Self-efficacy moderation and mediation roles on BPSD and social support influences on subjective caregiver burden in Chinese spouse caregivers of dementia patients

Background: This study aims to explore moderation and mediation roles of caregiver self-efficacy between subjective caregiver burden and (a) behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) of dementia; and (b) social support. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 137 spouse caregivers of dementia patients was conducted in Shanghai. We collected demographic information for the caregiver–patient dyads, as well as information associated with dementia-related impairments, caregiver social support, caregiver self-efficacy, and SF-36. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that caregiver self-efficacy was a moderator both between BPSD and subjective caregiver burden, and social support and subjective caregiver burden. Results also showed a partial mediation effect of caregiver self-efficacy on the impact of BPSD on subjective caregiver burden, and a mediation effect of social support on subjective caregiver burden. Caregiver self-efficacy and subjective burden significantly influenced BPSD and social support. Conclusion: Caregiver self-efficacy played an important role in the paths by which the two factors influenced subjective burden. Enhancing caregiver self-efficacy for symptom management (particularly BPSD) can be an essential strategy for determining interventions to support dementia caregivers in China, and possibly in other countries.

The validity of personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD) in people with diabetes mellitus, using longitudinal data

Despite being used since 1976, Delusions-Symptoms-States-Inventory/states of Anxiety and Depression (DSSI/sAD) has not yet been validated for use among people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of the personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD) among women with diabetes using Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) cohort data. The DSSI subscales were compared against DSM-IV disorders, the Mental Component Score of the Short Form 36 (SF-36 MCS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Factor analyses, odds ratios, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and diagnostic efficiency tests were used to report findings. Exploratory factor analysis and fit indices confirmed the hypothesized two-factor model of DSSI/sAD. We found significant variations in the DSSI/sAD domain scores that could be explained by CES-D (DSSI-Anxiety: 55%, DSSI-Depression: 46%) and SF-36 MCS (DSSI-Anxiety: 66%, DSSI-Depression: 56%). The DSSI subscales predicted DSM-IV diagnosed depression and anxiety disorders. The ROC analyses show that although the DSSI symptoms and DSM-IV disorders were measured concurrently the estimates of concordance remained only moderate. The findings demonstrate that the DSSI/sAD items have similar relationships to one another in both the diabetes and non-diabetes data sets which therefore suggest that they have similar interpretations.

The short-term impact of curative colorectal cancer treatment on physical activity, functional status and quality of life: A systematic review protocol

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE The quantitative objectives are to identify the impact of curative colorectal cancer treatment (surgery or adjuvant therapy) on physical activity, functional status and quality of life within one year of treatment or diagnosis. INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants: This review will consider studies that include individuals aged 18 years and over who have been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest: This review will consider studies that evaluate the impact of curative colorectal cancer treatment: surgery and/or adjuvant therapy. Types of outcomes: This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures assessed within one year of diagnosis or treatment: Physical activity - any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure. Physical activity is not exclusive to exercise; activities can also be walking, housework, occupational or leisure. Physical activity can be measured objectively using pedometers or accelerometers, or subjectively using self-reported measures. Functional status – measured as the capacity to perform all activities of daily living such as walking, showering, and eating; and instrumental activities of daily living such as (but not limited to) grocery shopping, housekeeping and laundry. Quality of life – defined as the individual meaning of mental, physical and psychosocial wellbeing, as measured by validated tools such as SF-36, EORTC-QLQ-C30, or FACT-C.

