De "caldeirão do diabo" a "paraíso ecológico": a conversão da Ilha Grande

A partir de 1994, com a cessão das terras e benfeitorias do extinto Instituto Penal Cândido Mendes na Vila Dois Rios, a Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) passou a atuar na Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis/RJ), de forma mais expressiva, fundando o Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (CEADS). Em função da relevância socioambiental da Costa Verde, em especial, da Ilha Grande, e dos compromissos assumidos pela universidade com a implantação do CEADS, o presente estudo buscou avaliar como a gestão desse campus pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas que promovam a sustentabilidade socio-ambiental da Ilha Grande. Desta forma, a partir de um diagnóstico socioambiental da Costa Verde, com ênfase na Ilha Grande, foi realizada uma reflexão crítica sobre os processos de territorialização em Dois Rios e uma apreciação dos problemas socioambientais prioritários por meio da Análise da Cadeia Causal. Identificou-se como as principais causas raízes dos problemas prioritários da Ilha Grande, a fragilidade do sistema de governança (dificuldade de implementar acordos; dificuldade de mobilização social; falta de ordenamento dos diferentes níveis de governo; inadequada integração de considerações ambientais nas políticas públicas; impunidade; corrupção, precariedade da fiscalização) e causas políticas (conflitos entre diferentes instância públicas). Evidenciou-se, também, um distanciamento entre as instituições gestoras locais e os centros de produção de conhecimento que atuam na região, entre os quais a UERJ, através do CEADS. A partir do envolvimento institucional mais forte e de uma política ambiental a ser assumida como estratégia de gestão da UERJ como um todo, propõe-se a implantação de um ecocampus na unidade de Dois Rios, que oportunize à universidade contribuir, de forma pró-ativa, para a sustentabilidade da Costa Verde, sem exclusão da população local, assim como, realizar uma ampla reflexão e reformulação de suas práticas. Palavras-chave: Ilha Grande. Turismo. Análise da Cadeia Causal. Território. Ecocampus. Sustentabilidade

Impactos do desenvolvimento do potencial hidroelétrico sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins.

A priorização da implantação de usinas hidrelétricas no Brasil deve-se, primordialmente, ao vasto potencial hidrelétrico existente no país e à competitividade econômica que esta fonte apresenta. PPara atender à crescente demanda, foram implantados ao longo dos anos, diversos empreendimentos hidrelétricos por todo o país. Apesar do inequívoco sucesso quanto ao objetivo central de tais empreendimentos - fornecer energia para o desenvolvimento econômico tais empreendimentos causam impactos com diferentes níveis de severidade aos sistemas físico-biótico, sócio-econômico e cultural das regiões em que as instalações são realizadas. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar problemas e impactos ambientais nos ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins relacionados com o desenvolvimento do seu potencial hidroelétrico, de forma a contribuir com a compatibilização de geração de energia e conservação da biodiversidade e manutenção dos fluxos gênicos. O cenário considerado contemplou os empreendimentos em operação e aqueles em instalação, com estudos de viabilidade aprovados e licenças prévias obtidas. A metodologia de Análise de Cadeia Causal (ACC) foi utilizada para que a partir da identificação dos problemas e impactos ambientais prioritários, a relação dos mesmos com diferentes causas imediatas, setoriais e raízes pudesse ser estabelecida. A hierarquização dos impactos foi feita através de matriz de caracterização, tendo as comunidades íctias como principais indicadores. Os impactos considerados como mais relevantes foram: (i) queda na qualidade dos recursos hídricos, (ii) perda e alteração de habitats, (iii) mudanças na estabilidade dos ecossistemas, (iv) redução de recursos pesqueiros, (v) interferência com as comunidades de bentos e de microorganismos, (vi) alteração nas cadeias alimentares e (vii) interferência na dispersão de comunidades íctias e de mamíferos. O conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade existente e a identificação dos principais impactos existentes e em potencial nos ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins, representam um passo importante para o desenvolvimento de opções políticas eficazes com vistas à minimização da degradação ambiental decorrente do setor hidroelétrico.

Year 1 operational report: Improving employment and income through development of Egypt’s aquaculture sector(IEIDEAS) project

Implementation of the SDC funded project ‘Improving Employment and Income through Development of Egypt’s Aquaculture Sector’ commenced on 1st December 2011 and will continue until late 2014. This report summarizes the results of the first 10 months until 30th September 2012. The project was based on a value chain analysis carried out by WorldFish in September 2011. The information in the VCA acts as the baseline for the main project parameters. It established that the aquaculture value chain is a significant employer (14 FTE per 100 tonnes of annual production), particularly in rural areas and there was scope to increase employment of youth and women.

