Identidade regional na configuração do cluster turístico do Circuito das Águas Paulista

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal São Caetano do Sul

Emprego do processamento mecânico na reciclagem de sucatas de placas de circuito impresso

O grande desenvolvimento da industria eletrônica, aliado ao aumento do consumo de bens pela população, gera um número cada vez maior de equipamentos defeituosos e obsoletos, entre eles as Placas de Circuito Impresso (PCI), as quais precisam ser dispostas. A sucata destas placas representa uma matéria prima interessante, pois contém metais e ligas metálicas, o que torna sua reciclagem bastante atraente. Como linha geral, as PCI possuem 49% de materiais cerâmicos, vidros e óxidos, 19% de plásticos, 4% de bromo e 28% de metais. A composição real depende da origem do circuito impresso, assim como do tipo e idade do equipamento. O uso do Processamento Mecânico na reciclagem desse resíduo é uma alternativa na recuperação dos metais presentes e também uma maneira de separar seus vários componentes, permitindo assim dispor adequadamente este resíduo. Neste trabalho as PCI passaram por várias etapas de processamento mecânico. Primeiramente foram moídas abaixo de 1mm e após foram classificadas, caracterizadas e diferentes frações foram separadas por densidade. A primeira classificação foi feita por granulometria e gerou três frações diferentes: uma menor que 0,25mm, outra entre 0,25 e 0,50mm e outra entre 0,50 e 1,0mm. Após foi feita uma separação por densidade obtendo-se uma fração rica em metais, em especial o cobre, e outra fração leve composta por polímeros e cerâmicos As frações classificadas por granulometria e as frações leves originadas da separação por densidade foram lixiviadas para caracterizar o resíduo a respeito da sua toxicidade antes e depois do processo. O uso do processamento mecânico mostrou-se muito eficiente na recuperação dos metais, pois foi possível recuperar cerca de 80% dos metais presentes, com destaque para o cobre, que representa quase 75% da fração metálica. Através da lixiviação foi determinado que as PCI deveriam ser classificadas como resíduos perigosos, pois apresentam uma concentração de chumbo bem acima do permitido. Após a separação por densidade foi feito novamente ensaio de lixiviação e embora a concentração de Chumbo na fração leve tenha diminuido significativamente ela ainda permaneceu acima dos limites estabelecidos pelas normas brasileiras.

A inteligência competitiva como ferramenta para a organização estratégica do setor turístico : o caso do circuito internacional das missões jesuíticas do Mercosul

O uso e a análise da informação podem transformar radicalmente os processos produtivos de setores específicos de organizações e de ambientes sociais e econômicos. A presente dissertação propõe-se a realizar um monitoramento de informações com a seleção, sistematização, análise e interpretação de dados e informações para o setor turístico, especialmente para o Circuito Internacional das Missões Jesuíticas (CIMJ), declarado em 1997 pela UNESCO como um dos quatro roteiros históricos internacionais mais importantes do mundo e o primeiro roteiro turístico oficial do Mercosul. Através desse processo, buscou-se a identificação de problemas e a antecipação de oportunidades visando à maior organização do setor turístico selecionado e, consequentemente, à maior competitividade. Os resultados da pesquisa, oriundos da análise comparativa de dados e informações de três rotas turísticas internacionais, permitiram a identificação de variáveis e indicadores para um maior conhecimento de suas posições estratégicas, a validação de uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de um processo de inteligência competitiva, além de sugerir algumas linhas para a organização estratégica do setor.

Os efeitos do treinamento de força e do treinamento em circuito na ativação e na força muscular, no consumo máximo de oxigênio e na densidade mineral óssea de mulheres pós-menopáusicas com perda óssea

