Magnetoelectric coefficient in strontium ruthenate buffered lanthanum modified bismuth ferrite thin films grown by chemical method

This paper focuses on the magnetoelectric coupling (ME) at room temperature in lanthanum modified bismuth ferrite thin film (BLFO) deposited on SrRuO 3-buffered Pt/TiO 2/SiO 2/Si(100) substrates by the soft chemical method. BLFO film was coherently grown at a temperature of 500 °C. The magnetoelectric coefficient measurement was performed to evidence magnetoelectric coupling behavior. Room temperature magnetic coercive field indicates that the film is magnetically soft. The maximum magnetoelectric coefficient in the longitudinal direction was close to 12 V/cmOe. Dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss demonstrated only slight dispersion with frequency due the less two-dimensional stress in the plane of the film. Polarization reversal was investigated by applying dc voltage through a conductive tip during the area scanning. We observed that various types of domain behavior such as 71 ° and 180° domain switching, and pinned domain formation occurred. Copyright © 2009 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Composite Thin Film Obtained Using Tetraethoxysilane and Aimed at VOCs Detection

The aim of this work was production of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) plasma polymerized thin films and optimization of their physical-chemical characteristic for sensor development. The films were analyzed using several techniques. It was possible to produce composites (graphite clusters imbibed by silicon oxide film) made from only one reactant (TEOS). Deposition rate can vary significantly, reaching a maximum of 30 nm/min; cluster formation and their size widely depending on deposition parameters. The film surface was hydrophobic but can be wetted by organic compounds, probably due to carbon radicals. These films are good candidates for sensor development.

Functional hydrogels: ferrogel thin films

Die Kombination magnetischer Nanopartikel (NP) mit temperatursensitiven Polymeren führt zur Bildung neuer Komposit-Materialien mit interessanten Eigenschaften, die auf vielfältige Weise genutzt werden können. Mögliche Anwendungsgebiete liegen in der magnetischen Trennung, der selektiven Freisetzung von Medikamenten, dem Aufbau von Sensoren und Aktuatoren. Als Polymerkomponente können z.B. Hydrogele dienen. Die Geschwindigkeit der Quellgradänderung mittels externer Stimuli kann durch eine Reduzierung des Hydrogelvolumens erhöht werden, da das Quellen ein diffusionskontrollierter Prozess ist. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein durch ultraviolettes Licht vernetzbares Hydrogel aus N-isopropylacrylamid, Methacrylsäure und dem Vernetzer 4-Benzoylphenylmethacrylat hergestellt (PNIPAAm-Hydrogel) und mit magnetischen Nanopartikeln aus Magnetit (Fe3O4) kombiniert. Dabei wurde die Temperatur- und die pH-Abhängigkeit des Quellgrades im Hinblick auf die Verwendung als nanomechanische Cantilever Sensoren (NCS) untersucht. Desweiteren erfolgte eine Charakterisierung durch Oberflächenplasmonen- und optischer Wellenleitermoden-Resonanz Spektroskopie (SPR/OWS). Die daraus erhaltenen Werte für den pKa-Wert und die lower critical solution Temperatur (LCST) stimmten mit den bekannten Literaturwerten überein. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine stärkere Vernetzung zu einer geringeren LCST führt. Die Ergebnisse mittels NCS wiesen zudem auf einen skin-effect während des Heizens von höher vernetzten Polymeren hin.rnDie Magnetit Nanopartikel wurden ausgehend von Eisen(II)acetylacetonat über eine Hochtemperaturreaktion synthetisiert. Durch Variation der Reaktionstemperatur konnte die Größe der hergestellten Nanopartikel zwischen 3.5 und 20 nm mit einer Größenverteilung von 0.5-2.5 nm eingestellt werden. Durch geeignete Oberflächenfunktionalisierung konnten diese in Wasser stabilisiert werden. Dazu wurde nach zwei Strategien verfahren: Zum einen wurden die Nanopartikel mittels einer Silika-Schale funktionalisiert und zum anderen Zitronensäure als Tensid eingesetzt. Wasserstabilität ist vor allem für biologische Anwendungen wünschenswert. Die magnetischen Partikel wurden mit Hilfe von Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM), und superconductive quantum interference device (SQUID) charakterisiert. Dabei wurde eine Größenabhängigkeit der magnetischen Eigenschaften sowie superparamagnetisches Verhalten beobachtet. Außerdem wurde die Wärmeerzeugung der magnetischen Nanopartikel in einem AC Magnetfeld untersucht. rnDie Kombination beider Komponenten in Form eines Ferrogels wurde durch Mischen Benzophenon funktionalisierter magnetischer Nanopartikel mit Polymer erreicht. Durch Aufschleudern (Spin-Coaten) wurden dünne Filme erzeugt und diese im Hinblick auf ihr Verhalten in einem Magnetfeld untersucht. Dabei wurde eine geringes Plastikverhalten beobachtet. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden anschließend mit theoretisch berechneten Erwartungswerten verglichen und mit den unterschiedlichen Werten für dreidimensionale Ferrogele in Zusammenhang gestellt. rn