Furnishing a Globalized World: Local Distinctiveness in the International Furniture Industry

Advances in technology, communication, and transportation over the past thirty years have led to tighter linkages and enhanced collaboration across traditional borders between nations, institutions, and cultures. This thesis uses the furniture industry as a lens to examine the impacts of globalization on individual countries and companies as they interact on an international scale. Using global value chain analysis and international trade data, I break down the furniture production process and explore how countries have specialized in particular stages of production to differentiate themselves from competitors and maximize the benefits of global involvement. Through interviews with company representatives and evaluation of branding strategies such as advertisements, webpages, and partnerships, I investigate across four country cases how furniture companies construct strong brands in an effort to stand out as unique to consumers with access to products made around the globe. Branding often serves to highlight distinctiveness and associate companies with national identities, thus revealing that in today’s globalized and interconnected society, local differences and diversity are more significant than ever.

D7.1 - Summary Report of Business Models

This report provides a comparative analysis of the existing and emergent Business models currently employed in the Entertainment digital game industry (referred to in this report as the Leisure industry) and the “serious”, or in the context of the RAGE project and this report, the Applied Games industry. In conjunction with the accompanying WP 7.2 report providing a value chain analysis this report will inform the development of a business mode or models for the proposed RAGE ecosystem.

How ikea should enter in the colombian market

IKEA es una de las empresas más grandes en el mundo que produce y comercializa productos para el hogar, sin embargo, todavía no tiene una filial en Colombia. Por esta razón, este trabajo de investigación se dedicará a evaluar no solo los factores generales que influenciarán la apertura de una tienda IKEA en Colombia, sino también los factores internos.

Comportamento social de botos-cinza, sotalia guianensis, na praia de Pipa, RN, Brasil: dinâmica, sequência, sincronia e respostas ao turismo de observação

Social behavior of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, at Pipa Beach, RN, Brazil: dynamics, sequence, breathing synchrony, and responses to dolphin watching. Social animals form groups that can range from temporary to permanent. Depending on the nature of the social relationships developed between individuals, groups present a particular social organization and the effect of these interactions shapes the activity patterns of these animals. This study investigates: (i) fission-fusion dynamics of Guiana dolphins, through the analysis of three dimensions of the social system (variation in spatial cohesion, variation in size and composition of groups), (ii) sequence, routine and behavioral stability, (iii) breathing intervals in synchronized groups and (iv) behavioral responses of the animals to dolphin watching. Systematic observations of Guiana dolphins were made from a platform located in cliffs about 25 m above sea level that surround Madeiro Bay, Pipa Beach. Sampling occurred from December 2007 to February 2009 between 0600 h and 1600 h, and the groups of Guiana dolphins were investigated according to their size (alone and group) and composition (adults, adults and juveniles, and adults and calves). According to the analysis of fission-fusion dynamics, Guiana dolphin groups frequently changed their composition, modifying their patterns of spatial grouping and cohesion every 20 minutes on average. More than 50% of the individuals maintained a distance of up to 2 m from other group members and new individuals were attracted to the group, especially during feeding, leaving it for foraging. Large groups were more unstable than small, while groups containing only adults were more stable than groups of adults and juveniles. According to the Z-score analysis to investigate the sequence and behavioral routine, lone individuals were more ! .7! ! involved in foraging and feeding, while resting was more common in groups. Foraging and feeding were more common in homogeneous groups (individuals of the same age class), while heterogeneous groups (different age classes) were often involved in socialization, displaying a broader behavioral repertoire. Foraging and resting behavior presented higher stability (continuous duration in minutes) than the other behaviors. The analysis of breathing intervals in synchronized groups showed significant differences depending on type of behavior, composition and area preference. During resting, breathing intervals were of longer duration, and groups with calves showed shorter breathing intervals than groups without calves. Lone individuals also preferred areas called corral , often used for the entrapment of fishes. The Markov chain analysis revealed behavioral changes in the presence of boats, according to the type of group composition. Groups composed of adults presented decreased resting and increased in traveling during the presence of boats. Groups of adults and juveniles showed a massive reduction of socialization, while the behavior transition probability traveling-traveling was higher in groups of adults and calves. In the presence of the boats, stability of resting was reduced by one third of its original duration and traveling more than doubled. The behavioral patterns analyzed are discussed in light of socio-ecological models concerning costs and benefits of proximity between individuals and behavioral optimization. Furthermore, significant changes in behavioral patterns indicate that Guiana dolphins, at Pipa Beach, have suffered the effects of tourism as a result of violation of rules of conduct established for the study area

