红光VCSEL与新的微腔形成机理的研究

Submitted by zhangdi (zhangdi@red.semi.ac.cn) on 2009-04-13T11:45:31Z

ABS树脂形态结构及力学性能的研究

ABS树脂具有优良的抗冲击性、耐热性和耐化学药品性，还具有易加工性、制品尺寸稳定性等特点，广泛应用于工业领域。ABS树脂的制备方法有许多种，目前应用最为广泛的是乳液接枝ABS共聚物一本体SAN掺混法。首先采用乳液聚合方法合成聚丁二烯胶乳，然后将其作为种子进行苯乙烯和丙烯睛的接枝共聚反应生成ABS接枝共聚物；采用本体法制备SAN树脂；最后将ABS接枝共聚物（冲击改性剂）和SAN树脂共混制得ABS树脂。由此看来，ABS接枝共聚物的合成是控制ABS树脂性能的关键。目前国产ABS树脂普遍存在的问题是ABS接枝共聚物的增韧效率低。影响其增韧效率的因素包括共聚单体的组成、橡胶相的组成及结构、橡胶与树脂之间的界面结合力等。因此为提高ABS冲击改性剂的增韧效率，拓宽ABS树脂的应用领域，应合理地控制ABS冲击改性剂的合成参数。本论文采用种子乳液聚合方法在PB（聚丁二烯）橡胶粒子上接枝共聚苯乙烯和丙烯睛合成ABS接枝共聚物，将其作为冲击改性剂与SAN树脂共混制备ABS树脂，对ABS树脂形态结构及力学性能进行了研究。主要研究内容和结论如下：1、研究ABS接枝共聚物中PB／SAN组成、TDDM（叔十二碳硫醇）链转移剂和CHP（过氧化氢异丙苯）用量、单体加料方式及引发剂类型对SAN在PB橡胶粒子上接枝度的影响。sAN在PB橡胶粒子上的接枝度随PB和TDDM含量的增加而降低；随CHP用量的增加先增加后降低；随单体滴加时间的延长而增加，但过分延长时间则对接枝度影响很小；与AIBN（偶氮二异丁睛）和K25208（过硫酸钾）相比，采用氧化一还原引发体系得到的接枝度较高。2、研究ABS接枝共聚物的力学性能。DMA结果表明，随着PB含量的增加，ABS接枝共聚物的储能模量降低，橡胶相的玻璃化转变温度向低温移动，内耗峰值增加。拉伸试验结果表明，当体系中没有TDDM时，不同橡胶含量的ABS接枝共聚物均没有发生明显的应变软化；当加入适量的TDDM后，材料发生应变软化，且随着TDDM用量的增加，材料的屈服应力提高。3、研究ABS接枝共聚物对ABS树脂形态结构及力学性能的影响。ABS接枝共聚物中PB／SAN组成及TDDM链转移剂用量影响ABs树脂中橡胶粒子的内部形态及橡胶粒子在基体中的分散。在合成ABS接枝共聚物的过程中，应合理地调节PB／SAN组成及TDDM的用量以使ABS接枝共聚物达到最大的增韧效率。4、研究ABS树脂在不同应变速率下的断裂行为及形变机理。结果表明，橡胶含量及应变速率影响ABS树脂的力学性能，但没有改变ABS树脂的形变机理。ABS树脂的形变机理包括银纹、橡胶粒子的空洞化及基体的剪切屈服，其中占主导地位的是橡胶粒子的空洞化及基体的剪切屈服。

High level expression, purification, and characterization of the shrimp antimicrobial peptide, Ch-penaeidin, in Pichia pastoris