Potentiostatic Reversible Photoelectrochromism: An Effect Appearing in Nanoporous TiO2/Ni(OH)2 Thin Films

In the field of energy saving, finding composite materials with the ability of coloring upon both illumination and change of the applied electrode potential keeps on being an important goal. In this context, chemical bath deposition of Ni(OH)2 into nanoporous TiO2 thin films supported on conducting glass leads to electrodes showing both conventional electrochromic behavior (from colorless to dark brown and vice versa) together with photochromism at constant applied potential. The latter phenomenon, reported here for the first time, is characterized by fast and reversible coloration upon UV illumination. The bleaching kinetics shows first order behavior with respect to the NiIII centers in the film, and an order 1.2 with respect to electrons in the TiO2 film. From a more applied point of view, this study opens up the possibility of having two-mode smart windows showing not only conventional electrochromism but also reversible darkening upon illumination.

Thin films fabricated from a nanoparticle beam

As time advances, man has been able to control technology in finer and finer detail. The microelectronics era is an example of this, with control down to the micrometer. Experts agree that we may be entering a new era, controlling technology down to the nanometer. One aspect of such control is making materials in the nanometer range, i.e. nanoparticles. For this purpose, a new magnetron-sputtering gun, inert gas condensation, nanoparticle source has been designed, built, and tested. ^ Films made from cobalt, nickel, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, and aluminum have been investigated. Transmission Electron Microscope measurements done at the University of Illinois confirm the thin films are nanostructured. This was also confirmed by Atomic Force Microscope measurements made at the F.I.U. Thin Film Laboratory. ^ Composition, optical and magnetic properties have been measured. In most cases, unique properties have been found that differ significantly from bulk properties. Rutherford Backscattering measurements done at the University of Illinois determined significant percentages of oxygen and carbon in the samples, possibly due to interactions with air. Because of this, optical properties are a composite of oxide, metal, and void properties. Magnetic materials were determined to have spin-glass properties below the irreversibility temperature and superparamagnetic properties above it. Indications of possible future uses for these nanostructured materials are discussed. ^

Transition from n- to p-type of spray pyrolysis deposited Cu doped ZnO thin films for NO2 sensing

The structural, optical, and gas-sensing properties of spray pyrolysis deposited Cu doped ZnO thin films were investigated. Gas response of the undoped and doped films to N02 (oxidizing) gas shows an increase and decrease in resistance, respectively, indicating p-type conduction in doped samples. The UV-Vis spectra of the films show decrease in the bandgap with increasing Cu concentration in ZnO. The observed p-type conductivity is attributed to the holes generated by incorporated Cu atoms on Zn sites in ZnO thin films. The X-ray diffraction spectra showed that samples are polycrystalline with the hexagonal wurtzite structure and increasing the concentration of Cu caused a decrease in the intensity of the dominant (002) peak. The surface morphology of films was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the presence of Cu was also confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Seebeck effect measurements were utilized to confirm the p-type conduction of Cu doped ZnO thin films. Copyright © 2009 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