Quality of life changes during conformal radiation therapy for prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe prospectively quality of life (QOL) before and after radiotherapy for patients with prostate carcinoma. METHODS: Forty-three patients with T1-T3 prostate carcinoma who underwent conformal external beam radiation therapy were randomized either to the complete European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QOL questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) or the Medical Outcomes Study Group Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline, at 3 weeks and 6 weeks after initial treatment, and at 6 weeks and 5 months after the completion of radiotherapy. The measures were self-reported patient QOL, and values are given as the mean +/- standard error of the mean. Changes in QOL are described from baseline to the end of treatment in both questionnaire groups. RESULTS: Emotional role functioning, as measured with the SF-36 questionnaire, significantly improved from 68.2 +/- 9.9 at baseline to 93.3 +/- 5.2 at the end of therapy (P = 0.02). The EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire revealed consistent values of emotional functioning during treatment (72.7 +/- 5.9 at baseline) but showed a significant improvement 6 weeks after therapy (89.0 +/- 4.4; P = 0.01). Role functioning deteriorated from 80.1 +/- 6.5 at baseline to 62.5 +/- 8.8 at the end of radiotherapy (P = 0.02). Symptoms of fatigue were shown to increase significantly from 26.9 +/- 6.0 at baseline to 37.7 +/- 7.6 at the end of therapy (P = 0.02). No significant changes in the other dimensions were observed in either questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: After radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma, patients experience a temporary deterioration of fatigue and role functioning, as measured with the EORTC QLQ-C-30. Despite physical deterioration, the authors observed an improvement in emotional functioning scores with both questionnaires. This may have been due to psychological adaptation and coping.

Multiple socioeconomic circumstances and health : associations and explanations among Finnish and British public sector employees

Socioeconomic health inequalities have been widely documented, with a lower social position being associated with poorer physical and general health and higher mortality. For mental health the results have been more varied. However, the mechanisms by which the various dimensions of socioeconomic circumstances are associated with different domains of health are not yet fully understood. This is related to a lack of studies tackling the interrelations and pathways between multiple dimensions of socioeconomic circumstances and domains of health. In particular, evidence from comparative studies of populations from different national contexts that consider the complexity of the causes of socioeconomic health inequalities is needed. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of multiple socioeconomic circumstances with physical and mental health, more specifically physical functioning and common mental disorders. This was done in a comparative setting of two cohorts of white-collar public sector employees, one from Finland and one from Britain. The study also sought to find explanations for the observed associations between economic difficulties and health by analysing the contribution of health behaviours, living arrangements and work-family conflicts. The survey data were derived from the Finnish Helsinki Health Study baseline surveys in 2000-2002 among the City of Helsinki employees aged 40-60 years, and from the fifth phase of the London-based Whitehall II study (1997-9) which is a prospective study of civil servants aged 35-55 years at the time of recruitment. The data collection in the two countries was harmonised to safeguard maximal comparability. Physical functioning was measured with the Short Form (SF-36) physical component summary and common mental disorders with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Socioeconomic circumstances were parental education, childhood economic difficulties, own education, occupational class, household income, housing tenure, and current economic difficulties. Further explanatory factors were health behaviours, living arrangements and work-family conflicts. The main statistical method used was logistic regression analysis. Analyses were conducted separately for the two sexes and two cohorts. Childhood and current economic difficulties were associated with poorer physical functioning and common mental disorders generally in both cohorts and sexes. Conventional dimensions of socioeconomic circumstances i.e. education, occupational class and income were associated with physical functioning and mediated each other’s effects, but in different ways in the two cohorts: education was more important in Helsinki and occupational class in London. The associations of economic difficulties with health were partly explained by work-family conflicts and other socioeconomic circumstances in both cohorts and sexes. In conclusion, this study on two country-specific cohorts confirms that different dimensions of socioeconomic circumstances are related but not interchangeable. They are also somewhat differently associated with physical and mental domains of health. In addition to conventionally measured dimensions of past and present socioeconomic circumstances, economic difficulties should be taken into account in studies and attempts to reduce health inequalities. Further explanatory factors, particularly conflicts between work and family, should also be considered when aiming to reduce inequalities and maintain the health of employees.