Penaeidins, members of a new family of antimicrobial peptides constitutively produced and stored in the haemocytes of penaeid shrimp, display antimicrobial activity against bacteria, and fungi. Here, a DNA sequence encoding the mature Ch-penaeidin peptide was cloned into the pPIC9K vector and transformed into Pichia pastoris. The transformed cells were screened for multi-copy plasmids using increasing concentrations of G418. Positive colonies carrying chromosomal integrations of the Chp gene were identified by phenotype and PCR. When transformed cells were induced with methanol, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting revealed the production of a similar to6100 Da recombinant CHP (rCHP) expression product. Large scale expression revealed that rCHP was produced at 108 mg/L under optimal conditions in the highest Chp-producing P. pastoris clone. The antimicrobial activities of rCHP were studied by liquid phase analysis, which revealed that rCHP exhibited activities against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, but had a relatively low activity against some fungi. Purification of rCHP by cation exchange chromatography and subsequent automated amino acid sequencing revealed the presence of four additional amino acids (YVEF) at the N-terminus that belonged to the cleaved fusion signal peptide; these residues may account for the observed decrease in antifungal activity. Together, these observations indicate that rCHP is an effective antimicrobial peptide that can be successfully produced at high levels in the yeast, and therefore may be a potential antimicrobial candidate for practical use. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

斑马鱼肌肉发育相关基因克隆、表达与功能分析

本文主要研究在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中参与肌肉发育的相关基因，克隆了四个在体节和肌肉中表达的基因全长，分析了基因的时空表达特征，并对其中两个基因进行了过表达，分析其在体节形成和肌肉发生过程中的功能。 从斑马鱼中克隆到甲状腺激素受体相关蛋白基因TRAP150。原位杂交分析TRAP150表达在近轴细胞的慢肌和体节的快肌，表达模式与MyoD的模式相近；并表现出肌肉特异性表达，TRAP150在体节形成和肌肉发生早期高水平说明TRAP150在肌肉分化过程发挥着重要的作用。此外，在胚胎的心脏中也检测到TRAP150的表达。在斑马鱼胚胎过量表达TRAP150造成MyoD在近轴中胚层的过量表达，而对MyoD在近轴细胞的表达影响不明显；由于MyoD在近轴中胚层的表达将诱导快肌的形成，因此过量表达TRAP150将可能导致快肌的增多；从过量表达的结果分析，TRAP150在MyoD的上游正向调控MyoD的表达，是诱导快肌的分化的重要基因。 从斑马鱼中克隆到双特性酪氨酸调控激酶新基因DYRK2。RT-PCR结果表明DYRK2具有母源性表达的特点，并且在36小时前各个时期都有表达。DYRK2在体节形成后表达在体节的近轴细胞中，大约在15个体节时检测到在快肌部位表达，18小时后在胚胎肌肉组织、脑部以及眼睛表达。DYRK2在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中与体节和肌肉发生相关的基因之一，并可能参与脑和眼睛的发生。在斑马鱼胚胎中过量表达DYRK2导致肌肉标记基因MyoD的表达出现了很大的变化，注射侧MyoD在近轴细胞和近轴中胚层过量表达，尤其是在未形成体节的体节前体中胚层，注射侧的MyoD有大范围的高表达，而在正常一侧没有表达。MyoD的过量表达说明斑马鱼胚胎早期DYRK2通过调控MyoD的表达影响慢肌的分化。 克隆得到斑马鱼的血细胞生成的PBX1互作蛋白基因HPIP1。RT-PCR结果表明HPIP1在斑马鱼胚胎表达具有母源性，但是原位杂交的检测一直到10个体节时才检测到，说明HPIP1一直到肌肉分化后才大量表达，可能在肌肉的成熟阶段起作用。当胚胎发育到18小时，HPIP1表达在所有体节中，前端的较早形成的体节中表达量比晚形成的体节表达量高，也符合HPIP1参与肌肉成熟过程的判断。HPIP1还表达在胚胎的眼部周围，说明HPIP1可能参与到眼部肌肉的形成。 在斑马鱼中克隆的Chp-1相似蛋白基因CHORDC1。在3个体节时，CHORDC1表达在脊索两侧的近轴细胞中，而在5个体节时CHORDC1在表达在体节中，这个特点与MyoD的表达很相似，与MyoD在体节中表达不同的是，CHORDC1也在体节前体中胚层中表达，这与Myf5的表达特点相似，CHORDC1紧随着MyoD，Myf5的高表达说明CHORDC1在肌肉细胞的分化的早期即参与肌肉的发育，而其高表达量也说明CHORDC1在这个过程中可能起到非常重要的作用。CHORDC1在近轴中胚层的表达与MyoD，Myf5有不同的特点，这种不同表现在其在近轴中胚层的表达不仅仅限于快肌和慢肌，而且由后到前的逐渐扩展。而且，CHORDC1在心肌中也表达说明其不仅在骨骼肌中发挥作用。综合CHORDC1的表达特点可以认为其对肌肉的作用不限于特定肌肉类型，广泛参与到各种肌肉的发育过程

