée dans les deux conditions virtuelles s’expliquait largement par une réduction de l’efficacité des processus de contrôle en ligne. Nous avons donc suggéré que l’utilisation d’une représentation virtuelle de la main introduisait de l’incertitude relative à sa position dans l’espace. Dans l’article 3, nous avons donc voulu déterminer l’origine de cette incertitude. Dans ce troisième article, deux hypothèses étaient à l’étude. La première suggérait que l’augmentation de l’incertitude rapportée dans le contexte virtuel de la précédente étude était due à une perte d’information visuelle relative à la configuration du bras. La seconde suggérait plutôt que l’incertitude provenait de l’information visuelle et proprioceptive qui n’est pas parfaitement congruente dans un contexte virtuel comparativement à un contexte naturel (le curseur n’est pas directement aligné avec le bout du doigt, par exemple). Les données n’ont pas supporté notre première hypothèse. Plutôt, il semble que l’incertitude soit causée par la dissociation de l’information visuelle et proprioceptive. Nous avons aussi démontré que l’information relative à la position de la main disponible sur la base de départ influence largement les processus de contrôle en ligne, même lorsque la vision de l’effecteur est disponible durant le mouvement. Ce résultat suggère que des boucles de feedback interne utilisent cette information afin de moduler le mouvement en cours d’exécution.

Exploration de la dynamique entre les demandes, ressources au travail et la santé psychologique au travail.

Plusieurs interventions visant à améliorer la santé psychologique au travail reposent sur une conceptualisation pathogénique où celle-ci est représentée par une absence d’états psychologiques négatifs (Randall & Nielsen, 2010). Or, elle représenterait à la fois l’absence d’états négatifs de détresse psychologique au travail et la présence d’états positifs de bien-être psychologique au travail (Gilbert, Dagenais-Desmarais, & Savoie, 2011). Ceci suggère qu’afin de maximiser l’impact des interventions, il serait pertinent d’indiquer aux intervenants des leviers pouvant influencer les volets positifs et négatifs de la santé psychologique au travail. Parmi ces leviers, Gilbert (2009) a identifié les demandes et les ressources au travail. Cependant, les modèles théoriques traitant de l’impact de demandes et de ressources sur des états positifs et négatifs tendent à traiter de ces effets de manière indépendante et aucun ne formule de propositions concernant l’impact potentiel de ces leviers sur un état complet et unifié de santé psychologique au travail (e.g., Job Demand-Control(-Support) de Karasek & Theorell, 1990; Job Demands-Resources de Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). En considérant l’aspect interrelié et distinct de la facette positive et négative de la santé psychologique au travail, la présente thèse vise donc à explorer la dynamique entre les demandes, les ressources et un état complet et unifié de santé psychologique au travail. Pour ce faire, un article théorique et un article empirique sont présentés. L’article théorique intègre différentes théories afin d’apporter un éclairage sur l’incidence des demandes et ressources au travail sur un état complet et unifié de santé psychologique au travail, et d’expliquer simultanément l’influence de ces aspects du travail sur les facettes de bien-être et de détresse au travail. Il avance ainsi que, telles que définies par le modèle Job Demand-Resources (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007), les demandes tendraient a davantage représenter des menaces que des défis et auraient alors des effets néfastes sur un état complet de santé psychologique au travail et ses facettes positifs et négatifs. D’autre part, il est suggéré que lorsque les demandes sont élevées, avoir suffisamment de ressources pour se sentir capable de répondre avec succès aux demandes pourrait amener celles-ci à moins représenter des menaces et davantage représenter des défis. Comparativement à une situation où les ressources sont insuffisantes, cette première situation accroîtrait un état complet de santé psychologique au travail, de même que l’intensité de son volet positif, tandis que l’intensité de son volet négatif serait amoindrie. Enfin, il est suggéré que les ressources au travail faciliteraient la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux, ce qui aurait un effet bénéfique sur un état complet de santé psychologique au travail, de même que sur ses facettes. Pour sa part, l’article empirique vise à explorer empiriquement la dynamique entre les demandes, ressources et un état unifié et complet de santé psychologique au travail. Pour ce faire, deux études utilisant des modélisations par équations structurelles sont effectuées. La première utilise un devis transversal et deux échantillons de 302 et 384 enseignants. Elle montre que les demandes et ressources au travail ont une incidence directe respectivement nocive et bénéfique sur la santé psychologique au travail. Cependant, contrairement à ce qui était attendu, les ressources au travail n’auraient pas d’effet modérateur. Ces résultats sont similaires d’un échantillon à l’autre. La seconde étude utilise un devis longitudinal, deux temps de mesure avec une année d’intervalle et un échantillon de 158 enseignants. Suite à une comparaison des relations de causalité normale, inverse et réciproque; elle démontre que la causalité normale serait le type de relation qui expliquerait le mieux les données. Ce constat vient donc renforcer les résultats de l’étude précédente et suggère qu’une diminution des demandes et une augmentation des ressources s’accompagneraient d’une augmentation de la santé psychologique au travail. En explorant théoriquement et empiriquement la dynamique entre les demandes, les ressources et la santé psychologique au travail, la présente thèse offre des bases théoriques novatrices et des bases empiriques solides pour les recherches traitant de demandes et de ressources au travail qui désire étudier un état complet et unifié de santé psychologique au travail, et considérer l’aspect distinct et interdépendant de ses facettes positives et négatives. En pratique, une telle approche permettrait aux décideurs de plus facilement identifier les leviers sur lesquels il importe d’investir pour maximiser la santé psychologique, car cette dernière serait représentée par un critère unique plutôt que plusieurs critères séparés (Mihalopoulos, Carter, Pirkis, & Vos, 2013).

