Avaliação de um efluente industrial através de ensaios ecotoxicilógicos e análises físicas e químicas

Análises ecotoxicológicas vêm sendo empregadas no monitoramento de efluentes industriais com o intuito de minimizar o impacto ambiental, avaliar a eficiência de estações de tratamento, bem como requisito para a obtenção e manutenção de licenças junto aos órgãos ambientais. Com o objetivo de avaliar a toxicidade de um efluente industrial de origem petroquímica, foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade crônica com espécies de três diferentes níveis tróficos (Selenastrum capricornutum, Ceriodaphnia dubia e Pimephales promelas). As amostras do efluente foram também analisadas quanto aos valores de cianeto, DBO5, DQO, fenol, fósforo solúvel, fósforo total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrogênio total, óleos e graxas minerais, óleos e graxas totais, óleos e graxas vegetal/animal, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, sólidos suspensos totais, sulfeto, surfactantes e metais (mercúrio, cádmio, cobre, cromo, manganês, chumbo, zinco e níquel). As coletas ocorreram mensalmente, de agosto de 2002 a julho de 2003, na saída da estação de tratamento. Os resultados das análises físicas e químicas foram comparados com os limites de emissão disponíveis na Resolução nº 20/86 do CONAMA e Portaria Estadual nº 05/89 da Secretaria da Saúde e do Meio Ambiente (RS) A maioria dos parâmetros (85,7%) estava de acordo com a legislação vigente, exceto o fósforo total, o nitrogênio total e o nitrogênio amoniacal. No entanto, todas as amostras apresentaram toxicidade para pelo menos um dos organismos utilizados nos ensaios. Apesar de um maior número de amostras ter apresentado toxicidade para S. capricornutum, o efluente foi tóxico para P. promelas em concentrações mais baixas, se comparado com os outros dois organismos. Foi possível identificar correlação estatisticamente significativa (p≤0,05) entre a toxicidade para S. capricornutum e os valores de manganês (r=0,44), toxicidade para C. dubia e os valores de nitrogênio total e DQO (r=0,40) e toxicidade para P.promelas e os valores de sólidos suspensos totais, sulfeto, nitrogênio total e cianeto (r=0,71).

A competência administrativa para o licenciamento ambiental na Lei Complementar nº 140/2011

O objetivo deste Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso é analisar as mudanças que Lei Complementar nº 140 de 2011 produziu na competência administrativa para licenciar. Analisei a definição da competência administrativa e o seu impacto na competência jurisdicional, incluindo uma análise da insegurança jurídica para os empreendedores durante a vigência da Resolução CONAMA nº 237/97, anterior à Lei Complementar nº 140. Para tanto, realizei pesquisa jurisprudencial sobre a constitucionalidade das disposições da referida Resolução, além de uma pesquisa jurisprudencial específica na tentativa de identificar o critério mais utilizado pelos Tribunais para identificação do órgão ambiental competente para licenciar. Explicitei as principais disposições da Lei Complementar, e finalizei o Trabalho com uma breve análise do que é possível esperar a partir de agora.

Emprego de uma metodologia multicritério na avaliação do estudo de impacto ambiental de hidrelétricas