Interação entre Hb C [beta6(A3)Glu>Lys] e IVS II-654 (C>T) beta-talassemia no Brasil

Thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by a microcytic hypochromic anemia and an imbalance in the synthesis of the globin-chains. Hb C is the second most frequently variant of hemoglobin found in Brazil. The laboratory diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies, including thalassemias, is growing in importance, particularly because of an increasing requirement for neonatal diagnosis of abnormal hemoglobins. Screening tests were carried out using alkaline and acid electrophoresis, globin-chain analysis by cellulose acetate in alkaline pH, isoelectric focusing and HPLC. The molecular characterization was made by PCR-ASO for Hb C and beta thalassemia mutants. Large-scale screening and discriminative methodologies must provide information about the hemoglobin polymorphisms in Brazilian population. HPLC is a powerful tool in these cases. Molecular characterization is important to genetic counseling and clinical management, in particular for the Brazilian population that have an intense racial admixture, with great variability of hemoglobins. In this paper an association between Hb C and beta thalassemia (IVS-II-654) in a black family from Brazil was described.

Capitale sociale e sistema del valore: Il caso del pesce azzurro in Puglia

The aim of my project is to find operational strategies for increasing the commercial exploitation of fish in Apulia region and to acquire a thorough knowledge of several important aspects of this system order to propose concrete, suitable and appropriate development tools. The plan is to analyze the impact that the socio-economic context has on blue fish systems of fishing and marketing in the various maritime regions. The sector of fishery is typified by a settled downward trend due to both communitarian policies driving towards a reduction of the fishery effort and to reduction of fishing resources. In the same time in Italy a increasing of costs (expecially fuel) and a reduction of market prices, because of the increasing of imports, are observed. Although a big part of Italian fishing fleet is to be referred to Apulia region, this dynamics are worsen, here, also because of market inefficiency and lack of integration and cooperation among fishermen. In this first part of my work I have investigated two areas that are relevant for regional fishery. On a first step I have evaluated fish amount for each kind of dealer working in each one of the two areas than, according to Porter's value chain analysis theory. Than i have applied the approach of value system to evaluate the value chains of the firm's supplier, the firm of fishery itself, and the firms distribution channels. Distribution of value has been resulted different but very unfavorable to fisherman in both investigated areas. The second step of my study has been the evaluation of the social capital value in both areas, defining the networks of fishery consistence and number of their mutual relationship. Results lay stress on a relation to an higher social capital value and a distribution of value system more profitable for fishermen.

Análisis de la cadena de valor, canales cortos de comercialización y horticultura multifuncional como opciones de puesta en valor: Caso de la Huerta de Aranjuez