A nanoscratch method for measuring hardness of thin films

Thin solid films were extensively used in the making of solar cells, cutting tools, magnetic recording devices, etc. As a result, the accurate measurement of mechanical properties of the thin films, such as hardness and elastic modulus, was required. The thickness of thin films normally varies from tens of nanometers to several micrometers. It is thus challenging to measure their mechanical properties. In this study, a nanoscratch method was proposed for hardness measurement. A three-dimensional finite element method (3-D FEM) model was developed to validate the nanoscratch method and to understand the substrate effect during nanoscratch. Nanoindentation was also used for comparison. The nanoscratch method was demonstrated to be valuable for measuring hardness of thin solid films.

Low temperature CO sensitive nanostructured WO3 thin films doped with Fe

Nanostructured tungsten oxide thin film based gas sensors have been developed by thermal evaporation method to detect CO at low operating temperatures. The influence of Fe-doping and annealing heat treatment on microstructural and gas sensing properties of these films have been investigated. Fe was incorporated in WO3 film by co-evaporation and annealing was performed at 400oC for 2 hours in air. AFM analysis revealed a grain size of about 10-15 nm in all the films. GIXRD analysis showed that as-deposited films are amorphous and annealing at 400oC improved the crystallinity. Raman and XRD analysis indicated that Fe is incorporated in the WO3 matrix as a substitutional impurity, resulting in shorter O-W-O bonds and lattice cell parameters. Doping with Fe contributed significantly towards CO sensing performance of WO3 thin films. A good response to various concentrations (10-1000 ppm) of CO has been achieved with 400oC annealed Fe-doped WO3 film at a low operating temperature of 150oC.

Sensing properties of e-beam evaporated nanostructured pure and iron-doped tungsten oxide thin films

Gas sensing properties of nanostructured pure and iron-doped WO3 thin films are discussed. Electron beam evaporation technique has been used to obtain nanostructured thin films of WO3 and WO3:Fe with small grain size and porosity. Atomic force microscopy has been employed to study the microstructure. High sensitivity of both films towards NO2 is observed. Doping of the tungsten oxide film with Fe decreased the material resistance by a factor of about 30 when exposed to 5 ppm NO2. The high sensitivity is attributed to an improved microstructure of the films obtained through e-beam evaporation technique, and subsequent annealing at 300oC for 1 hour.

Gas sensing characteristics of Fe-doped tungsten oxide thin films

This study reports on the gas sensing characteristics of Fe-doped (10 at.%) tungsten oxide thin films of various thicknesses (100–500 nm) prepared by electron beam evaporation. The performance of these films in sensing four gases (H2, NH3, NO2 and N2O) in the concentration range 2–10,000 ppm at operating temperatures of 150–280 °C has been investigated. The results are compared with the sensing performance of a pure WO3 film of thickness 300 nm produced by the same method. Doping of the tungsten oxide film with 10 at.% Fe significantly increases the base conductance of the pure film but decreases the gas sensing response. The maximum response measured in this experiment, represented by the relative change in resistance when exposed to a gas, was ΔR/R = 375. This was the response amplitude measured in the presence of 5 ppm NO2 at an operating temperature of 250 °C using a 400 nm thick WO3:Fe film. This value is slightly lower than the corresponding result obtained using the pure WO3 film (ΔR/R = 450). However it was noted that the WO3:Fe sensor is highly selective to NO2, exhibiting a much higher response to NO2 compared to the other gases. The high performance of the sensors to NO2 was attributed to the small grain size and high porosity of the films, which was obtained through e-beam evaporation and post-deposition heat treatment of the films at 300 °C for 1 h in air.

