98 resultados para CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS
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A demanda pela produção comercial de madeira exótica e criação de gado é uma fonte comum de conflitos que pode produzir um efeito negativo na conservação da vida silvestre. Este conflito é particularmente evidente no sul do Brasil, onde as áreas protegidas não são grandes suficientes para garantir as necessidades de ocupação de espécies com grandes exigências territoriais, e onde a densidade humana é elevada. Desta maneira, a conservação destas espécies precisa ser assegurada com a manutenção de habitats fora das reservas oficiais. O objetivo desta tese foi identificar os padrões de perda de integridade ambiental na paisagem, buscando os limites nos quais a estabilidade de uma comunidade e de sua estrutura trófica podem ser severamente afetados (capítulo 2 e 3), de maneira que estes resultados possam ser utilizados como procedimentos para escolha de áreas a serem protegidas, recuperação ambiental, e seleção de modelos ecologicamente sustentáveis de manejo comercial. Vários características de grupos indicadores baseados na presençaausência de mamíferos florestais (>1kg) foram verificados para este propósito, incluindo a persistência, riqueza, e composição das comunidades, além da riqueza trófica e presença do maior predador da área, o puma Puma concolor. Explorou-se, também, as limitações do uso de estimativas de riqueza de espécies como diretriz exclusiva de ações de conservação. Os resultados mostraram que RE não estava necessariamente relacionada com a melhor integridade ambiental pressuposta, e corroborada através dos outros indicadores (capítulo 3). Adicionalmente, a RE variou com método amostral, resultado que emerge como impecilho para o uso exclusivo deste parâmetro como indicador (capítulo 4). Esta variação implica que inferências de RE baseadas em múltiplos estudos pode resultar em erro se os mesmos métodos amostrais não forem usados em todos eles. A maior parte das espécies amostradas são dependentes da floresta, sendo que a abordagem por indicadores confirmou esta relação, revelando que as comunidades de mamíferos florestais sofreram as maiores perdas em áreas menos florestadas. A configuração da paisagem poderia ser resumida em propriedades particulares de 600 ha, com florestas restritas a menos de 38% na escala de paisagem. Espécies extintas or quase extintas na configuração observada foram a ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis, tamanduá-bandeira Myrmecophaga tridactyla, onça-pintada Panthera onca, anta Tapirus terrestris. Espécies severamente ameaçadas foram o loboguará Chrysocyon brachyurus e queixada Tayassu pecari. Mesmo assim, informações da distribuição histórica destas espécies em ambientes de floresta-savana, antes da colonização completa por causasianos, indicam que a extensão naturalmente reduzida da floresta nestes ambientes não constituía-se em obstáculo para sua existência, a partir do que é possível inferir que a extinção das espécies foi provocada pelo padrão de ocupação rural e atitudes humanas incompatíveis com a existência destas. Atualmente, exceto pelas espécies com maior demanda florestal, muitas demostram uma surpreendente persistência em condições de cobertura florestal nativa de aproximadamente 10% na paisagem rural não urbanizada.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ
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Wild canids are potential hosts for numerous species of Bartonella, yet little research has been done to quantify their infection rates in South America. We sought to investigate Bartonella seroprevalence in captive wild canids from 19 zoos in São Paulo and Mato Grosso states, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 97 wild canids belonging to four different native species and three European wolves (Canis lupus). Indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing was performed to detect the presence of B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. clarridgeiae, and B. rochalimae. Overall, Bartonella antibodies were detected in 11 of the canids, including five (12·8%) of 39 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), three (11·1%) of 27 bush dogs (Speothos venaticus), two (8·7%) of 23 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and one (12·5%) of eight hoary foxes (Lycalopex vetulus), with titres ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. Knowing that many species of canids make excellent reservoir hosts for Bartonella, and that there is zoonotic potential for all Bartonella spp. tested for, it will be important to conduct further research in non-captive wild canids to gain an accurate understanding of Bartonella infection in free-ranging wild canids in South America.
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Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV
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Contrafreeloading occurs when animals spend time and effort to obtain food in the presence of freely available food. There are several interpretations for such an apparent contradiction to optimal foraging models, with an emphasis either on the need to gather and update information about the environment or on the value of performing species-typical responses. Evidence suggests that both gathering information about the environment and the expression of species-typical behaviour are important for the welfare of captive animals. The aim of the present study was to assess the existence of contrafreeloading in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), in a situation where animals could get food directly from a "free" source and/or search and handle hidden food items, an alternative that requires more effort and is probably more similar to natural foraging conditions. Eight captive, pair-housed maned wolves were given weekly choice tests in which they could obtain food either by approaching the usual food tray in one section of the enclosure (Tray), and/or by searching for food at variable sites amongst the vegetation in the other section of the enclosure (Scattered). Results indicate that maned wolves spent more time in the Scattered than in the Tray section of the enclosure (P = 0.02) and that they obtained about half of the food from that section (48.54% +/- SE 0.69). Our results, the first to demonstrate contrafreeloading in maned wolves, have implications for the husbandry and welfare of this endangered species. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815) is the biggest canid in South America and it is considered a “near threatened” species by IUCN. Because of its nocturnal, territorial and solitary habits, there are still many understudied aspects of their behavior in natural environments, including acoustic communication. In its vocal repertoire, the wolf presents a longdistance call named “roar-bark” which, according to literature, functions for spacing maintenance between individuals and/or communication between members of the reproductive pair inside the territory. In this context, this study aimed: 1) to compare four methods for detecting maned wolf’s roar-barks in recordings made in a natural environment, in order to elect the most efficient one for our project; 2) to understand the night emission pattern of these vocalizations, verifying possible weather and moon phases influences in roarbark’s emission rates; and 3) to test Passive Acoustic Monitoring as a tool to identify the presence of maned wolves in a natural environment. The study area was the Serra da Canastra National Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil), where autonomous recorders were used for sound acquisition, recording all night (from 06pm to 06am) during five days in December/2013 and every day from April to July/2014. Roar-barks’ detection methods were tested and compared regarding time needed to analyze files, number of false positives and number of correctly identified calls. The mixed method (XBAT + manual) was the most efficient one, finding 100% of vocalizations in almost half of the time the manual method did, being chosen for our data analysis. By studying roarbarks’ temporal variation we verified that the wolves vocalize more in the early hours of the evening, suggesting an important social function for those calls at the beginning of its period of most intense activity. Average wind speed negatively influenced vocalization rate, which may indicate lower sound reception of recorders or a change in behavioral patterns of wolves in high speed wind conditions. A better understanding of seasonal variation of maned wolves’ vocal activity is required, but our study already shows that it is possible to detect behavioral patterns of wild animals only by sound, validating PAM as a tool in this species’ conservation.