The Impact of Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Midlife on the Health-Related Quality of Life among Old Men

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is known to postpone death, but in an aging society it is important to ensure that those who live longer are neither disabled nor suffering an inferior quality of life. It is essential both from the point of view of the aging individual as well as that of society that any individual should enjoy a good physical, mental and social quality of life during these additional years. The studies presented in this thesis investigated the impact of modifiable risk factors, all of which affect cardiovascular health in the long term, on mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The data is based on the all male cohort of the Helsinki Businessmen Study. This cohort, originally of 3.490 men born between 1919 and 1934 has been followed since the 1960s. The socioeconomic status of the participants is similar, since all the men were working in leading positions. Extensive baseline examinations were conducted among 2.375 of the men in 1974 when their mean age was 48 and at this time the health, medication and cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were observed. In 2000, at the mean age of 73, the HRQoL of the survivors of the original cohort was examined using the RAND-36 mailed questionnaire (n=1.864). RAND-36, along with the equivalent SF-36, is the world s most widely used means of assessing generic health. The response rate was generally over 90%. Mortality was retrieved from national registers in 2000 and 2002. For the six substudies of this thesis, the impact of four different modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (weight gain, cholesterol, alcohol and smoking) on the HRQoL in old age was studied both independently and in combination. The follow-up time for these studies varies from 26 up to 39 years. Mortality is reported separately or included in the RAND-36 scores for HRQoL. Elevated levels of all the risk factors examined among the participants in midlife led to a diminished life expectancy. Among survivors, lower weight gain in midlife was associated with better HRQoL, both physically and mentally. Higher levels of serum cholesterol in middle age indicated both an earlier mortality and a decline in the physical component of HRQoL in a dose-response manner during the 39-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in the highest baseline category of reported mean alcohol consumption (≥ 5 drinks/day), but fairly comparable in abstainers and moderate drinkers during the 29-year follow-up. When HRQoL in old age was accounted for mortality, the men with the highest alcohol consumption in midlife clearly had poorer physical and mental health in old age, but the HRQoL of abstainers and those who drank alcohol in moderation were comparatively similar. The amount of cigarette smoking in midlife was shown to have had a dose-response effect on both mortality and HRQoL in old age during the 26 year follow-up. The men smoking over 20 cigarettes daily in middle age lost about 10 years of their life-expectancy. Meanwhile, the physical functioning of surviving heavy smokers in old age was similar to men 10 years older in the general population. The impact of clustered cardiovascular risk factors was examined by comparing two subcohorts of men who were healthy in 1974, but with different baseline risk factor status. The men with low risk had a 50 % lower mortality during the 29-years follow-up. Their RAND-36 scores for the physical quality of life in old age were significantly better, and the 2002 questionnaire examining psychological well-being indicated also significantly better mental health among the low-risk group. The results indicate that different risk factor levels in midlife have a meaningful impact on life-expectancy and the quality of these extra years. Leading a healthy lifestyle improves both survival and the quality of life.

