La importancia estratégica de los Altos del Golán en el conflicto Sirio-israelí y su incidencia en la comunidad Drusa Siria (1967-1981)

El presente estudio de caso es un análisis sobre el conflicto entre Siria e Israel a partir de la disputa por los Altos del Golán, luego de la ocupación por parte de Israel al finalizar la Guerra de los Seis Días. A diferencia de la mayoría de los trabajos que se realizan sobre Medio Oriente, este trabajo busca diferenciarse de los estudios sobre el conflicto árabe-israelí, enfocándose en el conflicto sirio-israelí. Adicionalmente, se trata un tema poco común como son las implicaciones que este conflicto ha tenido sobre la comunidad drusa siria, población que quedó en medio de las disputas por los Altos del Golán. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se hará un análisis a partir del Interés Nacional que motiva tanto a Siria como a Israel y a la comunidad drusa que ahí habita a seguir en la disputas por este territorio, que gracias a sus características geográficas representa un punto estratégico en la región.

La incidencia de las políticas de seguridad implementadas por el estado de Israel en el proceso de radicalización de la sociedad palestina de la Franja de Gaza

El presente trabajo busca analizar el proceso de radicalización de la sociedad palestina de la Franja de Gaza con el objetivo de responder a la pregunta, ¿de qué manera las políticas de seguridad implementadas por el Estado de Israel han influenciado dicho proceso? Para esto, en la primera parte se caracterizarán las diferentes políticas de seguridad implementadas por el Estado de Israel en dicho territorio, en la segunda parte se caracterizará el proceso de radicalización de la sociedad palestina de la Franja de Gaza. El objetivo de dicha caracterización es analizar, a través de la teoría de Relaciones Internacionales, denominada como Constructivismo, el fenómeno de la radicalización con el fin de estar en capacidad de afirmar o refutar que las políticas de seguridad impuestas por Israel en la Franja de Gaza tienen incidencia en la generación del fenómeno de la radicalización.

Israel y Palestina : un conflicto, dos miradas.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

SUBVERSÃO E SUBMISSÃO EM HABAKKUK: A conversão do profeta ou duas teologias em conflito?

O livro de Habakkuk retrata um conflito entre a fé do profeta e sua realidade histórica. Enquanto sua teologia descreve YHWH, seu Deus, como alguém que vê a opressão, ouve o clamor do oprimido e o liberta da opressão, a realidade de seus dias era de opressão e clamor por socorro divino, mas YHWH não estava ouvindo o clamor, estava vendo a opressão, mas não está salvando o oprimido. O profeta não consegue entender o que está acontecendo. Finalmente, YHWH lhe responde, mas para anunciar o envio do império neobabilônico para punir os opressores que, a princípio, são pessoas dentre o próprio povo do profeta, ou seja, a elite governante judaíta dos dias do rei Joaquim entre 608 e 598 a.C. O conflito do profeta aumenta, pois, com esta medida, YHWH apenas mudará a opressão de mãos. O profeta insiste em seu clamor por uma intervenção de YHWH que resolva a questão da opressão tanto interna quanto externa. Então a resposta vem. YHWH determinou um dia quando vai ajustar contas com todo tipo de ímpio, seja interno, seja externo. YHWH vai fazer com que suas impiedades se voltem sobre suas próprias cabeças. Esta resposta põe fim ao conflito do profeta. Finalmente, o Deus que vê a opressão, que ouve o clamor do oprimido e age para liberta-lo, está novamente ativo em favor do seu povo. O livro revela que a teologia que move as queixas do profeta endereçadas a YHWH por causa do conflito entre sua fé e sua realidade histórica, é a teologia do Êxodo. O Êxodo é a experiência fundante da fé israelita. Assim, desde o princípio, Israel conheceu YHWH como aquele que ouve o clamor do oprimido, vê sua opressão e age para liberta-lo de seus opressores. Quando a opressão está reinando e YHWH não está agindo e, pior, quando o povo clama por ajuda e YHWH não ouve, se instala o conflito entre a fé e a realidade histórica conforme experimentada pelo profeta Habakkuk. O livro termina com um salmo que celebra o agir poderoso de YHWH que livra o seu povo e luta contra o ímpio. No fim o justo sabe que o seu Deus libertador está ativo e não o abandonou. Por isso, não deve desistir. Deve sim, continuar lutando contra toda sorte de opressão apoiando sua fé incondicional em YHWH e submetendo-se a ele mesmo quando não consegue entender seu modo de agir.