Combined heat and power and campus carbon footprint reduction

Gemstone Team Cogeneration Technology

The CO2 microalgae biorefinery: high value products and biofuels using halophilic microalgae in the “D-Factory”

Fuel-only algal systems are not economically feasible because yields are too low and costs too high for producing microalgal biomass compared to using agricultural residues e.g. straw. Biorefineries which integrate biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power and chemicals from biomass, offer a solution. The CO2 microalgae biorefinery (D-Factory) is a 10 million Euro FP7-funded project which will cultivate the microalga Dunaliella in highly saline non-potable waters in photobioreactors and open raceways and apply biorefinery concepts and European innovations in biomass processing technologies to develop a basket of compounds from Dunaliella biomass, including the high value nutraceutical, β-carotene, and glycerol. Glycerol now finds markets both as a green chemical intermediate and as a biofuel in CHP applications as a result of novel combustion technology. Driving down costs by recovering the entire biomass of Dunaliella cells from saline cultivation water poses one of the many challenges for the D-Factory because Dunaliella cells are both motile, and do not possess an external cell wall, making them highly susceptible to cell rupture. Controlling expression of desired metabolic pathways to deliver the desired portfolio of compounds flexibly and sustainably to meet market demand is another. The first prototype D-Factory in Europe will be operational in 48 months, and will serve as a robust manifestation of the business case for global investment in algae biorefineries and in large-scale production of microalgae.

Study on Hybrid Heat-Gas-Power Flow Algorithm for Integrated Community Energy System: 区域综合能源系统电/气/热混合潮流算法研究

With the integration of combined heat and power (CHP) units, air-conditioners and gas boilers, power, gas, and heat systems are becoming tightly linked to each other in the integrated community energy system (ICES). Interactions among the three systems are not well captured by traditional methods. To address this issue, a hybrid power-gas-heat flow calculation method was developed in this paper. In the proposed method, an energy hub model was presented to describe interactions among the three systems incorporating various CHP operating modes. In addition, three operating modes were proposed for the ICES including fully decoupled, partially coupled, and fully coupled. Numerical results indicated that the proposed algorithm can be used in the steady-state analysis of the ICES and reflect interactions among various energy systems.

A Reliability Assessment Approach for the Urban Energy System and Its Application in Energy Hub Planning

With the increasing utilization of combined heat and power plants (CHP), electrical, gas, and thermal systems are becoming tightly integrated in the urban energy system (UES). However, the three systems are usually planned and operated separately, ignoring their interactions and coordination. To address this issue, the coupling point of different systems in the UES is described by the energy hub model. With this model, an integrated load curtailment method is proposed for the UES. Then a Monte Carlo simulation based approach is developed to assess the reliability of coordinated energy supply systems. Based on this approach, a reliability-optimal energy hub planning method is proposed to accommodate higher renewable energy penetration. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed approach is able to quantify the UES reliability with different structures. Also, optimal energy hub planning scheme can be determined to ensure the reliability of the UES with high renewable penetration.