La Vega de Aranjuez ha sido desde hace siglos conocida por la notoriedad de sus jardines y huertas históricas y también, en épocas más recientes, por ser la despensa de Madrid. A mediados del siglo XX, sin embargo, con las transformaciones que el sector agrario ha experimentado no sólo a nivel local, sino a escala global, empezó un proceso de declive que se ha acentuado en los últimos años. Paralelamente, en el año 2001, la Unesco declara el Paisaje Cultural de Aranjuez, como Patrimonio de la Humanidad con un valor universal excepcional. Parte de lo que sustenta este reconocimiento a nivel internacional radica en las peculiaridades del paisaje que conforma la actividad agraria. El cambio de orientación, eminentemente hortofrutícola hacia cultivos extensivos y superficies en barbecho, y la pérdida de importancia del sector, no han pasado desapercibidos para la administración local y han sido varios los intentos de recuperación y dinamización del sector en los últimos años. La investigación de la que es objeto esta Tesis Doctoral surgió por iniciativa del Ayuntamiento de Aranjuez, que en al año 2010 deseó conocer la situación del sector hortícola en el municipio, para lo cual, encargó un estudio a la UPM-ETSIA. Para conocer la realidad desde una perspectiva integral, se planteó abordar el análisis desde la perspectiva de Cadena de Valor. Las implicaciones de este concepto, su evolución y su papel como instrumento de análisis de la cadena alimentaria, han sido revisadas y presentadas en el epígrafe del Marco Conceptual. Por cadena de valor se entiende el conjunto de procesos desde el consumidor, a través de los proveedores que proporcionan productos, servicios e información que añaden valor hacia los clientes (Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Chen, 2004). Para el análisis de la situación del sector hortícola en Aranjuez, se procedió en varios pasos, los cuales constituyeron la primera fase de la investigación y contemplaron lo siguiente: 1. La identificación de los problemas y de las demandas de los actores de la cadena, realizando cortes transversales en el mercado a distintos niveles para conocer los puntos de vista de los operadores de la cadena (Gunasekaran & Patel ,2004; Rojas, 2009; Schiefer, 2007). Para ello se diseñaron cuestionarios y se dirigieron a representantes de cinco eslabones de la cadena presentes en el caso de estudio: Agricultores (15), Mayoristas (11), Detallistas (55), Consumidores (85) y Restaurantes (36), tanto en Aranjuez como en Madrid (un total de 202). 2. Análisis D.A.F.O de cada uno de los eslabones y de la cadena completa, como herramienta para identificar y sintetizar la problemática y las potencialidades del sector. 3. Análisis global de la Cadena de Valor mediante el Método de Organización Sectorial, según Briz, de Felipe y Briz (2010), el cual permite estudiar aspectos de la estructura, la conducta y el funcionamiento de la cadena. 4. Jornada de análisis por parte de un Panel de Expertos en la sede de la Fundación Foro Agrario, en la cual se presentaron las conclusiones del análisis de la cadena de valor y se plantearon estrategias para la dinamización del sector. Con los resultados del análisis en esta primera fase de la investigación, se obtuvo una panorámica de la cadena de valor. Algunos de los aspectos más destacados son los siguientes: • El eslabón productivo en Aranjuez está muy atomizado y trabaja por lo general de forma independiente. Cultiva hasta veinte productos hortícolas diferentes, entre los cuales los frutales están casi en desaparición y hay poca presencia de producto ecológico. Le preocupan los precios poco estables y bajos y por lo general no trabaja con contratos. •El eslabón mayorista prácticamente carece de presencia en Aranjuez y está representado en su mayoría por operadores de Mercamadrid, los cuales demandan mayores volúmenes y mejor normalización de los productos hortícolas procedentes de Aranjuez. • El eslabón detallista consultado es diverso (con representación de comercios minoristas, supermercados e hipermercados) y también demanda mayores volúmenes de producción y mejoras en la normalización. Un 80% conoce los productos de Aranjuez, especialmente el espárrago y la fresa-fresón citados en un 74% y 63% de los casos respectivamente. • En el eslabón de consumidores, el 79% de los encuestados da importancia a la procedencia de los productos hortícolas y un 82% conoce los productos de la Huerta de Aranjuez, siendo los más consumidos el espárrago y el fresón. Un 42% de los encuestados compra producto ecológico por razones de salud, sabor y buscando la ausencia de químicos. • El eslabón de restaurantes es un gran consumidor de hortalizas, la gran mayoría de los productos incluidos en el análisis se oferta en más del 75% de los casos. Las más presentes son tomate y espárrago. La fresa y el fresón (en un 83% de los casos), y el espárrago (72%) seguido de la alcachofa (44%) son los productos de Aranjuez que más se conocen en el conjunto de los restaurantes entrevistados. El 75% de los restaurantes prefiere el producto fresco frente al procesado o congelado. La mayoría de los restaurantes locales (92%) estaría dispuesto a incluir en su carta una diferenciación para los productos de Aranjuez. Sin embargo, en el resto de restaurantes el porcentaje es mucho menor (21%). Entre las conclusiones del análisis se evidenció que un 52% de las ventas de los agricultores se realizaba sin intermediarios y un 69% de los consumidores se manifestaba interesado en adquirir productos de Aranjuez directamente del campo a su casa. Se identificó de esta manera que el acortamiento de la cadena se está utilizando como una