Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard bamboo waste bonded with urea formaldehyde and castor oil based adhesive

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Verification of applicability of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil in the manufacture of glued laminated bamboo

The current concern with the environment promotes the development of new technologies for production with use of alternative materials, from renewable resources, and changes in production processes, having as main objective the reduction of environmental impact. One of the alternatives for cleaner production is the use of castor oil derivatives instead of non-renewable sources, such as adhesives based on PVA (polyvinyl acetate), applied in the manufacturing process of glued laminated bamboo. Based on the versatility of the bamboo laminate and the castor oil, and from the perspective of sustainability, this study aims to contribute to the application of new materials and processes, used in the manufacturing industry, by proposing the use of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil for glued laminated bamboo manufacturing, which can later be used in the manufacture of several products. To verify the applicability of the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil in the glued laminated bamboo manufacture, mechanical tests of traction and shearing of the glue sheet were performed in specimens of the said material, and the results were compared with the Cascorez 2590 and Waterbond adhesives. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil, in the traction test, has superior performance than the Waterbond adhesive and slightly below than the Cascorez 2590 adhesive, but in the shear test, the polyurethane adhesive based on castor oil presented a slightly inferior performance than the other two adhesives used in the comparison.

Physical and mechanical characteristic of particleboards produced with residues of sugarcane and stem leaves of bamboo bonded with castor oil adhesive

In this research the aim was produce a particleboard with alternative materials and evaluated its physical and mechanical characteristics. The raw materials used are residues from sucarcane bagasse (SC) (Saccharum officinarum) and stem leaves of bamboo (B) (Dendrocalamus giganteus), bonded with a bi component adhesive based on castor oil. It was produced particleboards with five different traces: 100% SC, 75% SC+25% B, 50% SC+50% B, 25% SC +75%B and 100 % B. Their physical and mechanical characteristics were evaluated accordingly to Brazilian standard NBR 14810-3. Regarding the results obtained, it can be detached that for physical and mechanical evaluation it is evident a negative relation among the amount the sugarcane bagasse and their physical and mechanical characteristics, that is particleboards with low concentrations of sugarcane bagasse had better results. However all particleboards could be recommended for use as sealing particleboards in the segment of civil construction.

Particulate composite based on coconut fiber and castor oil polyurethane adhesive: An eco-efficient product

This paper presents a study on the potential use of coconut fiber as material to produce particleboards, with two different densities (0.8 g/cm(3) and 1.0 g/cm3), using castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive and urea-formaldehyde. The quality of the product that can be produced by industry was evaluated according to the normative NBR 14.810:2006, where density, thickness swell (TS), absorption, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and internal bond (IB) were determined. From the results, there was a decrease in TS and increase in MOR of coconut fiber panels with polyurethane resin panels compared with coconut fiber and resin urea-formaldehyde. Scanning microscopy electronic images (SEM) indicated that castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive occupies the gaps between the particles, a factor that contributes to improved physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The assessment of durability through accelerated aging tests shows that panels protected with waterproofing material can be used in environments that have contact with moisture. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A CASTOR-OIL BASED FORMULATION IN LIMITING PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN STRAWBERRY CROPS

A study was made to evaluate the effect of a castor oil-based detergent on strawberry crops treated with different classes of pesticides, namely deltamethrin, folpet, tebuconazole, abamectin and mancozeb, in a controlled environment. Experimental crops of greenhouse strawberries were cultivated in five different ways with control groups using pesticides and castor oil-based detergent. The results showed that the group 2, which was treated with castor oil-based detergent, presented the lowest amount of pesticide residues and the highest quality of fruit produced.

Ultrastructural changes in the ovary cells of engorged Rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks treated with esters of ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Ricinus communis)

Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a widely distributed tick species that has adapted to the urban environment, and the dog is its main host. This species is also known as a vector and reservoir of diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Currently, acaricides of synthetic chemical origin have been widely and indiscriminately used, leading to the development of resistance to these products by ticks and causing damage to the environment. Thus, these issues have made it necessary to seek other forms of controlling these ectoparasites. R. sanguineus was artificially infested in host New Zealand White rabbits, which were divided into four treatment groups: control (CG1 and CG2) and treatment (TG1 and TG2) groups. TG1 and TG2 hosts were provided with feed supplemented with esters of ricinoleic acid from castor oil at a concentration of 5 g/kg of feed for 7 and 15 days. Afterward, the ovaries of the female ticks were removed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed ultrastructural changes in the somatic and germ cells of ovaries from TG1 and TG2 females, particularly with respect to chorion deposition, a protective membrane of the oocyte, as well as in the transport process of vitellogenic materials via the hemolymph and pedicel cells. Moreover, the mitochondria were less electron-dense and had cristae that were more disorganized than the mitochondria from CG1 and CG2 individuals. Thus, this study demonstrated the action of esters on the ovaries of R. sanguineus, signaling the prospect of a way to control this ectoparasite without affecting nontarget organisms or the environment. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Addition of increasing doses of ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) in diets of Nellore steers in feedlots