Success or failure in knowledge management systems: a universal issue

This paper takes a sociotechnical viewpoint of knowledge management system (KMS) implementation in organizations considering issues such as stakeholder disenfranchisement, lack of communication, and the low involvement of key personnel in system design asking whether KMS designers could learn from applying sociotechnical principles to their systems. The paper discusses design elements drawn from the sociotechnical principles essential for the success of IS and makes recommendations to increase the success of KMS in organizations. It also provides guidelines derived from Clegg’s Principles (2000) for KMS designers to enhance their designs. Our data comes from the application of a plurality of analysis methods on a large comprehensive global survey conducted from 2007 to 2011 of 1034 participants from 76 countries. The survey covers a variety of organizations of all types and sizes from a comprehensive selection of economic sectors and industries. Our results showed that users were not satisfied with the information and knowledge systems that they were being offered. In addition to multiple technology and usability issues, there were human and organisational barriers that prevented the systems from being used to their full potential. We recommend that users of KMS are integrated into the design team so that these usability and other barriers can be addressed during the feasibility stage as well as the actual design and implementation phases.

Combined heat and power and consumption optimization in a SCADA-based system

The operation of power systems in a Smart Grid (SG) context brings new opportunities to consumers as active players, in order to fully reach the SG advantages. In this context, concepts as smart homes or smart buildings are promising approaches to perform the optimization of the consumption, while reducing the electricity costs. This paper proposes an intelligent methodology to support the consumption optimization of an industrial consumer, which has a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) facility. A SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system developed by the authors is used to support the implementation of the proposed methodology. An optimization algorithm implemented in the system in order to perform the determination of the optimal consumption and CHP levels in each instant, according to the Demand Response (DR) opportunities. The paper includes a case study with several scenarios of consumption and heat demand in the context of a DR event which specifies a maximum demand level for the consumer.

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética na indústria nacional arrozeira

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia mecânica

Esclonamento de máquinas de cogeração utilzando programação inteira mista

As centrais termoelétricas convencionais convertem apenas parte do combustível consumido na produção de energia elétrica, sendo que outra parte resulta em perdas sob a forma de calor. Neste sentido, surgiram as unidades de cogeração, ou Combined Heat and Power (CHP), que permitem reaproveitar a energia dissipada sob a forma de energia térmica e disponibilizá-la, em conjunto com a energia elétrica gerada, para consumo doméstico ou industrial, tornando-as mais eficientes que as unidades convencionais Os custos de produção de energia elétrica e de calor das unidades CHP são representados por uma função não-linear e apresentam uma região de operação admissível que pode ser convexa ou não-convexa, dependendo das caraterísticas de cada unidade. Por estas razões, a modelação de unidades CHP no âmbito do escalonamento de geradores elétricos (na literatura inglesa Unit Commitment Problem (UCP)) tem especial relevância para as empresas que possuem, também, este tipo de unidades. Estas empresas têm como objetivo definir, entre as unidades CHP e as unidades que apenas geram energia elétrica ou calor, quais devem ser ligadas e os respetivos níveis de produção para satisfazer a procura de energia elétrica e de calor a um custo mínimo. Neste documento são propostos dois modelos de programação inteira mista para o UCP com inclusão de unidades de cogeração: um modelo não-linear que inclui a função real de custo de produção das unidades CHP e um modelo que propõe uma linearização da referida função baseada na combinação convexa de um número pré-definido de pontos extremos. Em ambos os modelos a região de operação admissível não-convexa é modelada através da divisão desta àrea em duas àreas convexas distintas. Testes computacionais efetuados com ambos os modelos para várias instâncias permitiram verificar a eficiência do modelo linear proposto. Este modelo permitiu obter as soluções ótimas do modelo não-linear com tempos computationais significativamente menores. Para além disso, ambos os modelos foram testados com e sem a inclusão de restrições de tomada e deslastre de carga, permitindo concluir que este tipo de restrições aumenta a complexidade do problema sendo que o tempo computacional exigido para a resolução do mesmo cresce significativamente.