forma de crear valor. Para profundizar en este aspecto, se planteó una segunda fase en la investigación. Además de estudiar diversos aspectos de los canales cortos de comercialización, se planteó estudiar el enfoque multifuncional de la horticultura, como estrategia para poner en valor la Huerta ribereña. Para dar una coherencia con la fase anterior, el planteamiento se realizó también desde la perspectiva de la cadena de valor, orientando la consulta hacia el eslabón consumidor. De esta manera, se realizó una consulta mediante cuestionario a 221 consumidores sobre diferentes aspectos relativos a los Canales Cortos de Comercialización (CCC) y la Horticultura Multifuncional (HM)1, lo cual permitió realizar un análisis cuantitativo de diferentes variables. Para completar la visión integral de la cadena corta, se seleccionaron 6 proyectos significativos que son ejemplos de diversas tipologías de canales cortos de comercialización en Aranjuez y Madrid, como representantes del denominado eslabón de “Promotores de CCC” y se consultó también a la Asociación de Productores de la Huerta de Aranjuez, constituida formalmente en el año 2014, como representante del eslabón Productor. Para la obtención de información, la cual tiene un carácter cualitativo en el caso de estos dos eslabones de la cadena, se realizaron cuestionarios y Estudios de Caso de cada proyecto. Los cuestionarios de esta segunda fase de consulta a los eslabones de la cadena corta contuvieron cuestiones relativas a los canales cortos de comercialización, tanto a nivel general (concepto de canal corto, puntos fuertes y ventajas que aportan, dificultades para su desarrollo, factores clave para su éxito) como para el caso concreto de la Huerta de Aranjuez (perfil del consumidor, factores implicados en la compra de verduras, utilización de diversas modalidades de canal corto, relación con las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs) y la producción ecológica o la importancia del factor confianza). También aspectos relacionados con la Horticultura Multifuncional, como son, la valoración de diferentes actividades o proyectos de carácter agro-turístico, educativo, social o terapéutico, o la percepción del consumidor de las actividades de huerta como fuente de bienestar y como agente satisfactor de diversas necesidades humanas. Para completar la visión sobre estos dos temas, CCC y HM, se realizó una consulta mediante cuestionario a Expertos en el campo de los canales cortos de comercialización, procedentes del ámbito académico, y a Profesionales en activo trabajando en proyectos de horticultura social y terapéutica. La información aportada, aunque tiene carácter cualitativo, complementa el estudio ofreciendo la perspectiva académica en el caso de los canales cortos y amplía la información sobre la horticultura multifuncional, tratando cuestiones relativas al desempeño profesional o a la formación existente en España en el campo de la horticultura social y terapéutica. Los resultados de esta segunda fase de la investigación, entre otras cuestiones, evidenciaron que: • Los canales cortos de comercialización implican mucho más que la simple reducción de intermediarios y comprenden una gran diversidad de tipologías. • Los casos estudiados, están enfocados en su mayoría al producto ecológico y su funcionamiento está muy fundamentado en el uso de TICs y en el factor confianza. • En relación a la compra de verduras en el ámbito de los canales cortos, son aspectos muy valorados por el consumidor la calidad del producto, la rapidez y frescura con la que llega del campo a la mesa y que el Producto sea recogido en su punto óptimo de maduración. • Las actividades en el ámbito de la horticultura multifuncional son valoradas positivamente por los consumidores, siendo las más puntuadas las de huerto educativo, huerto terapéutico, seguidas de visitas guiadas y degustaciones de productos de huerta en restaurantes. • Por lo general existe una valoración muy alta de la huerta como fuente de bienestar y de satisfacción de necesidades humanas básicas, especialmente las de una alimentación saludable y de conexión con la naturaleza. Para terminar esta síntesis de la investigación realizada, se presentan las principales conclusiones a nivel global de la Tesis, que son las siguientes: 1. La metodología de cadena de valor ha resultado adecuada para conocer la complejidad y el funcionamiento del sector hortícola arancetano desde una perspectiva integral. 2. La Huerta de Aranjuez cuenta con importantes fortalezas, sustentadas en la calidad de sus suelos y en la fama que mantienen sus productos, pero también debilidades. Esto supone poco volumen de producción, que dificulta la relación con mayoristas y grandes detallistas. 3. El acortamiento de la cadena, mediante canales cortos de comercialización se ha identificado como una forma de creación de valor en la cadena. Existen oportunidades de abastecimiento a consumidores de Madrid mediante canales cortos, sin embargo, las modalidades que requieren mayor organización o requisitos de producción ecológica todavía no están desarrolladas. 4. La producción ecológica podría ser una estrategia para crear valor pero todavía es un método de cultivo muy minoritario en la cadena productiva arancetana. 5. Las peculiaridades de la Huerta de Aranjuez propician la puesta en práctica del enfoque multifuncional de la horticultura como vía de desarrollo económico. Los resultados apuntan a una posible demanda de servicios que contemplen actividades de horticultura de carácter educativo, terapéutico y agro-turístico, conducidas por profesionales. Existe una percepción positiva sobre el potencial de la huerta como fuente de bienestar y de satisfacción de necesidades humanas básicas. 