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and blood parameters of feedlot Nellore cattle fed increasing doses of ricinoleic acid (RA) in the diet. Ninety-six Nellore steers divided into 12 groups of 8 animals were used. The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments: 0, 1, 2, or 4 g of RA/animal/day, with three replicates per treatment. The experimental period consisted of 84 days divided into three 28-day periods preceded by three step-up diets. A quadratic effect was found for average daily gain and final body weight, as well as for leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, and for urea and blood urea nitrogen. A linear effect was observed for albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase. The inclusion of 2 g of RA daily improved the performance of feedlot Nellore steers.

Diametral tensile strength and film thickness of an experimental dental luting agent derived from castor oil

The need to develop new dental luting agents in order to improve the success of treatments has greatly motivated research. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diametral tensile strength (DTS) and film thickness (FT) of an experimental dental luting agent derived from castor oil (COP) with or without addition of different quantities of filler (calcium carbonate - CaCO3). Material and Methods: Eighty specimens were manufactured (DTS N=40; FT N=40) and divided into 4 groups: Pure COP; COP 10%; COP 50% and zinc phosphate (control). The cements were mixed according to the manufacturers' recommendations and submitted to the tests. The DTS test was performed in the MTS 810 testing machine (10 KN, 0.5 mm/min). For FT test, the cements were sandwiched between two glass plates (2 cm(2)) and a load of 15 kg was applied vertically on the top of the specimen for 10 min. The data were analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=0.05). Results: The values of DTS (MPa) were: Pure COP- 10.94 +/- 1.30; COP 10%- 30.06 +/- 0.64; COP 50%- 29.87 +/- 0.27; zinc phosphate- 4.88 +/- 0.96. The values of FT (pm) were: Pure COP- 31.09 +/- 3.16; COP 10%- 17.05 +/- 4.83; COP 50%- 13.03 +/- 4.83; Zinc Phosphate- 20.00 +/- 0.12. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among the groups (DTS - p=1.01E-40; FT - p=2.4E-10). Conclusion: The experimental dental luting agent with 50% of filler showed the best diametral tensile strength and film thickness.

Growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle in goat kids fed diets with castor oil

The objective in this study was to determine growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi of crossbred Boer x Saanen kids fed castor oil. Twenty-four kids (12 males and 12 females) were assigned in a randomized complete block design with two treatments and twelve replications. Blocks were defined according to weight, gender and initial age of animals for the evaluation of performance. The experimental treatments consisted of two diets containing 900 g concentrate/kg: a control diet (without addition of oil) and another containing castor oil at 30 g/kg (on a dry matter basis). After they reached an average body weight of 25 kg, males were slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle. The addition of castor oil in the diet did not affect the intake of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber; the average daily gain; and feed conversion, but increased the ether extract intake. No difference was observed for the carcass characteristics, chemical composition of the meat, concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and total concentration of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relations; however, there was increase in the concentrations of C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (CLA) and C20:4 omega-6. The addition of castor oil to the diet of crossbred Boer x Saanen kids containing a high content of concentrate did not promote benefit to the characteristics evaluated.

Evaluation of the performance of a castor-oil based formulation in limiting pesticide residues in strawberry crops

A study was made to evaluate the effect of a castor oil-based detergent on strawberry crops treated with different classes of pesticides, namely deltamethrin, folpet, tebuconazole, abamectin and mancozeb, in a controlled environment. Experimental crops of greenhouse strawberries were cultivated in five different ways with control groups using pesticides and castor oil-based detergent. The results showed that the group 2, which was treated with castor oil-based detergent, presented the lowest amount of pesticide residues and the highest quality of fruit produced.

A novel process for the production of castor oil by direct solvent extraction

This research was undertaken to: develop a process for the direct solvent extraction of castor oil seeds. A literature survey confirmed the desirability of establishing such a process with emphasis on the decortication, size, reduction, detoxification-deallergenization, and solvent·extraction operations. A novel process was developed for the dehulling of castor seeds which consists of pressurizing the beans and then suddenly releasing the pressure to vaccum. The degree of dehulling varied according to the pressure applied and the size of the beans. Some of the batches were difficult-to-hull, and this phenomenon was investigated using the scanning electron microscope and by thickness and compressive strength measurements. The other variables studied to lesser degrees included residence time, moisture, content, and temperature.The method was successfully extended to cocoa beans, and (with modifications) to peanuts. The possibility of continuous operation was looked into, and a mechanism was suggested to explain the method works. The work on toxins and allergens included an extensive literature survey on the properties of these substances and the methods developed for their deactivation Part of the work involved setting up an assay method for measuring their concentration in the beans and cake, but technical difficulties prevented the completion of this aspect of the project. An appraisal of the existing deactivation methods was made in the course of searching for new ones. A new method of reducing the size of oilseeds was introduced in this research; it involved freezing the beans in cardice and milling them in a coffee grinder, the method was found to be a quick, efficient, and reliable. An application of the freezing technique was successful in dehulling soybeans and de-skinning peanut kernels. The literature on the solvent extraction, of oilseeds, especially castor, was reviewed: The survey covered processes, equipment, solvents, and mechanism of leaching. three solvents were experimentally investigated: cyclohexane, ethanol, and acetone. Extraction with liquid ammonia and liquid butane was not effective under the conditions studied. Based on the results of the research a process has been suggested for the direct solvent extraction of castor seeds, the various sections of the process have analysed, and the factors affecting the economics of the process were discussed.