Transplantação hepática no C. H. Porto

RESUMO - Contexto: a actividade de transplantação hepática envolve um número considerável de profissionais multidisciplinares e, possui uma alocação de verbas importante do ponto de vista do administrador hospitalar. Estudar e analisar a actividade de transplantação hepática no Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), é por isso, objecto do trabalho. Objectivos: Efectuar uma análise custo/proveito do processo de transplantação hepática para o CHP nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012 e, caracterizar a população em estudo com o maior número de variáveis possível. Metodologia: Seleccionou-se para análise os pacientes com o Grupo de Diagnóstico Homogéneo (GDH) 480 que realizaram transplante hepático entre 1 de Janeiro de 2010 até 30 de Junho de 2012 de modo a quantificar os custos e proveitos dos 161 pacientes desde a fase pré-transplante, passando pelo internamento até aos 6 meses após a alta hospitalar da fase pós-transplante. Na análise de custos da fase pré-transplante consideraram-se os custos com recursos humanos (RH) médicos das consultas e o custo com meios complementares de diagnóstico e terapêutica (MCDT’s). Na fase de internamento considerou-se os custos relativos à cirurgia (RH e material de consumo clinico e farmacológico) e diárias de internamento. Para a fase pós-transplante contabilizou-se os custos relativos a RH médicos das consultas, o custo com MCDT’s e fármacos. O apuramento de proveitos decorreu do contrato programa da instituição, da Portaria 839-A/2009 de 31 de Julho para o cálculo pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático, pelo Despacho nº 19964/2008 de 28 de Julho para a comparticipação dos fármacos. Considerou-se ainda o incentivo à transplantação pelos Despachos nº6155/2006, de 15 de Março e nº 10485/2011, de 19 de Agosto. Resultados: Da análise global dos 161 GDH’s o verificado foi um custo total para o CHP de 7.505.518,89euro (um custo médio de 46.618,13euro por paciente). Quanto aos proveitos utilizando o contrato programa do CHP bem como os Despachos relativos ao incentivo à transplantação e à comparticipação de fármacos, existiu proveitos de 7.089.462,77euro (proveito médio de 44.033,93euro). Se o cálculo dos proveitos de internamento fosse pelo peso relativo do transplante hepático os proveitos seriam de 21.834.655,50euro (proveito médio de 135.618,98euro).

Sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotannon optimointi

Työn tavoitteena oli suunnitella ja toteuttaa sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotantolaitoksen tuotannon optimointi. Optimoinnin kriteerinä on tuotannon kannattavuus. Pyrittiin luomaan optimointimalli, joka ottaa optimoinnissa huomioon erityisesti kaukolämmön kulutusennusteen muutokset sekä sähkön pörssihinnan vaihtelut. Tuotannon kannalta olennaisin kriteeri on kaukolämmön kulutusennusteen pohjalta arvioidun kaukolämpökuorman tyydyttäminen mahdollisimman tehokkaasti ja taloudellisesti. Sähkön tuotannon merkittävimmiksi kriteereiksi muodostuivat sähkön tuotannon ennustettavuus ja tuotannon maksimointi sähkön pörssihinnan asettamissa puitteissa. Optimointiohjelmaa ei ole tarkoitus kytkeä suoraan voimalaitoksen ajojärjestelmään, vaan siitä on tarkoitus tulla erillinen ajosuunnittelijan työkalu. Itse ajosuunnitteluun vaikuttaa usein monipuolisemmat suunnittelukriteerit kuin pelkästään tuotannon tuottavuus. Näiden eri kriteerien painotuksia ei ohjelmassa huomioida, vaan ne päättää ajosuunnittelija. Tuloksena saatiin aikaan optimointiohjelma, joka laskee valittujen tuotantovaihtoehtojen kokonaistuotot eri kaukolämmön kulutusennusteiden ja sähkön pörssihintaennusteiden pohjalta.