The Effects of Reduction Mammaplasty

Symptomatic hypertrophic breasts cause a health burden with physical and psychosocial morbidity. The value of reduction mammaplasty in the treatment of symptomatic breast hypertrophy has been consistently reported by patients and has been well recognised by plastic surgeons for a long time. However, the scientific evidence of the effects of reduction mammaplasty has been weak or lacking. During the design of this study most of the previous studies were retrospective and the few prospective studies had methodological limitations. Therefore, an obvious need for prospective randomised studies was present. Nevertheless, practical and ethical considerations seemed to make this study design impossible, because the waiting time for the operation was several years. The legislation and subsequent introduction of the uniform criteria for access to non-emergency treatment in Finland removed these obstacles, as all patients received their treatment within a reasonable time. As a result, a randomised controlled trial with a six-month follow-up time was designed and conducted. In addition, a follow-up study with two to five years follow-up was also carried out later. The effects of reduction mammaplasty on the patients breast-related symptoms, psychological symptoms, pain and quality of life was assessed. In addition, factors affecting the outcome were investigated. This study was carried out in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland. Eighty-two out of the approximately 300 patients on the waiting list in 2004 agreed to participate in the study. Patients were randomised either to be operated (40 patients) on or to be followed up (42 patients). The follow-up time for both groups was six months. The patients were operated on by plastic surgeons or trainees at the Department of Plastic Surgery at Helsinki University Central Hospital or at the Department of Surgery at Hyvinkää Hospital. The patients completed five questionnaires: the SF-36 and the 15D quality of life questionnaires, the Finnish Breast-Associated Symptoms questionnaire (FBAS), a mood questionnaire (Raitasalo s modification of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory, RBDI), and a pain questionnaire (The Finnish Pain Questionnaire, FPQ). Sixty-two out of the original 82 patients agreed to participate in the prospective follow-up study. In this study, patients completed the 15D quality of life questionnaire, the Finnish Breast-Associated Symptoms questionnaire, and the RBDI mood questionnaire. After six months follow-up, patients who had undergone reduction mammaplasty had a significantly better quality of life, fewer breast-associated symptoms and less pain, and they were less depressed or anxious when compared to patients who had not undergone surgery. The change in quality of life was more than two times the minimal clinically important difference. The patients preoperative quality of life was significantly inferior when compared to the age-standardised general population. This health burden was removed with reduction mammaplasty. The health loss related to symptomatic breast hypertrophy was comparable to that of patients with major joint arthrosis. In terms of change in quality of life, the intervention effect of reduction mammaplasty was comparable to that of hip joint replacement and more pronounced than that of knee joint replacement surgery. The outcome of reduction mammaplasty was affected more by preoperative psychosocial factors than by changes in breast dimensions. The effects of reduction mammaplasty remained stable at two to five years follow-up. In terms of quality of life, symptomatic breast hypertrophy causes a considerable health loss comparable to that of major joint arthrosis. Patients who undergo surgery have fewer breast-associated symptoms and less pain, and they are less depressed or anxious and have an improved quality of life. The intervention effect is comparable to that of major joint replacement surgery, and it remains stable at two to five years follow-up. The outcome of reduction mammaplasty is affected by preoperative psychosocial factors.

Validation of a Spanish version of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR)

8 p.

Impacto del ejercicio físico sobre la calidad de vida en las personas que padecen cardiopatía isquémica

184 p.

Psicoterapia grupal realizada por enfermería para pacientes con trastorno depresivo en atención primaria

La depresión es un trastorno mental habitual, siendo uno de los trastornos psiquiátricos más prevalentes, ya que afecta a 340 millones de personas en el mundo; y es uno de los trastornos que más problemas de discapacidad genera. La prevalencia de la depresión en el ámbito de Atención Primaria (AP) es alta, por lo que es importante hacer un buen abordaje terapéutico desde esta área. El tratamiento habitual para este tipo de pacientes es la farmacoterapia, sin embargo, diversos estudios señalan que junto con la psicoterapia se obtiene mejores resultados. Además, la realización de técnicas psicoterapéuticas por personal de enfermería previamente formado, como es la Enfermera de Salud Mental, ha demostrado ser eficaz, pero a pesar de ello, en los centros de AP no existe la figura de Enfermera de Salud Mental. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa psicoeducativo grupal realizado en un centro de AP por una Enfermera de Salud Mental en el tratamiento de pacientes con sintomatología depresiva, como complemento del tratamiento estándar aplicado por el Médico de AP. Metodología: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado con un grupo control que recibirá el tratamiento estándar, y un grupo experimental que recibirá además la intervención psicoeducativa. La población a estudio serán los pacientes con sintomatología depresiva pertenecientes a los Centros de Salud de Repélega y Castaños de Portugalete y la selección de la muestra se realizará con un muestreo no probabilístico consecutivo con un periodo de reclutamiento. Se compararán los resultados en cada grupo, tras la recogida de datos mediante el cuestionario de Salud SF-36 y el Inventario de depresión de Beck.