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v. 17, n. 2, p. 296-302, abr./jun. 2016.
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The lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus is widespread in cowpea plantations throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. However, the pathogenicity of P. brachyurus on cowpea has been scarcely studied. In this work, it was demonstrated in two glasshouse experiments that an isolate (Pb-20) of P brachyurus was pathogenic to cowpea cv. IPA-206, adversely affecting the plant growth and pod formation and filling. Initial population levels of 5000 and 15 000 nematodes per plant caused reduction of root growth and typical decay of root tissue. The third experiment demonstrated that all six cowpea cultivars selected for evaluation supported reproduction of three isolates of P. brachyurus (Pb-20, Pb-21 and Pb-23) in their roots, although the reproduction factor values obtained indicated that they were dissimilar in their reproductive fitness. Low resistance to R brachyurus was reported for at least one tested cultivar, but apparently of an insufficient degree to be effective for field management of the nematode.
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Taking into account that information about the host status of cover crops for Pratylenchus brachyurus is scarce or contradictory, this study was undertaken to assess the host status of selected graminaceous cover crops by estimating nematode reproduction and their ability to decrease the nematode density in glasshouse conditions. Furthermore, the reproductive fitness of three P. brachyurus populations was assessed for Brachiaria grasses. Silage and forage sorghum proved to be good hosts for P. brachyurus; consequently, they should be avoided in fields infested with this lesion nematode, mainly before susceptible crop such as soybean, common bean, cowpea, and cotton. Dictyoneura grass, the pearl millet cv. ADR 300, and black oat were poor hosts for P. brachyurus but may increase densities of this nematode over time. Consequently, these cover crops might be used in infested fields for only short periods, because they could increase the P. brachyurus population density slowly but progressively.
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Host suitability of oats for Pratylenchus brachyurus Black oat (Avena strigosa), white oat (A. sativa) and Algerian oat (A. byzantina) are extensively cultivated in the south of Brazil for grain, forage, hay and silage production, or as cover crop in no-tillage and crop-pasture integration systems. In both systems, the genotypes of oat used as cover crop must be nonhosts or poor hosts of damaging nematodes for summer cash crops. Taking into account the relevance of Pratylenchus brachyurus as a pathogen for many cash crops in Brazil, two experiments were carried out in a glasshouse in order to evaluate the host suitability of selected oat cultivars to this nematode. The initial population inoculated (Pi) were 92 specimens/plot in experiment 1, and 270 in experiment 2. At the end of experimental periods (86 days after inoculation in experiment 1 and 67 days in experiment 2), the final population (Pf) of P. brachyurus was estimated and the reproductive factor (RF = Pf/Pi) was calculated. The results demonstrated that black oat (RF = 0.04-1.03) is more valuable than Algerian oat (RF = 2.63-2.88) or white oat (RF = 1.37-1.93) for the management of P. brachyurus.
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV
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As limitações legais para o avanço da cultura da soja em novas áreas, pelo valor pouco atrativo do milho segunda safra e pelo baixo vigor das sementes recebidas, o interesse do produtor em cultivar soja na segunda safra tem sido crescente no Estado de Mato Grosso. Entretanto, o cultivo de soja na segunda safra possui entraves que limitam a produtividade, como o menor fotoperíodo e o maior risco de ocorrência de seca no período reprodutivo da cultura. Outra preocupação é a multiplicação e a manutenção dos nematoides das lesões radiculares (P. brachyurus ) em altas populações no solo, quando se cultivam plantas hospedeiras durante longo período do ano. Há relatos de perdas de até 50% na produtividade de grãos de soja, em lavouras comerciais da região Centro - Oeste infestadas com P. brachyurus (FRANCHINI et al., 2014). Além da ação espoliadora e mecânica, esse nematóide causa ferimentos nas raízes o s quais favorecem a entrada de fungos e bactérias, potencializando os danos e levando à diminuição da produtividade (FONSECA, 2012). A rotação com culturas não hospedeiras é a principal forma de controle desses parasitas, visto que não existem fontes de resistência varietal. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a influência de sucessões de cultura, principalmente de soja sobre soja 2ª safra, na população do nematoide das lesões radiculares e na produtividade de grãos na cultura da soja cultivada na safra.
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The effect of different population densities of Pratylenchus brachyurus on the growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants was studied in three greenhouse experiments, using cultivars IAC 20 and IAC 22. Both cultivars proved to be good hosts to the nematode, which however did not affect plant height and affected only slightly fresh root weight and dry top weight of both cultivars, even at the highest population density (over 9,000 nematodes/plant).