Cost-benefit analysis model of badger (Meles meles) culling to reduce cattle herd tuberculosis breakdowns in Britain, with particular reference to badger perturbation

Bovine tuberculosis (TB)is an important economic disease. Badgers (Meles meles) are the wildlife source implicated in many cattle outbreaks of TB in Britain, and extensive badger control is a controversial option to reduce the disease. A badger and cattle population model was developed, simulating TB epidemiology; badger ecology, including postcull social perturbation; and TB-related farm management. An economic cost-benefit module was integrated into the model to assess whether badger control offers economic benefits. Model results strongly indicate that although, if perturbation were restricted, extensive badger culling could reduce rates in cattle, overall an economic loss would be more likely than a benefit. Perturbation of the badger population was a key factor determining success or failure of control. The model highlighted some important knowledge gaps regarding both the spatial and temporal characteristics of perturbation that warrant further research.

Brainstem oxytocinergic modulation of heart rate control in rats: effects of hypertension and exercise training

Oxytocinergic brainstem projections participate in the autonomic control of the circulation. We investigated the effects of hypertension and training on cardiovascular parameters after oxytocin (OT) receptor blockade within the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and NTS OT and OT receptor expression. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were trained (55% of maximal exercise capacity) or kept sedentary for 3 months and chronically instrumented (NTS and arterial cannulae). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest and during an acute bout of exercise after NTS pretreatment with vehicle or OT antagonist (20 pmol of OT antagonist (200 nl of vehicle)-1). Oxytocin and OT receptor were quantified (35S-oligonucleotide probes, in situ hybridization) in other groups of rats. The SHR exhibited high MAP and HR (P < 0.05). Exercise training improved treadmill performance and reduced basal HR (on average -11%) in both groups, but did not change basal MAP. Blockade of NTS OT receptor increased exercise tachycardia only in trained groups, with a larger effect on trained WKY rats (+31 +/- 9 versus +12 +/- 3 beats min-1 in the trained SHR). Hypertension specifically reduced NTS OT receptor mRNA density (-46% versus sedentary WKY rats, P < 0.05); training did not change OT receptor density, but significantly increased OT mRNA expression (+2.5-fold in trained WKY rats and +15% in trained SHR). Concurrent hypertension- and training-induced plastic (peptide/receptor changes) and functional adjustments (HR changes) of oxytocinergic control support both the elevated basal HR in the SHR group and the slowing of the heart rate (rest and exercise) observed in trained WKY rats and SHR.

Condições de trabalho e transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores da rede básica de saúde de Botucatu (SP)

Os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) apresentam elevada prevalência em populações gerais e de trabalhadores, com consequências individuais e sociais importantes. Este estudo, transversal e descritivo, explora a relação entre demandas psicológicas, grau de controle e presença de suporte social no trabalho e prevalência de TMC em trabalhadores da rede básica de saúde de Botucatu (SP). A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionário autoaplicável, não identificado, com destaque para itens relativos à demanda-controle-suporte e presença de TMC (Self Reporting Questionnaire, SRQ-20). As informações foram inseridas em banco de dados construído com Excel/Office XP 2003 e a análise estatística, efetuada com o programa SAS. Constatou-se que 42,6% dos trabalhadores apresentavam TMC. A observação de associação - alta prevalência de TMC com elevado desgaste (classificação de Karasek) e baixa prevalência de TMC com baixo desgaste - indica que, no município estudado, as condições de trabalho na atenção básica constituem fator contributivo não negligenciável ao adoecimento dos trabalhadores. Revela-se a necessidade de intervenções direcionadas ao cuidado aos trabalhadores, melhoria das condições de trabalho e aumento do suporte social no trabalho.