Uma revisão sobre instrumentos de avaliação do estado funcional do idoso

Este estudo visa avaliar, através de uma revisão, as qualidades conceituais e psicométricas dos instrumentos de avaliação do estado funcional do paciente idoso, e de suas adaptações para o contexto do Brasil. A dissertação está estruturada em três partes. A primeira é constituída de cinco seções que introduzem os temas do envelhecimento da população mundial e de países emergentes como o Brasil como razões de base para um estudo do atendimento do paciente idoso. Descreve-se o que se entende por estado funcional do paciente idoso no contexto da avaliação geriátrica interdisciplinar. A parte 2 se constitui no artigo da dissertação. Na seção de material e métodos descreve-se detalhadamente a revisão realizada e os bancos de dados utilizados. Nas últimas duas seções do artigo apresentam-se os resultados e a discussão, em que se verificam, em primeiro lugar, um bom número de instrumentos com propriedades psicométricas adequadas que avaliam as subdimensões do estado funcional. Dos 30 instrumentos escolhidos utilizando critérios explicitados pelos autores, apenas dois, o Multiple Outcomes Study SF-36 e o Health Assessment Questionnaire, possuem adaptação para 0 português. Entretanto, alguns dos instrumentos revisados vêm sendo utilizados em nosso meio sem adaptação formal prévia. Vários destes instrumentos possuem bons históricos em sua língua original, porém este fato ainda não despertou a preocupação da comunidade brasileira para adaptações formais dos mesmos. Também se constatam a escassez de estudos de adaptação e concepção de instrumentos desta dimensão no contexto brasileiro. Alguns aspectos deste problema são discutidos, além de possíveis caminhos para corrigi-lo. Na parte final desta dissertação são sucintamente descritos os instrumentos de cada subdimensão de estado funcional escolhidos como mais interessantes na parte 2. Em seguida, são indicadas outras dimensões consideradas pertinentes para um escrutínio semelhante. A conclusão geral sugere uma melhor utilização de medidas de saúde estruturadas no contexto da avaliação geriátrica no Brasil.

Tratamento Homeopático: buscando estratégias para avaliação de seus resultados e efetividade

Face à crescente procura por outras modalidades terapêuticas que abordam o ser humano de forma holística e a introdução das mesmas no SUS, torna-se muito importante a avaliação da efetividade e segurança dessas formas de cuidado. A Homeopatia faz parte deste conjunto de terapêuticas e, para sua avaliação, pode existir a necessidade de se valer de múltiplos instrumentos para abarcar os vários aspectos de uma resposta integral ao tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e elaborar categorias de análises e instrumentos que permitam avaliar e mensurar a efetividade deste tratamento, bem como testá-los, considerando-se as características desta racionalidade. Foram levantados, na literatura nacional e internacional, trabalhos sobre efetividade do tratamento homeopático, em busca da definição do estado da arte mas também dos principais problemas, limitações e possibilidades dessas avaliações tendo em vista seu resultado integral. Finda esta etapa, a pesquisa destinou-se a elaboração, proposição e testagem de uma metodologia considerada mais adequada a avaliar o tratamento homeopático nesta perspectiva. Um estudo observacional foi realizado em serviço público homeopático no município de Juiz de Fora, com tratamento individualizado, no qual foi utilizada uma estratégia de avaliação composta por três componentes: (1) avaliação de qualidade de vida pelo instrumento SF-36; (2) análises em busca de objetivar e quantificar queixas clínicas e outros atributos de natureza subjetiva (sensação de bem-estar, sono, estado cognitivo e memória, vida sexual, sensação de felicidade) por meio da utilização de uma escala visual analógica (EVA), na mensuração da intensidade e de opções fechadas, a exemplo do SF-36, na estimativa da frequência desses aspectos e (3) entrevistas qualitativas por intermédio de questionário semiestruturado, com a finalidade de abordar questões relacionadas a biopatografia e mudança da atitude vital (como pacientes enfrentam os problemas do cotidiano, fatores deflagradores das queixas, como se sentem e como reagem, além de indagar seus projetos de vida e felicidade). A aplicação do questionário SF-36 apresentou algumas dificuldades de compreensão pelos participantes, talvez devido à baixa escolaridade dos entrevistados, mas mostrou-se útil à pesquisa, embora demonstre limitações na avaliação do aspecto integral do resultado da terapêutica analisada. O acompanhamento das queixas clínicas, sensação de bem-estar, sono e estado cognitivo e memória foram captados e mensurados de forma satisfatória tanto pela EVA (intensidade dos sintomas) quanto pelas respostas fechadas para medir a frequência. Situações como as avaliações da biopatografia e da sexualidade foram insuficientes para serem adequadamente avaliadas pelo pesquisador e o paciente somente. A participação do médico assistente poderia contribuir nestes casos. Questões mais abrangentes na avaliação da mudança na atitude vital, como reação diante de fatores desequilibrantes e projeto de vida e felicidade, necessitam de metodologia qualitativa até que se possa avançar nas pesquisas à espera de soluções futuras. A combinação dessas estratégias em estudos controlados, randomizados, com amostras de magnitude satisfatória, preferencialmente em rede e que explicitem as condições nas quais o atendimento homeopático ocorreu e como se chegou a cada prescrição, podem ter utilidade para a avaliação da efetividade da dimensão integral do tratamento homeopático.