6. La puesta en marcha de proyectos empresariales en el ámbito de la horticultura social es una apuesta interesante para crear valor en la huerta que ha sido valorada positivamente por los eslabones de la cadena corta consultados. 7. El campo de la Horticultura Multifuncional que contempla aspectos educativos, sociales y terapéuticos conforma una disciplina con posibilidades de desarrollo que en la investigación se perciben como limitadas por la falta de profesionales y su acceso a una formación adecuada en España. El estudio de los Canales Cortos de Comercialización y de la Horticultura Multifuncional como vías de puesta en valor en el caso de la Huerta de Aranjuez ha tenido un carácter exploratorio y en gran parte cualitativo en esta Tesis Doctoral. Ambos conceptos han desvelado cierta complejidad y requieren de un mayor conocimiento en diversos aspectos para su puesta en práctica con éxito. Se abre, por tanto, un campo para futuras investigaciones que profundicen en estos ámbitos. ABSTRACT La Vega de Aranjuez has been known for centuries for the reputation of its orchards and historic gardens and, more recently, as the pantry of Madrid. However, in the mid-twentieth century, with the transformations in agriculture, not only locally, but globally, began a process of decline that has been accentuated in recent years. Meanwhile, in 2001, Unesco declared Aranjuez Cultural Landscape, as a World Heritage Site with outstanding universal value. Part of what underpins this international recognition lies in the peculiarities of the landscape created by farming. The shift, from an eminently horticultural vocation to extensive field crops and fallow surfaces, and the loss of importance of the sector, have not gone unnoticed for local authorities and have been several attempts at recovery and revitalization of the sector in recent years. The beginning of this research came at the initiative of the municipality of Aranjuez, which in 2010 wanted to know the situation of the horticultural sector, for which he commissioned a study by the UPM-ETSIA. To know reality from an integral perspective, it was proposed to approach the analysis from the perspective of value chain. The implications of this concept, its evolution and its role as an instrument of analysis of the food chain, have been reviewed and presented in Chapter 3.2. The value chain concept refers to all the processes from the consumer, through suppliers who provide products, services and information that add value to customers (Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Chen, 2004). For the analysis of the situation of the horticultural sector in Aranjuez, which constituted the first phase of research, it proceeded in several steps: 1. Identifying the problems and demands of the actors in the chain, making transverse cuts in the market at different levels to meet the views of the chain operators (Gunasekaran & Patel , 2004; Rojas, 2009; Schiefer, 2007). Questionnaires were designed for it and went to representatives of the five links in the chain: Farmers (15), Wholesalers (11), Retailers (55), Consumers (85) and Restaurants (36), both in Aranjuez and Madrid (a total of 202). 2. SWOT analysis of each chain actor and of the whole supply chain, as a tool to identify and synthesize the problems and potential of the sector. 3. Analysis of the whole supply chain by Industrial Organization Method according to Briz et al. (2010), which allows to study aspects of the structure, conduct and performance of the chain. 4. Analysis by a Panel of Experts at Foro Agrario Foundation headquarters, where the conclusions of the analysis were presented and strategies for the revitalization of the sector were raised. The results of the analysis in this first phase of the research, presented an overview of the value chain. Some of the highlights are: - The productive sector in Aranjuez is very fragmented and usually works independently. With a wide variety of horticultural products (up to 20), fruit crops almost disappearing and little presence of organic product. Is concerned about the unstable and low prices and usually does not work with contracts. - The wholesale sector with virtually no presence in Aranjuez is represented mostly by Mercamadrid operators, who demand higher volumes and better standardization of horticultural products from Aranjuez. - The retailer sector is diversified (with representation from retailers, supermarkets and hypermarkets) and also demand higher production volumes and improved standardization. 80% know the products of Aranjuez, especially asparagus and strawberry-strawberry cited by 74% and 63% of cases respectively. - Among the consumers, 79% give importance to the origin of horticultural products and 82% know the products from Aranjuez, the most consumed asparagus and strawberries. 42% buy organic products for health, taste and absence of chemicals. - Restaurants are big consumers of vegetables, most of the products included in the analysis is offered in over 75% of cases. The most: tomato and asparagus. Strawberry (83% of cases), and asparagus (72%) followed by the artichoke (44%) are the products of Aranjuez more known in all the surveyed restaurants. 