O objetivo geral desse estudo foi analisar os efeitos de dois treinamentos de força diferenciados, em volume e intensidade, em algumas variáveis relacionadas à saúde da população idosa, tais como, força isométrica (FI) e dinâmica de membros superiores (FMS) e inferiores (FMI), ativação muscular do quadríceps (EMG), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx.), tempo de exaustão em esteira (TE) e densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Vinte e oito mulheres pós-menopáusicas, com perda óssea (osteoporose ou osteopenia), com e sem reposição hormonal, foram divididas em três grupos experimentais: (1) treinamento de força (GF - n=9) com intensidades entre 35 e 80% de 1RM, (2) treinamento em circuito (GC - n=10) com intensidades entre 35 e 60% de 1RM , e (3) um grupo controle (GCON - n=9). Os grupos GF e GC treinaram 3 vezes por semana durante 24 semanas, enquanto o GCON não realizou nenhum tipo de exercício físico sistemático. Em todos os grupos (GF, GC e GCON), as variáveis analisadas foram comparadas através de análise de variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas e, em caso de diferenças significativas, foi utilizado o teste Post-Hoc de Bonferroni. Em todas as análises, o nível de significância de p<0,05 foi considerado. Após as 24 semanas de treinamento foram observados aumentos significativos nas variáveis analisadas, somente em GF e GC. No entanto, enquanto o GF teve as variáveis FI (112 ± 18,4Nm vs. 149,8 ± 23,4Nm), FMS (7,3 ± 0,75kg vs. 9,4 ± 0,96kg), FMI (46,7 ± 5,5kg vs. 65,2 ± 8,9kg), EMG (138 ± 35µV vs. 208 ± 51µV), VO2máx. (21,7 ± 2,7ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 26,6 ± 2,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) e TE (562,6 ± 98,3s vs. 671,7 ± 72,7s), modificadas; o GC apresentou modificações apenas nas variáveis FI (124,1 ± 23,2Nm vs. 146,7 ± 22,3Nm), FMS (6,8 ± 1,3kg e 8,5 ± 1,2kg); FMI (41,4 ± 7,8kg para 60,1 ± 9,5kg), VO2máx. (22,1 ± 2,3 ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 26,2 ± 2,3 ml.kg-1.min-1) e TE (573,2 ± 66,5s, pós: 669 ± 75,3s). A DMO não foi modificada em nenhum grupo experimental. No GCON não houve qualquer modificação das variáveis analisadas. Esses resultados sugerem que tanto o treinamento de força como o treinamento em circuito interferem positivamente na força e ativação muscular, e no condicionamento cardiorespiratório de mulheres pós-menopáusicas. No entanto a DMO parece não ser alterada com esses tipos de treinamento, em um período de 24 semanas.

Reciclagem de cobre de sucatas de placas de circuito impresso

O crescimento constante na geração de resíduos sólidos em todo o mundo tem estimulado estudos para os mais variados tipos de resíduos. As sucatas eletrônicas fazem parte deste universo de materiais obsoletos e/ou defeituosos que necessitam ser dispostos de maneira mais adequada ou então reciclados. Neste trabalho foram estudadas as Placas de Circuito Impresso que fazem parte das sucatas eletrônicas e que são encontradas em quase todos os equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos (computadores, televisores, VCR´s, DVD´s, telefones celulares, impressoras, etc.). Para realizar esse estudo foram coletadas placas de circuito impresso (PCI) obsoletas ou defeituosas de computadores pessoais que são atualmente a maior fonte deste tipo de resíduo. As PCI são compostas de uma maneira geral de polímeros, cerâmicos e metais, o que dificulta o seu processamento. Por outro lado a presença de metais base (como cobre) e metais preciosos estimulam estudos quanto a sua reciclagem. Também a presença de metais pesados como Pb e Cd, que tornam as placas resíduos perigosos, demonstram a necessidade de pesquisar soluções para este tipo de resíduo, a fim de que possam ser dispostos adequadamente, sem prejudicar o meio ambiente. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho foi utilizado processamento mecânico, como moagem, separação granulométrica, separação magnética e separação eletrostática para obter uma fração concentrada em metais (principalmente Cu, Pb e Sn) e uma outra fração contendo polímeros e cerâmicos. Ao final deste processo foi possível obter nas frações concentradas em metais uma concentração média de cobre de 50%. Na segunda etapa a fração concentrada em metais foi dissolvida com ácidos e enviada para uma eletro-obtenção a fim de recuperar os metais separadamente, neste primeiro momento o cobre. Por eletro-obtenção foram obtidos cátodos com teores de cobre acima de 96% Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade técnica de se recuperar o cobre utilizando processamento mecânico seguido de uma técnica eletrometalúrgica.

Circuito térmico de uma usina

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina Química do Processo. Fluxograma. Dimensão: 1491x885. Tamanho: 1.133 Kb.

Circuito fechado das águas de lavagem de cana-de-açúcar

Curso de Tecnologia Sucroalcooleira. Disciplina de Tecnologia de Produção de Açúcar. Fluxograma. Dimensão: 1351x810. Tamanho: 1.064Kb.