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos em uma população de idosos usuários de serviços públicos

Esta dissertação pretende estimar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos segundo três níveis de complexidade de atenção à saúde e estudar a co-ocorrência de sintomas depressivos e incapacidade funcional. No Brasil, a transição demográfica ocorreu de forma rápida e explosiva. À medida que o número de idosos cresce ocorre o aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas e suas complicações. A habilidade funcional pode ser vista como uma medida de resumo do impacto geral das condições médicas no contexto do ambiente e do sistema de apoio social do indivíduo, e deve ser uma consideração importante em qualquer planejamento de saúde. Uma enfermidade associada a elevado grau de incapacidade funcional é a depressão. Entre os agravos de saúde mental, a depressão é um dos mais comuns e importantes problemas psiquiátricos entre indivíduos idosos. Trata-se de estudo transversal com tamanho amostral de 643 idosos com idade de 65 ou mais anos selecionados aleatoriamente e usuários de três serviços públicos de saúde com níveis crescentes de complexidade (primário, secundário e terciário). A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi estimada a partir da EDG-15, já traduzida e validada para uso no Brasil. O nível de estado funcional foi definido conforme os escores dos instrumentos SF-36 e HAQ. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos na amostra total foi de 45,2% (IC=41,1 49,3). Estratificando por unidade, a prevalência foi de 35,3% no nível primário, 47,6% no nível secundário e 51,7% no nível terciário (p=0,004). As prevalências encontradas foram altas nos três níveis de complexidade de atendimento, inclusive na população de idosos da unidade básica de saúde, apesar de serem idosos mais independentes e mais saudáveis. A prevalência geral de sintomas depressivos aumentou à medida que o grau de incapacidade funcional também aumentou. A busca ativa por idosos com sintomas depressivos é importante em todos os níveis de complexidade de atendimento do sistema de saúde.

Autoavaliação do estado de saúde: associação com fatores sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, morbidade e experiência de discriminação racial em inquérito populacional no Brasil