75% of the restaurants prefer fresh product against processed or frozen. Most local restaurants (92%) would be willing to include in their menu a differentiation for products of Aranjuez. However, for those restaurants from Madrid the percentage is much lower (21%). Among the conclusions of the analysis it showed that 52% of sales were realized from farmers without intermediaries and 69% of consumers expressed interest in acquiring products directly from field to table. It has been identified that the shortening of the chain is being used as a way to create value. To deepen this aspect, a second phase investigation arose. Besides studying various aspects of the short supply chains, it was also proposed to study the functional approach of horticulture as a strategy to add value. To provide consistency with the previous phase, the focus was also conducted from the perspective of the value chain, directing the query to consumers. Thus, again it was used the questionnaire as a methodological tool, and 221 consumers were asked about different aspects of the Short Suppy Chains (SSC) and Multifunctional Horticulture (MH)2, which allowed a quantitative analysis of several variables. To complete the comprehensive view of the short chain, 6 significant projects were selected as examples of different types of short supply chains in Aranjuez and Madrid, representing "SSC Promoters" and also the “Asociación de Productores de la Huerta de Aranjuez”, formally constituted in 2014, was asked representing the productive sector. The Study Case and again the questionnaire were elected as methodological tools in a qualitative analysis. The questionnaires of this second phase of research contained short supply chain issues, as a general topic (short supply chain concept, strengths and advantages they bring difficulties for its development, key factors success) and also refered to the case of Aranjuez (consumer profile, factors involved in the purchase of vegetables, use of several types of short supply chains, relation with information and communication technologies (ICTs) and organic production or the importance of trust in short supply chains). It also contemplated aspects of multifunctional horticulture, such as the valuation of different activities (agro-tourism, educational, social or therapeutic horticulture) and consumer perception about horticultural activities as a source of welfare and satisfactor of human needs. To complete the vision of these two issues, SSC and MH, experts in the field of short supply chains and professionals working in the field of social and therapeutic horticulture were asked. The qualitative information provided, complements the study offering a new perspective in the value chain analysis, such as those relating to job performance, the difficulties encountered or training existing in our country in the field of social and therapeutic horticulture. The results of this second phase of research showed that: Short supply chains involve much more than simply reducing intermediaries and cover a wide range of types. The cases studied are mostly focused on ecological product and its operation is heavily based on the use of ICTs and the trust factor. In connection with the purchase of vegetables in the field of short supply chains, product quality, speed and freshness with which comes from the field to the table and products picked at its peak maturation, are aspects highly valued by the consumer. Activities in the field of multifunctional horticulture are positively valued by consumers, the most scored: the educational garden, therapeutic garden, followed by guided tours and tastings of vegetables from Aranjuez in restaurants. Horticultural activities were highly valuated as a source of welfare and satisfaction of human needs, especially those of healthy eating and connection with nature. To complete this summary, the main conclusions of the research are presented as follows: 1. The value chain approach has been adequate to meet the complexity and operation of the horticultural sector in Aranjuez from a holistic perspective. 2. La Huerta de Aranjuez has important strengths, underpinned by the quality of its soils and fame that keep their products, but also weaknesses. This implies low volume of production, which makes difficult the link with wholesalers and large retailers. 3. The shortening of the chain by short supply chains has been identified as a way of creating value in the chain. Opportunities exist to supply consumers from Madrid by short supply chains, however, methods that require greater organization or requirements of organic production are not yet developed. 4. Organic production could be a strategy to create value but is not generally being implemented in the production chain. 5. The peculiarity of the Huerta de Aranjuez favours the implementation of the multifunctional approach as a means of economic development. The results point to a possible demand for multifunctional horticulture that include educational, therapeutic and agro-tourism activities. There is a positive perception of the potential of horticultural activities as a source of welfare and satisfaction of basic human needs. 6. The implementation of business projects in the field of social horticulture are an interesting way to create value that has been highly valued in the short supply chain. 7. The field of Multifunctional Horticulture which includes educational, social and therapeutic aspects, forms a discipline with possibilities of development, which in research are seen as limited by the lack of professionals and access to adequate training in our country. The study of Short Supply Chains and Multifunctional Horticulture as strategies to create value in the case of the Huerta de Aranjuez has an exploratory character and largely qualitative in this research. Both concepts have revealed some complexity and require greater knowledge in various aspects for successful implementation. It opens therefore a field for future research to deepen in these areas.