Esta pesquisa parte da constatação expressa na literatura analisada de que os métodos e técnicas utilizados na elaboração do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental - EIA de empreendimentos hidrelétricos têm se mostrado inadequados para apoiar o complexo processo de tomada de decisão, tanto no âmbito das empresas de consultoria, que elaboram o Estudo, como no dos órgãos ambientais, que analisam o EIA. Para investigar e confirmar esta questão, foram analisados a legislação vigente, Termos de Referência para a elaboração de EIAs e nove EIAs de hidrelétricas. Dentre eles, foram selecionados dois para estudo de caso. Constatou-se que são necessários três processos de avaliação na elaboração do EIA: dos impactos, das medidas mitigadoras e dos programas. Na avaliação de impactos, a técnica mais utilizada é a Matriz de Leopold, aplicada de forma correta em apenas um dos EIAs. Tornou-se evidente que os pontos fracos dessa avaliação podem ser reduzidos e até eliminados desde que o órgão ambiental melhore algumas exigências no Termo de Referência, de tal forma que levem a consultora a utilizar a referida técnica de forma correta ou a adotar um método ou técnica mais adequada. As avaliações das medidas mitigadoras e dos programas não são realizadas, invariavelmente. As razões para esta situação podem ser atribuídas tanto aos órgãos ambientais como às empresas de consultoria. Os primeiros, porque nem sempre elaboram o Termo de Referência integralmente de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 001/86, deixando de especificar que as avaliações devem ser realizadas com métodos e técnicas válidos e confiáveis. Os segundos, porque não tomam a iniciativa de atender à legislação vigente, independente das instruções expressas no Termo de Referência. Essas avaliações constituemse nos pontos fracos mais relevantes a serem melhorados por órgãos ambientais e consultores. Ao considerar a avaliação dos programas ambientais como a problemática prioritária, a pesquisa investiga e reconhece que as metodologias multicritério, em especial as de apoio à tomada de decisão, pertencentes ao grupo Multicriteria Decision Aid - MCDA, apresentam grande potencialidade para a solução da problemática detectada. A escolha recaiu sobre a abordagem proposta por Ensslin, Montibeller Neto e Noronha (2001), que foi adaptada e submetida a um teste para investigar a sua validade e exeqüibilidade na avaliação dos programas do EIA de duas hidrelétricas no rio Ijuí – RS. Para isso, foram envolvidos quatro especialistas da empresa consultora que elaborou o EIA, para atuarem como avaliadores. Os resultados foram submetidos à apreciação dos próprios avaliadores, de técnicos do órgão ambiental estadual e de técnicos do órgão ambiental federal, que se manifestaram favoráveis à metodologia, em sua maioria.

Determinaçao do indice de balneabilidade do açude de Bodocongo em Campina Grande-PB, Brasil, a partir de indicadores biologicos

CARVALHO, Aurean de Paula et al. Determinaçao do indice de balneabilidade do açude de Bodocongo em Campina Grande-PB, Brasil, a partir de indicadores biologicos. Educação Ambiental em Ação, v. 28, 2009

Eutrofização e capacidade de carga de fósforo de seis reservatórios a bacia do Rio Seridó, região semi-árida do Estado do RN

The eutrofization is a natural process of accumulation of nutrients in aquatic´s body that it has been accelerated for the human´s actives, mainly the related with the activities of camp, industrial and the inadequate disposition of the domestic sewage. The enrichment of the aquatic´s body with nutrients, mainly the nitrogen and the phosphorus, and the consequent proliferation of algae and Cyanobacteria can commit the quality of the water for the public provisioning, for the fish farming and for other ends. The problem becomes more critical when there is a shortage of water naturally as in the semi-arid area of the Brazilian northeast. Before that problem this work had as objective evaluates the trophic state of six reservoirs of the basin of River Seridó of Rio Grande of Norte and also estimate the capacity of load of match of the reservoir and risk probabilities based on the established limits by the resolution Conama 357/05. The results demonstrate that the six reservoirs are eutrofization, with concentration of total phosphorus and cloro a in the water upster to 50 e 12 μg l-1. The results show that space homogeneity exists in the state trophic of the reservoirs, but a significant variation interanual in function of the increase of the concentrations of nutrients and decrease of the transparency of the water with the reduction of the body of water accumulated in the reservoirs.The results of the simulation risk estocastic show that the reservoirs could receive annually from 72 to 216 Kg of P, assuming a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 30 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total match in the water of these reservoirs. This load could be high in until 360 kg of P a year in case the managers assume a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 50 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total phosphorus in the waters of these reservoirs