Circuito regional de performance BodeArte: encontros, coletividade e porítica na performance do Rio Grande do Norte

This dissertation aims to look into the structure of the event Circuito Regional de Performance BodeArte1 to think how it collaborate with its proposal providing theoretical points to relevant questions to the comprehension of Brazilian performance art in contemporaneity, since its conceptual format until its occurrence and practical limitations. From this proposition the dissertation is organized into three chapters guided for the following aspects: the resumption of the events encompassed on the occurrence of Circuit BodeArte as well as a tabulation of the data reunited in its history, the presentation of its conceptual choices, and the metaphors conducted by the use of the term performance and how they can lead us to the idea of a performance-as-BodeArte. The methodological structures moved for this organization are qualitative, and have been formed from printed materials, texts, festival programs, blog, videos, photos, interviews, lectures and forums, plus our own memory as a producer and performer of the event, looking through these set points of the epistemological organization contained on the proposal of the Circuito, expanding and discussing them. This way this research moves between the propositions of this event in its three editions, promoting discussions that dialogue with concepts such as the emergence of Steve Johnson (2004), the metaphors of thought proposed by Christine Greiner (2005), the idea of performance hacker of Maria Beatriz de Medeiros (AQUINO, et al., 2012), as well as other propositions presented by Jan Swidzinski (2005) and Eleonora Fabião (2012)

Uso de técnicas de otimização baseadas em derivadas como suporte do planejamento operacional de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

Proposição de um modelo para análise de fluxo de carga, curto-circuito e simulação de relés de produção

The objective of the present work is develop a model to simulate electrical energy networks in transient and stead states, using the software ATP (Alternative Transient Program), able to be a way to join two distinct themes, present in classical methodology planning networks: short circuit analysis and load flow theory. Beyond that, using a tool for relay simulation, this paper intend to use the new developed model to investigate the influence of transient phenomenon in operation of protection relays, and calibrate the enterprise's protections relays. For testing the model, some relays, actually, installed at COSERN were used

Participação do circuito dopaminérgico nas alterações do comportamento de medo inato de camundongos infectados pelo Toxoplasma gondii

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii transforms the innate aversion of rats for cat urine into a fatal attraction, that increases the likelihood of the parasite completing its life cycle in the cat s intestine. The neural circuits implicated in innate fear, anxiety, and learned fear all overlap considerably, raising the possibility, that T. gondii may disrupt all of these nonspecifically. In this study, we evaluated immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in areas associated with innate fear of infected male swiss mice. The latent Toxoplasma infection converted the aversion of mice to feline odors into attraction. This loss of fear is remarkably specific, as demonstrated by Vyas et al (2007), because infection did not diminish learned fear, anxiety-like behavior, olfaction, or nonaversive learning. However, the neurochemical mechanism related to alterations in innate fear due to T. gondii infection remains poorly studied. 20 mice were inoculated with bradyzoites (25 cysts) from a Toxoplasma gondii (Me-49 strain). The brains were removed after 60 days, sectioned and processed for TH immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the amount of cysts per area and the densitometric analysis of neurotransmitter reactivity was low in the areas implicated in innate fear of infected animals, when comparated with noninfected controls

O circuito espacial de produção e os círculos de cooperação da soja no Maranhão no período técnico-científico informacional

The study in screen it has as objective the understanding of the space circuit of production and the circles of cooperation of the soy that if develop in the Maranhão in the technician-scientific-informational period. Characterized for the material and incorporeal flows if they develop in the Maranhão, from the moment where it had a process of integration of the maranhense territory while peripheral space of the capitalist dynamics, that if gave through the politics of regional integration created by the State, but when it had a process of selective modernization, also partial and conservative of the agriculture, that made possible the significant increase of the production and reproduction of the capital. The study sample that with the advent of the soy, had a concentration of the production techniques, mainly in the agricultural region of Balsas, due to bigger it offers of lands, time of implantation of the culture, technique accumulated in the production, whereas in the agricultural region of Chapadinha, these indices still are without representation. Moreover, the intensification of the agricultural credit, the agrarian politics and tax incentives are elements that have propitiated increase of the production of the soy. The development of the space circuit and circles of cooperation of the soy, a side, create new forces politics in the Maranhão that can result in the creation of a new state, the other, are responsible, for the elimination of part of the subsistence agriculture, producing social problems as, agrarian concentration and unemployment. The study it still evidences the appropriation of the place for a small number of companies that has generated, beyond an intense concentration of income, an alienation of the territory, in view of that this is used for a strange purpose to the place and the yearning of the population does not stop