La Corte Penal Internacional: un estudio de su competencia sobre los crímenes cometidos contra el pueblo Palestino

36 p.

El papel de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas respecto al Conflicto Territorial Israel – Palestina y la posición de la administración presidencial de Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena, periodo 2010-2014

La evolución histórica y el antecedente que dio origen al pronunciamiento de dos estados, conforme a la participación del territorio Palestino – Causas del porque el estado de Israel ha incumplido las resoluciones emitidas por el consejo de seguridad de las Naciones Unidas mediante las cuales se ha dictado un fin al conflicto territorial Israel-Palestina – La política exterior de El Salvador ante el conflicto Israel-Palestina.

Innovative cartography standards for Web-GIS portals : case study of the 'Survey of Israel's' Web-GIS Portal

Maps have been published on the world wide web since its inception (Cartwright, 1999) and are still accessed and viewed by millions of users today (Peterson, 2003). While early webbased GIS products lacked a complete set of cartographic capabilities, the functionality within such systems has significantly increased over recent years. Functionalities once found only in desktop GIS products are now available in web-based GIS applications, for example, data entry, basic editing, and analysis. Applications based on web-GIS are becoming more widespread and the web-based GIS environment is replacing the traditional desktop GIS platforms in many organizations. Therefore, development of a new cartographic method for web-based GIS is vital. The broad aim of this project is to examine and discuss the challenges and opportunities of innovative cartography methods for web-based GIS platforms. The work introduces a recently developed cartographic methodology, which is based on a web-based GIS portal by the Survey of Israel (SOI). The work discusses the prospects and constraints of such methods in improving web-GIS interfaces and usability for the end user. The work also tables the preliminary findings of the initial implementation of the web-based GIS cartographic method within the portal of the Survey of Israel, as well as the applicability of those methods elsewhere.

Israel's airstrike on Syria's Al-Kibar facility : a test case for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence?

This article analyses the legality of Israel’s 2007 airstrike on an alleged Syrian nuclear facility at Al-Kibar—an incident that has been largely overlooked by international lawyers to date. The absence of a threat of imminent attack from Syria means Israel’s military action was not a lawful exercise of anticipatory self-defence. Yet, despite Israel’s clear violation of the prohibition on the use of force there was remarkably little condemnation from other states, suggesting the possibility of growing international support for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence. This article argues that the muted international reaction to Israel’s pre-emptive action was the result of political factors, and should not be seen as endorsement of the legality of the airstrike. As such, a lack of opinio juris means the Al-Kibar episode cannot be viewed as extending the scope of the customary international law right of self-defence so as to permit the use of force against non-imminent threats. However, two features of this incident—namely, Israel’s failure to offer any legal justification for its airstrike, and the international community’s apparent lack of concern over legality—are also evident in other recent uses of force in the ‘war on terror’ context. These developments may indicate a shift in state practice involving a downgrading of the role of international law in discussions of the use of force. This may signal a declining perception of the legitimacy of the jus ad bellum, at least in cases involving minor uses of force.