Desenvolvimento de cerâmica vermelha utilizando rejeitos da construção civil

The Industry of the Civil Construction has been one of the sectors that most contribute to the pollution of the environment, due to the great amount of residues generated by the construction, demolition and the extraction of raw material. As a way of minimizing the environmental impacts generated by this industry, some governmental organizations have elaborated laws and measures about the disposal of residues from the building construction (CONAMA - resolution 307). This work has as objective the reutilization of residues compound of sand, concrete, cement, red bricks and blocks of cement and mortar for the production of red ceramic, with the objective of minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The investigated samples contained 0% to 50% of residues in weight, and they were sintered at temperatures of 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C and 1150°C. After the sinterization, the samples were submitted to tests of absorption of water, linear retraction, resistance to bending, apparent porosity, specific density, XRD and SEM. Satisfactory results were obtained in all studied compositions, with the possible incorporation of up to 50% of residues in ceramic mass without great losses in the mechanical strength, giving better results to the incorporation of 30% of residues in the fabrication of ceramic parts, such as roofing tiles, bricks masonry and pierced bricks

Análise do desempenho de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com gás liquefeito de petróleo e glicerina

The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macro-porous ceramic bed. This paper presents an infrared burner commercial, which was adapted an experimental ejector, capable of promoting a mixture of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and glycerin. By varying the percentage of dual-fuel, it was evaluated the performance of the infrared burner by performing an energy balance and atmospheric emissions. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two-stage (low heat / high heat), using solenoid valves for each fuel. The infrared burner has been tested and tests by varying the amount of glycerin inserted by a gravity feed system. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by a data acquisition system which recorded real-time measurements of the thermocouples attached. The burner had a stable combustion at levels of 15, 20 and 25% of adding glycerin in mass ratio of LPG gas, increasing the supply of heat to the plate. According to data obtained showed that there was an improvement in the efficiency of the 1st Law of infrared burner with increasing addition of glycerin. The emission levels of greenhouse gases produced by combustion (CO, NOx, SO2 and HC) met the environmental limits set by resolution No. 382/2006 of CONAMA

Avaliação preliminar da contaminação por BTEX, em água subterrânea de poços tubulares, no município de Natal-RN

Among the different types of pollutants typically attributed to human activities, the petroleum products are one of the most important because of its toxic potential. This toxicity is attributed to the presence of substances such as benzene and its derivatives are very toxic to the central nervous system of man, with chronic toxicity, even in small concentrations. The area chosen for study was the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, where samples were collected in six different areas in the city, comprising 10 wells located in the urban area, being carried out in three distinct periods March/2009, December / June/2010 and 2009, and were evaluated for contamination by volatile hydrocarbons (BTEX - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), so this work aimed to assess the quality of groundwater wells that supply funding for public supply and trade in the urban area of the city of Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte, contributing to the environmental assessment of the municipality. The analysis of BTEX in water was performed according to EPA Method 8021b. Was used the technique of headspace (TriPlus TP100) coupled to high resolution gas chromatography with selective photoionization detector (PID) and flame ionization (FID) - model Trace GC Ultra, Thermo Electron Corporation brand. The procedure adopted allowed the detection of concentrations of the order of μg.L-1. Data analysis with respect to BTEX in groundwater in the area monitored so far, shows that water quality is still preserved, because it exceeds the limits imposed by the potability Resolution CONAMA Nº. 396, April 2008

Avaliação de HPA e BTEX no solo e água subterrânea, em postos de revenda de combustíveis: estudo de caso na cidade de Natal -RN