Effect of contact surfaces on the thermal and photoxidation of dehydrated castor oil

The effect of stainless steel, glass, zirconium and titanium enamel surfaces on the thermal and photooxidative toughening mechanism of dehydrated castor oil films deposited on these surfaces was investigated using different analytical and spectroscopic methods. The conjugated and non-conjugated double bonds were identified and quantified using both Raman spectroscopy and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The disappearance of the double bonds in thermally oxidised oil-on-surface films was shown to be concomitant with the formation of hydroperoxides (determined by iodometric titration). The type of the surface had a major effect on the rate of thermal oxidation of the oil, but all of the surfaces examined had resulted in a significantly higher rate of oxidation compared to that of the neat oil. The highest effect was exhibited by the stainless steel surface followed by zirconium enamel, titanium enamel and glass. The rate of thermal oxidation of the oil-on-steel surface (at 100 °C, based on peroxide values) was more than five times faster than that of oil-on-glass and more than 21 times faster than the neat oil when compared under similar thermal oxidative conditions. The rate of photooxidation at 60 °C of oil-on-steel films was found to be about one and half times faster than their rate of thermal oxidation at the same temperature. Results from absorbance reflectance infrared microscopy with line scans taken across the depth of thermally oxidised oil-on-steel films suggest that the thermal oxidative toughening mechanism of the oil occurs by two different reaction pathways with the film outermost layers, i.e. furthest away from the steel surface, oxidising through a traditional free radical oxidation process involving the formation of various oxygenated products formed from the decomposition of allylic hydroperoxides, whereas, in the deeper layers closer to the steel surface, crosslinking reactions predominate.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of composite of pinhão with polyrethane derived from castor oil.

2016

Compósito de poliuretano de mamona e vermiculita para isolação térmica

They are in this study the experimental results of the analysis of thermal performance of composite material made from a plant matrix of polyurethane derived from castor oil of kernel of mamona (COF) and loading of clay-mineral called vermiculite expanded. Bodies of evidence in the proportions in weight of 10%, 15% and 20% were made to determine the thermal properties: conductivity (k), diffusivity (ά) and heat capacity (C), for purposes of comparison, the measurements were also performed the properties of polyurethane of castor without charge and also the oil polyurethane (PU), both already used in thermal insulation. Plates of 0.25 meters of material analyzed were manufactured for use as insulation material in a chamber performance thermal coverage. Thermocouples were distributed on the surface of the cover, and inside the material inside the test chamber and this in turn was subjected to artificial heating, consisting of a bank of incandescent lamps of 3000 w. The results obtained with the composite materials were compared with data from similar tests conducted with the camera alone with: (a) of oil PU, (b) of COF (c) glass wool, (d ) of rock wool. The heat resistance tests were performed with these composites, obtaining temperature limits for use in the range of 100 º C to 130 º C. Based on the analysis of the results of performance and thermal properties, it was possible to conclude that the COF composites with load of expanded vermiculite present behavior very close to those exhibited by commercial insulation material

Photoprotective potential of emulsions formulated with Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa) against UV irradiation on keratinocytes and fibroblasts cell lines

Considering the belief that natural lipids are safer for topical applications and that carotenoids are able to protect cells against photooxidative damage, we have investigated whether topical creams and lotions, produced with Buriti oil and commercial surfactants, can exert photoprotective effect against UVA and UVB irradiation on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Cell treatment was divided into two steps, prior and after exposition to 30 min of UVA plus UVB radiation or to 60 min of UVA radiation. Emulsions prepared with ethoxylated fatty alcohols as surfactants and containing alpha-tocopherol caused phototoxic damage to the cells, especially when applied prior to UV exposure. Damage reported was due to prooxidant activity and phototoxic effect of the surfactant. Emulsions prepared with Sorbitan Monooleate and PEG-40 castor oil and containing panthenol as active ingredient, were able to reduce the damages caused by radiation when compared to non-treated cells. When the two cell lines used in the study were compared, keratinocytes showed an increase in cell viability higher than fibroblasts. The Buriti oil emulsions could be considered potential vehicles to transport antioxidants precursors and also be used as adjuvant in sun protection, especially in after sun formulations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.