A autoavaliação do estado de saúde (AAS) é um indicador de saúde amplamente utilizado e influenciado por uma grande variedade de fatores. Em particular, existem evidências crescentes de que a discriminação racial é um importante fator de risco para eventos mórbidos em saúde e seu impacto na saúde da população brasileira ainda é pouco explorado. No primeiro artigo, o objetivo principal é investigar a associação entre AAS e fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de morbidade. No segundo artigo, o objetivo é estimar a associação entre discriminação racial e diferentes desfechos em saúde, a saber, AAS, morbidade física e depressão ajustando por variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e Índice de Massa Corporal, na população de pretos e pardos. O presente estudo possui delineamento seccional, baseado nos dados do inquérito de abrangência nacional Pesquisa Dimensão Social das Desigualdades. Os entrevistados responderam a questionários estruturados e suas medidas antropométricas foram aferidas. No primeiro artigo, foram avaliados 12.324 indivíduos, entre chefes de família e cônjuges, com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos. No segundo artigo, foram avaliados 3.863 chefes de família que responderam a pergunta sobre discriminação racial e que se classificaram como pretos e pardos. AAS foi avaliada por meio de pergunta obtida do instrumento de qualidade de vida SF-36 e, para o primeiro artigo, foi analisada de forma dicotômica em AAS boa (categorias de resposta excelente, muito boa e boa) e AAS ruim (categorias de resposta razoável e ruim). No segundo artigo, esse desfecho foi analisado utilizando-se as 5 categorias de resposta. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística uni e multivariados, para dados binários (artigo 1) ou ordinais (artigo 2). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de Odds Ratios com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Maior faixa etária, analfabetismo, tabagismo, obesidade e doenças crônicas estiveram associados a maior chance de AAS ruim. Para cada incremento na faixa de renda, observou-se uma redução de 20% na chance de relatar AAS ruim. Atividade física esteve associada a menor chance de AAS ruim. No segundo artigo, exposição à discriminação racial esteve associada com aumento na chance de relato de pior AAS, de morbidade física e de depressão. O presente estudo identificou a influência de diversos fatores sociais, demográficos, comportamentos relacionados à saúde e morbidade física na AAS. O estudo demonstrou ainda que a discriminação racial está associada negativamente aos três desfechos em saúde avaliados (AAS, morbidade física e depressão). Esses resultados podem traçar um perfil de subgrupos populacionais mais vulneráveis, ou seja, com maior risco de contrair doenças ou de procurar o serviço de saúde por uma doença já existente, auxiliando na definição de populações-alvo para o adequado planejamento de políticas e de programas de promoção de saúde.

Jarduera fisikoak bizkarezur muinean lesioa izan duen pertsona batengan duen eragina

AURREKARIAK: Jarduera fisikoa eta bizkarrezur muineko lesioa lotzen dituen ikerketa oso gutxi daude. HELBURUA: Bizkarrezur-muinean lesioa izan duen pertsona batengan jarduera fisikoak dituen eraginak aztertzea izan zen. Zehazki, jarduera fisikoak pertsona tetraplegiko baten mugikortasun artikularrean dituen onurak eta onura horiek bere osasunaren pertzepzio subjektiboaren gan duten eragina ebaluatu da. METODOAK: Giltzadura ezberdinetako mugimendu-anplitudea neurtzeko video kamera eta Kinovea eta “Medi touch” programen bitartez aztertu ziren. SF-36 galdesorta erantzun zuen osasunaren pertzepzio subjektiboa neurtzeko. Sei asteko ariketa fisiko programa-interbentzio eran diseinatu zen. Proba guztiak interbentzioa ondoren errepikatu ziren konparaketa egiteko. EMAITZAK: Ariketa fisikoaren interbentzioaren ondoren neurturiko giltzadura ia guztietako mugikortasun anplitudean hobekuntzak jasan ditu lesionatuak (292oko mugikortasuna irabazten), giltzadura ertain-handietako hobekuntzak handiagoak izanik gehien murrizturiko mugimenduetan (guztiz galduriko mugimenduetan ez). Lesionatuaren osasunaren inguruko pertzepzio subjektiboak berriz, ez du aldaketa nabarmenik jasan. KONLKLUSIOAK: Lesionatuaren mugikortasuna hobetzeko oso aberasgarria izan daiteke jarduera fisiko indibidualizatua eta hobekuntza neurtzeko oso tresna baliagarria guk erabilitako balorazio protokoloa.