Incidence trends of keratinocytic skin cancers and melanoma in Israel 2006-2011

BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer, both melanoma and keratinocyte cancers (KC) is rising throughout the world, specifically squamous cell carcinomas(SCC) and basal cell carcinoma(BCC), being the most common of all cancers. OBJECTIVE To determine trends in incidence of Melanoma, BCC and SCC among 1.7 million members of Maccabi Healthcare Services from 2006 to 2011. METHODS Data on newly diagnosed Melanoma, SCC and BCC cases was collected from the MHS Cancer Registry and based on histology reports from the centralized pathology lab. Age-specific and overall age-adjusted European standardized rates were computed. Trends were estimated by calculating Average Annual Percentage Change(AAPC). RESULTS During the six year study period, a total of 16,079 subjects were diagnosed with at least one BCC, 4,767 with SCC and 1,264 with invasive melanoma. Age-standardized incidence rates were 188, 58 and 17 per 100,000 person years for BCC, SCC and melanoma, respectively. All lesions were more common among males and primarily affected the elderly. BCC rates were stable throughout the study period(AAPC -0.7%, 95%CI -4.5% to 3.2%) while SCC incidence increased significantly(AAPC 15.5%, 95%CI: 2.6% to 30.0%). In contrast, melanoma rates continuously decreased with a significant AAPC of -3.0%, 95%CI (-4.5 to -0.1). CONCLUSIONS Previously unreported, the incidence of KC in Israel is high. The disparities in incidence trends between SCC, BCC and melanoma allude to their different etiologies. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring, education and prevention programs in a growing high risk population.

Scheffleriläinen rationaalisuus ja kasvatustodellisuuden monikerroksisuus : Jännitteitä ja ratkaisuja Israel Schefflerin kasvatusfilosofiassa

The study is a philosophical analysis of Israel Scheffler’s philosophy of education, focusing on three crucial conceptions in his philosophy: the conception of rationality, the conception of human nature, and the conception of reality. The interrelations of these three concepts as well as their relations to educational theorizing are analysed and elaborated. A conceptual problem concerning Scheffler’s ideal of rationality derives from Scheffler’s supposition of the strong analogy between science education and moral education in terms of the ideal of rationality. This analogy is argued to be conceptually problematic, since the interconnections of rationality, objectivity, and truth, appear to differ from each other in the realms of ethics and science, given the presuppositions of ontological realism and ethical naturalism, to which Scheffler explicitly subscribes. This study considers two philosophical alternatives for solving this problem. The first alternative relates the analogy to the normative concept of personhood deriving from the teleological understanding of human nature. Nevertheless, this position turns out to be problematic for Scheffler, since he rejects all teleological thinking in his philosophy. The problem can be solved, as it is argued, by limiting Scheffler’s rejection of teleology – in light of his philosophical outlook on the whole – in a manner that allows a modest version of a teleological conception of human nature. The second alternative, based especially on Scheffler’s later contributions, is to suggest that reality is actually more complex and manifold than it appears to be in light of a contemporary naturalist worldview. This idea of plurealism – Scheffler’s synthesis of pluralism and realism – is represented especially in Scheffler’s contributions related to his debate with Nelson Goodman dealing with both constructivism and realism. The idea of plurealism is not only related to the ethics-science-distinction, but is more widely related to the relationship between ontological realism and the incommensurable systems of description in diverse realms of human understanding. The Scheffler-Goodman debate is also analysed in relation to the contemporary constructivism-realism debate in educational philosophy. In terms of educational questions, Scheffler’s plurealism is argued as offering a fruitful perspective. Scheffler’s philosophy of education can be interpreted as searching for solutions to the problems deriving from the tension between the tradition of analytical philosophy and the complexity and multiplicity of educational reality. The complexity of reality combined with the supposition of the limitedness of human knowledge does not lead Scheffler to relativism or particularism, but, in contrast, Schefflerian formulations of rationality and objectivity preserve the possibility for critical inquiry in all realms of educational reality. In light of this study, Scheffler’s philosophy of education provides an exceptional example of combining ontological realism, epistemological fallibilism, and the defence of the ideal of rationality, combined with a wide-ranging understanding of educational reality.

Portrait of Albert Meyerhof called "Nuck"; Israel.

Photo taken in Israel.

Portrait of Hillel Meyerhof; Israel.

Hillel (Herbert) Meyerhof, born 1912

Portrait of Israel Meyerhof.

Digital Image

Painted portrait of Hirsch (Zwiven Israel) Oppenheimer with his wife Johanna (Chana bat Schmuel) nee Enoch. Portraits Couples

Digital Image