The retail fuel stations are partially or potentially polluters and generators of environmental accidents, potentially causing contamination of underground and surface water bodies, soil and air. Leaks in fuel retail stations´ underground storage systems are often detected in Brazil and around the world. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an indication of the presence of contamination due to its high toxicity. This paper presents a case study of contamination in a Fuel Retail Station by petroleum derivative products in the city of Natal. For identification and quantification of the hydrocarbons, EPA analytical methods were used. The values of benzene quantified by EPA method 8021b CG-PID/FID, ranged from 1.164 to 4.503 mg.Kg-1 in soil samples, and from 12.10 to 27,639 μg.L-1 in underground water samples. Among the PAHs, naphthalene and anthracene showed the most significant results in soil samples, 0.420 to 15.46 mg.Kg-1 and 0.110 to 0,970 mg.Kg-1, respectively. In underground water samples, the results for Naphthalene varied between 0.759 and 614.7 μg.L-1. PAHs were quantified by EPA Method 8270 for GCMS. All of the results for the chemical analysis were compared with the values for the CONAMA 420/2009 resolution. The results for benzene (27,639 μg.L-1) showed levels highly above the recommended by the CONAMA 420 resolution, wherein the maximum permissible for underground water is 5 μg.L-1. This is a worrying factor, since underground water makes up 70% of the city of Natal´s water supply

Investigação e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas por postos revendedores de combustíveis em Natal

Activities that have fuel subterranean storage system are considered potentially polluting fuels by CONAMA Resolution 273, due to the possibility of leak, outpouring and overflow of fuel into the ground. Being even more worrying when contaminate groundwater for public supply, as the case of Natal City. For this reason, the Public Ministry/RN, in partnership with UFRN, developed the project environmental suitability of Gas stations in Natal, of which 36% showed evidence of contamination. This paper describes the four stages of the management of contaminated areas: preliminary assessment of environmental liabilities, detailed confirmatory investigation of the contamination, risk analysis to human health (RBCA), as well as the remediation plan of degraded areas. Therefore it is presented a case study. For the area investigated has been proposed a mathematical method to estimate the volume of LNAPL by a free CAD software (ScketchUp) and compare it with the partition method for grid area. Were also performed 3D graphics designs of feathers contamination. Research results showed that passive benzene contamination in groundwater was 2791.77 μg/L, when the maximum allowed by CONAMA Resolution 420 is 5 μg/L which is the potability standards. The individual and cumulative risks were calculated from 4.4 x10-3, both above the limits of 1.0 x10-5 or by RBCA 1.0 x10-6 by the Public Ministry/RN. Corrective action points that remediation of dissolved phase benzene is expected to reach a concentration of 25 μg/L, based on carcinogenic risk for ingestion of groundwater by residents residential, diverging legislation. According to the proposed model, the volume of LNAPL using the ScketchUp was 17.59 m3, while by the grid partitioning method was 14.02 m3. Because of the low recovery, the expected removal of LNAPL is 11 years, if the multiphase extraction system installed in the enterprise is not optimized

Sewage sludge as nitrogen and phosphorus source for cane-plant and first ratoon crops

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Licenciamento ambiental em postos de revenda de combustíveis à luz dos princípios constitucionais de defesas do meio ambiente: o caso do município de Natal/RN