Development and application of an electronic-manufacturing selection framework for SMEs

With a wide diversity of available technologies, it is extremely problematic for SMEs to identify, plan, prioritize and use the correct strategy. Electronic-manufacturing has been evolving for some time, but currently an effective planning framework to assist managers with implementing electronic-manufacturing planning is still lacking. A framework, built around three elements: the Balanced Scorecard, Quality Function Deployment and Value Chain Analysis, is proposed here to assist SMEs in managing complexity in e-manufacturing planning. A case study, carried out in Singapore, demonstrates the practicality and utility of the framework in the context of a real business environment. © World Scientific Publishing Company.

Development of an e-business selection framework for manufacturing SMEs : a study of the printing industry

The aim of the research is to develop an e-business selection framework for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by integrating established techniques in planning. The research is case based, comprising four case studies carried out in the printing industry for the purpose of evaluating the framework. Two of the companies are from Singapore, while the other two are from Guangzhou, China and Jinan, China respectively. To determine the need of an e-business selection framework for SMEs, extensive literature reviews were carried out in the area of e-business, business planning frameworks, SMEs and the printing industry. An e-business selection framework is then proposed by integrating the three established techniques of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Value Chain Analysis (VCA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The newly developed selection framework is pilot tested using a published case study before actual evaluation is carried out in four case study companies. The case study methodology was chosen because of its ability to integrate diverse data collection techniques required to generate the BSC, VCA and QFD for the selection framework. The findings of the case studies revealed that the three techniques of BSC, VCA and QFD can be integrated seamlessly to complement on each other’s strengths in e-business planning. The eight-step methodology of the selection framework can provide SMEs with a step-by-step approach to e-business through structured planning. Also, the project has also provided better understanding and deeper insights into SMEs in the printing industry.

Using a systems approach in logistics design and planning

The international economic and business environment continues to develop at a rapid rate. Increasing interactions between economies, particularly between Europe and Asia, has raised many important issues regarding transport infrastructure, logistics and broader supply chain management. The potential exists to further stimulate trade provided that these issues are addressed in a logical and systematic manner. However, if this potential is to be realised in practice there is a need to re-evaluate current supply chain configurations. A mismatch currently exists between the technological capability and the supply chain or logistical reality. This mismatch has sharpened the focus on the need for robust approaches to supply chain re-engineering. Traditional approaches to business re-engineering have been based on manufacturing systems engineering and business process management. A recognition that all companies exist as part of bigger supply chains has fundamentally changed the focus of re-engineering. Inefficiencies anywhere in a supply chain result in the chain as a whole being unable to reach its true competitive potential. This reality, combined with the potentially radical impact on business and supply chain architectures of the technologies associated with electronic business, requires organisations to adopt innovative approaches to supply chain analysis and re-design. This paper introduces a systems approach to supply chain re-engineering which is aimed at addressing the challenges which the evolving business environment brings with it. The approach, which is based on work with a variety of both conventional and electronic supply chains, comprises underpinning principles, a methodology and guidelines on good working practice, as well as a suite of tools and techniques. The adoption of approaches such as that outlined in this paper helps to ensure that robust supply chains are designed and implemented in practice. This facilitates an integrated approach, with involvement of all key stakeholders throughout the design process.

Knowledge sources, innovative activity and the performance of UK new technology based firms

We present an innovation value chain analysis for a representative sample of new technology based firms (NTBFs) in the UK. This involves determining which factors lead to the usage of different knowledge sources and the relationships that exist between those sources of knowledge; the effect that each knowledge source has on innovative activity; and how innovation outputs affect the performance of NTBFs. We find that internal (i.e. R&D) and external knowledge sources are complementary for NTBFs, and that supply chain linkages have both a direct and indirect effect on innovation. NTBFs' skill resources matter throughout the innovation value chain, being positively associated with external knowledge linkages and innovation success, and also having a direct effect on growth independent of the effect on innovation. ©2010 IEEE.

Knowledge sources, innovative activity and the performance of UK new technology based firms

We present an innovation value chain analysis for a representative sample of new technology based firms (NTBFs) in the UK. This involves determining which factors lead to the usage of different knowledge sources and the relationships that exist between those sources of knowledge; the effect that each knowledge source has on innovative activity; and how innovation outputs affect the performance of NTBFs. We find that internal (i.e. R&D) and external knowledge sources are complementary for NTBFs, and that supply chain linkages have both a direct and indirect effect on innovation. NTBFs' skill resources matter throughout the innovation value chain, being positively associated with external knowledge linkages and innovation success, and also having a direct effect on growth independent of the effect on innovation. ©2010 IEEE.