Optimal control strategy for fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass based on epidemic modeling

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Assessment of University External Internships. Towards a Mixed Model for Measuring the Acquisition of Skills and the Satisfaction of Parties Involved

The continuous improvement of management and assessment processes for curricular external internships has led a group of university teachers specialised in this area to develop a mixed model of measurement that combines the verification of skill acquisition by those students choosing external internships with the satisfaction of the parties involved in that process. They included academics, educational tutors of companies and organisations and administration and services personnel in the latter category. The experience, developed within University of Alicante, has been carried out in the degrees of Business Administration and Management, Business Studies, Economics, Advertising and Public Relations, Sociology and Social Work, all part of the Faculty of Economics and Business. By designing and managing closed standardised interviews and other research tools, validated outside the centre, a system of continuous improvement and quality assurance has been created, clearly contributing to the gradual increase in the number of students with internships in this Faculty, as well as to the improvement in satisfaction, efficiency and efficacy indicators at a global level. As this experience of educational innovation has shown, the acquisition of curricular knowledge, skills, abilities and competences by the students is directly correlated with the satisfaction of those parties involved in a process that takes the student beyond the physical borders of a university campus. Ensuring the latter is a task made easier by the implementation of a mixed assessment method, combining continuous and final assessment, and characterised by its rigorousness and simple management. This report presents that model, subject in turn to a persistent and continuous control, a model all parties involved in the external internships are taking part of. Its short-term results imply an increase, estimated at 15% for the last course, in the number of students choosing curricular internships and, for the medium and long-term, a major interweaving between the academic world and its social and productive environment, both in the business and institutional areas. The potentiality of this assessment model does not lie only in the quality of its measurement tools, but also in the effects from its use in the various groups and in the actions that are carried out as a result of its implementation and which, without any doubt and as it is shown below, are the real guarantee of a continuous improvement.

Intra-abdominal pressure response to multidirectional support-surface translation

A complex response of the trunk muscles occurs to restore equilibrium in response to movement of the support surface. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is considered to contribute to control of the trunk. This study investigated the contribution of IAP to the postural response to multidirection support-surface translation. IAP was recorded with a thin-film pressure transducer inserted via the nose into the stomach and trunk motion was recorded with an optoelectronic system with markers over the spinous process of L1. A pattern of trunk movement was recorded in response to the support-surface translations that was consistent with a 'hip' strategy of postural control. The trunk moved in a manner appropriate to move the centre of gravity over the new base of support. IAP was increased with movement in each direction, but varied in timing and amplitude between translation directions. In general, the IAP was greater with translations in the sagittal plane compared to the frontal plane and was initiated earlier for translations in the backward direction. These data indicate that IAP contributes to the postural response associated with support-surface translation and suggest that this is consistent with stiffening the spine. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of heat-treated porous carbons using argon adsorption

The microstructural variation of Norit RI Extra activated carbon, progressively heated at 1373 K, was explored in terms of pore size and pore wall thickness distributions, for various periods of heating time, determined by argon adsorption at 87 K, both using an infinite as well as and finite wall thickness model. The latter approach has recently been developed in our laboratory and has been applied to several virgin carbons. The current results show significant variations in small pore size regions (< 7 angstrom) in association with strong growth of thick walls having at least three carbon sheets, as a result of heat treatment. In particular, shrinkage of the smallest pores due to strong interaction between their opposite walls as well as smoothening of carbon wall surfaces due to an increase in graphitization degree under thermal treatment have been found. Further, the results of pore wall thickness distribution are well corroborated by X-ray diffraction. The results of pore size and pore wall thickness distributions are also shown to be consistent with transmission electron microscopy analyses. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Model of Unreliable Elements (Human Resources) Intellectual Management System on the Basis of Their Psychological and Personal Characteristics

The Article suggests a possible approach to creation of the Intellectual Management System for human resources and personnel (during their professional tasks solving), and that could consider personal characteristics and psychological condition of the human resources as an “unreliable” element. The Article describes some elements of the Intellectual Management System: professional activity model and “unreliable” element (human resources) model.

Logical Models of Composite Dynamic Objects Control

The questions of designing multicriteria control systems on the basis of logic models of composite dynamic objects are considered.