This study approaches the question of the administrative procedure of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, taking as basis a study case of the reality of the City of Natal/RN (Brazil). For in such a way, it was done a retrospect on the evolution of the system of road transport in Brazil, having started to briefly analyze the urbanization process that if after accented in the capitals of the Brazilian States the decade of 1950, relating these subjects with the growth of the sector of fuel resale. After that, it was transferred boarding of the defense of the national environment to the light of ambient principles constitutional. In the sequence, a boarding on the ambient guardianship in the Federal Constitution of 1988 was made, treating basically specifies and on the national urban politics and the national politics of the environment, with its instruments. In the sequence, it was transferred the analysis of the abilities and attributions of the National Advice of the Environment (CONAMA) and its Resolutions, for then only enter in the most important part of this work: an analysis of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, in the reality of the City of Natal/RN. Before this specific boarding, it was proceeded specifically a survey and communication from the applicable norms to such establishments (Resolutions of the CONAMA and norms of the ABNT), for after that carrying through an geo-ambient characterization of the City of Natal/RN. Finally, a reflection was made on the possibility of magnifying of the state activity, in terms of guarantees for the responsible members for the environmental policy and of administrative efficiency, through the idea of the ambient regulation. For the accomplishment of this study, it was proceeded research in diverse sources such as books, magazines, sites of the Internet, periodicals, thesis and dissertations, among others material, beyond visits the agencies that direct or indirectly act with the ambient defense and as fuel resale, such as Secretariat of Environment and Urbanism of the City of Natal (SEMURB), Institute of Economic Development and Environment of RN (IDEMA), Brazilian Institute of the Environment and the Natural resources You renewed, Executive Management of RN (IBAMA/RN), Public prosecutor's office of the Environment of Natal (Public prosecution service of the RN), National Agency of Oil (ANP) and Union of the Retailing of Derivatives of Oil of the RN, among others. To the end, satiated regulation is observed that although on the substance of the ambient licensing in ranks of fuel resale, also with federal, state and municipal norms, the municipal Public Power is very far from the fulfilment of its institutional functions, in the question environmental policy of these establishments, a time that few are the permitted ranks of resale in the city of Natal/RN

Potential microbiological contamination of effluents in poultry and swine abattoirs

Health risks in the effluents of seven swine abattoirs and of seven poultry abattoirs were evaluated with regard to environment degradation and to dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms during the rainy and dry seasons. Supply-water samples from affluents and effluents of the treatment systems at different sites within the abattoir processing system were analysed. Similarly, water samples from the three recipient sites (emission point, 100 m upstream, 100 m downstream) were also analysed. Temperature, free residual chlorine (FRC), total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, enterococci, identification and serotyping of salmonellae were assessed. Scalding is the most significant stage in the slaughtering chain (P<0.05) when temperature is taken into account. Temperatures Lit effluents and at the sampled sites in the water bodies accorded to state and federal legislation standards. Supply waters did not meet the standards for FRC and microbial count standards according to the Ministry of Health and within limits imposed by the Industrial and Sanitary Inspection Regulations for Animal Products. Feather plucking and evisceration in Poultry slaughter and the cleansing of carcasses and facilities in Poultry and swine slaughtering had the highest contamination impact. The three loci at the water bodies were above the microbiological standards for classes II and III sites, in conformity with Law 8468 of the state of São Paulo, Brazil and Conama. Salmonella was found at several sites during slaughter, at both types of abattoirs, including in the effluent treatment system. This showed that these sites were the dissemination sources of the microorganism.

Método de avaliação do gerenciamento de resíduos em canteiro de obras da construção civil : proposta baseada em empresas construtoras da cidade de Natal-RN

According to great concern between the developed industrial activities and resultant impacts over the environment, an association of several factors have occurred, procedures to the efficient management of the rotation between economical development and the environment have been improved. A research in field have been realized inside building sites of companies in order to provide knowledge about the implemented and accomplish actions according to the resolution from CONAMA nº307. Trough the interview among the representations of the companies and photographic survey in loco, such as, what makes the companies implement this management, reutilization and recycling, transport and disposition. The present study had as objective: analyze the insertion of the used tools to residuals management, proposing improvements, in a way that it can be easily identified during the procedures execution in the building sites of the building companies of the city of Natal/RN. To reach the goal, in the first place a revision of the pertinent literature was performed; there for, it can be seen the relation between residues management and environment sustainability, once it happens in a continued way it may prevent the waste and reduces the risk that the activities way bring to the employees, community and environment; once found the great difficult faced with regard to labors, material, equipment, project, planning, costumer s interference, furnisher. And still, it could be verified wich materials generate greater indexes of residues in the works and the main occurrences of waste and loss. However a greater transparency is needed coming from the high administration in the commitment with the continued actions, to make it so, there must be a cultural change inside the company. There for there will be a greater productivity and quality of the under taking such as costumer s satisfaction