Dieselmotor-Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlagen im Kontext der Integration Erneuerbarer Energien in die Energieversorgung

In dieser Arbeit werden die sich abzeichnenden zukünftigen Möglichkeiten, Stärken und Schwächen der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK) untersucht. Dies geschieht vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels, der Integration steigender Anteile Erneuerbarer Energien in die Stromerzeugung und unter Berücksichtigung der sich damit ergebenden Herausforderungen, eine sichere und nachhaltige Stromversorgung zu gestalten. Der Fokus liegt auf der Dieselmotor-KWK und der Nutzung nachwachsender Kraftstoffe. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass der Übergang zu einer reinen Stromerzeugung aus Erneuerbaren Energiequellen in Deutschland unter erheblicher Einbindung des hohen Potentials der kostengünstigen, umweltfreundlichen, aber in der Leistung extrem fluktuierenden Windenergie erfolgen wird. Als dezentrales Integrationswerkzeug wurde die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung mit Dieselmotoren untersucht. Sie entspricht aufgrund ihrer großen Flexibilität und ihrer hohen Wirkungsgrade mit vergleichsweise kleinen Leistungen sehr gut den Anforderungen der gleichzeitigen dezentralen Wärmenutzung. In der Dissertation werden die Randbedingungen der Dieselmotor-KWK untersucht und beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend werden unterschiedliche Modelle der Windintegration durch KWK erarbeitet und in diversen Variationen wird der Ausgleich der Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie durch KWK simuliert. Darüber hinaus werden dezentrale KWK-Anlagen hinsichtlich eines koordinierten gemeinsamen Betriebs und hinsichtlich der optimalen Auslegung für den Windenergieausgleich betrachtet. Es wird für den beschriebenen Kontext der Erneuerbaren Energien und der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung das Thema „Umweltwirkungen“ diskutiert. Es wird dargelegt, dass die heute verwendeten Ansätze zur Bewertung der KWK zu einer Verzerrung der Ergebnisse führen. Demgegenüber wurde mit der so genannten Outputmethode eine Methode der Ökobilanzierung vorgestellt, die, im Gegensatz zu den anderen Methoden, keine verzerrenden Annahmen in die Wirkungsabschätzung aufnimmt und somit eine eindeutige und rein wissenschaftliche Auswertung bleibt. Hiermit ist die Grundlage für die Bewertung der unterschiedlichen Technologien und Szenarien sowie für die Einordnung der KWK in den Kontext der Energieerzeugung gegeben. Mit der Outputmethode wird u.a. rechnerisch bewiesen, dass die gekoppelte Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung in KWK-Anlagen tatsächlich die optimale Nutzung der regenerativen Kraftstoffe „Biogas“ und „Pflanzenöl“ im Hinblick auf Ressourceneinsatz, Treibhausgaseinsparung und Exergieerzeugung ist. Es wurde darüber hinaus die Frage untersucht woher die für die Stromerzeugung durch Dieselmotor-KWK-Anlagen notwendige Bioenergie genommen werden kann. Es ist erwiesen, dass die in Deutschland nutzbare landwirtschaftliche Fläche nur zur Deckung eines Teils der Stromerzeugung ausreichen würde. Einheimisches Biogas und nachhaltiges importiertes Pflanzenöl, das in hohem Maße auf degradierten Böden angebaut werden sollte, können die notwendige Brennstoffenergie liefern. Um im Ausland ausreichend Pflanzenöl herstellen zu können, wird eine landwirtschaftliche Fläche von 6 bis 12 Mio. ha benötigt. Das Ergebnis ist, dass ein voller Ausgleich von Windenergie-Restlast durch KWK mit Erneuerbaren Energieträgern sinnvoll und machbar ist! Dieses Wind-KWK-DSM-System sollte durch ein Stromnetz ergänzt sein, das Wasserkraftstrom für den Großteil der Regelenergieaufgaben nutzt, und das den großräumigen Ausgleich Erneuerbarer Energien in Europa und den Nachbarregionen ermöglicht.