Thermally evaporated tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films for gas sensing applications

In this thesis, the author proposed and developed gas sensors made of nanostructured WO3 thin film by a thermal evaporation technique. This technique gives control over film thickness, grain size and purity. The device fabrication, nanostructured material synthesis, characterization and gas sensing performance have been undertaken. Three different types of nanostructured thin films, namely, pure WO3 thin films, iron-doped WO3 thin films by co-evaporation and Fe-implanted WO3 thin films have been synthesized. All the thin films have a film thickness of 300 nm. The physical, chemical and electronic properties of these films have been optimized by annealing heat treatment at 300ºC and 400ºC for 2 hours in air. Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize these films. Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed a very small grain size of the order 5-10 nm in as-deposited WO3 films, and annealing at 300ºC or 400ºC did not result in any significant change in grain size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a highly amorphous structure of as-deposited films. Annealing at 300ºC for 2 hours in air did not improve crystallinity in these films. However, annealing at 400ºC for 2 hours in air significantly improved the crystallinity in pure and iron-doped WO3 thin films, whereas it only slightly improved the crystallinity of iron-implanted WO3 thin film as a result of implantation. Rutherford backscattered spectroscopy revealed an iron content of 0.5 at.% and 5.5 at.% in iron-doped and iron-implanted WO3 thin films, respectively. The RBS results have been confirmed using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) during analysis of the films using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed significant lowering of W 4f7/2 binding energy in all films annealed at 400ºC as compared with the as-deposited and 300ºC annealed films. Lowering of W 4f7/2 is due to increase in number of oxygen vacancies in the films and is considered highly beneficial for gas sensing. Raman analysis revealed that 400ºC annealed films except the iron-implanted film are highly crystalline with significant number of O-W-O bonds, which was consistent with the XRD results. Additionally, XRD, XPS and Raman analyses showed no evidence of secondary peaks corresponding to compounds of iron due to iron doping or implantation. This provided an understanding that iron was incorporated in the host WO3 matrix rather than as a separate dispersed compound or as catalyst on the surface. WO3 thin film based gas sensors are known to operate efficiently in the temperature range 200ºC-500 ºC. In the present study, by optimizing the physical, chemical and electronic properties through heat treatment and doping, an optimum response to H2, ethanol and CO has been achieved at a low operating temperature of 150ºC. Pure WO3 thin film annealed at 400ºC showed the highest sensitivity towards H2 at 150ºC due to its very small grain size and porosity, coupled with high number of oxygen vacancies, whereas Fe-doped WO3 film annealed at 400ºC showed the highest sensitivity to ethanol at an operating temperature of 150ºC due to its crystallinity, increased number of oxygen vacancies and higher degree of crystal distortions attributed to Fe addition. Pure WO3 films are known to be insensitive to CO, but iron-doped WO3 thin film annealed at 300ºC and 400ºC showed an optimum response to CO at an operating temperature of 150ºC. This result is attributed to lattice distortions produced in WO3 host matrix as a result of iron incorporation as substitutional impurity. However, iron-implanted WO3 thin films did not show any promising response towards the tested gases as the film structure has been damaged due to implantation, and annealing at 300ºC or 400ºC was not sufficient to induce crystallinity in these films. This study has demonstrated enhanced sensing properties of WO3 thin film sensors towards CO at lower operating temperature, which was achieved by optimizing the physical, chemical and electronic properties of the WO3 film through Fe doping and annealing. This study can be further extended to systematically investigate the effects of different Fe concentrations (0.5 at.% to 10 at.%) on the sensing performance of WO3 thin film gas sensors towards CO.

Hardness of silicon nitride thin films characterised by nanoindentation and nanoscratch deconvolution methods

Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition silicon nitride thin films are widely used in microelectromechanical system devices as structural materials because the mechanical properties of those films can be tailored by adjusting deposition conditions. However, accurate measurement of the mechanical properties, such as hardness, of films with thicknesses at nanometric scale is challenging. In the present study, the hardness of the silicon nitride films deposited on silicon substrate under different deposit conditions was characterised using nanoindentation and nanoscratch deconvolution methods. The hardness values obtained from the two methods were compared. The effect of substrate on the measured results was discussed.