O circuito espacial da indústria de cerâmica vermelha no seridó potiguar

This research has as an empirical universe, the productive territory of red ware in the Seridó region of Rio Grande do Norte. In the last years this territory has gone through a process of appropriation that has been substantially changing the environmental and social dynamism of the place. However, the industry of red ware has been focusing in some areas, mainly, in the county of Parelhas and Carnaúba dos Dantas. From this point of view, the aim of this work consists in analyze the use of these areas by the red ware industry and the transformations occurred with the expansion of the number of industries and the productivity raise, that requires bigger amounts of earthenware and wood, resources that are low in referred territory. As the result of this process, the suitable alternative has been to acquire inputs in other Rio Grande do Norte counties, as well as in Paraíba counties. To reach the proposed objective, the methodology of this work was consisted of bibliographic and empirical research, regarding the occupation that this activity covers in the Seridó region. From the information obtained during the research, it can be stated that the inputs to the production execution in the red ware industry are acquired in the geographic nearby lands. The analysis of the stages of the production(acquisition of raw material, production and commercialization) showed that the activity acts in a continuous area, having as principal consumer market other northeastern states and the state of Pará. The present study revealed that the pottery activity is set as untenable, because of non-stopping use of the argil and wood, resources that are vanishing from the area, which consume causes a many problems such as deforestation and erosion. Besides, the sale of productive lands for the red ware industries makes harder its good use by the familiar agriculturists in the development of agriculture and cattle raising activity, which for many times is the main economic activity of the place. The precariousness reveals in the constant accidents at work, that most of them are neglected by the local authorities, without any penalty to the industries. Therefore, the industry of red ware in Seridó uses the territory as a resource, leaving its environmental problems that my compromise the quality of life of the actual and future generations

Circuito espacial de produção de sal:o uso do território do município de Macau/RN pelas indústrias salineiras

The current work it is a research of the spatial circle of salt production and the uses implied by RN salt industry, specifically the city of Macau / RN. Part of the issue - how it gives the uses implied by the spatial distribution of salt in the current historical period, known by some geographers as technical-scientific-informational. The way taken to answer this research was through readings of researches already carried out, field research in government agencies, the use of photographs, questionnaires and interviews. The search for data on production salting, their handling and marketing was one of the methodology steps. The result of this research was the perception of the dynamic activity of salting and uses transmitted within the city of Macau / RN, and the state of Rio Grande do Norte.

O circuito espacial da produção petrolífera no rio Grande do Norte

Our study refers to the state of Rio Grande do Norte against the deployment of oil activity in their territory. In this sense the aim of this work was to analyze the presence of the loop space of the oil production system linked to objects and actions on the Rio Grande do Norte territory. From the so-called "oil shock", an event that caused global developments in several countries, Petróleo Brasileiro S/A (PETROBRAS) increased investments in drilling geological basins in Brazil. In the year 1973 was drilled in the sea area well which led to commercial production of oil and gas in Rio Grande do Norte. From that point on were added in some parts of the Potiguar territory, large systems of coupled objects to actions caused by several agents. In this context, geographic situations have been reorganized due to an unprecedented space circuit production accompanied by a new circle of cooperation. In the state happen all instances of the circuit: the production, distribution and consumption. In light of the theory of the geographical area seek to direct our thoughts to the operation of these bodies, and they are linked to material and immaterial flows multiscales. This perspective allows us to think the territory of Rio Grande do Norte entered into a new territorial division of labor characterized by specialization regional production. Oil activity was implemented in the territory of Rio Grande do Norte at a time marked by productive restructuring of various economic sectors. The oil sector has been acting increasingly linked the scientific and informational, with a view to increasing productivity. The presence of this circuit demanded the territory, specifically the Mossoró, an organizational structure that is different from the vast system nationally integrated private commercial corporations to small corporations, all of them relating directly or indirectly to PETROBRAS. The flows between companies whose headquarters are located in distant states and even countries have generated a continuous movement of goods, people, information and ideas, which is also causing new materialities in the territory