Gastrointestinal disease following heart transplantation.

With advances in heart transplantation, a growing number of recipients are at risk of developing gastrointestinal disease. We reviewed our experience with gastrointestinal disease in 92 patients undergoing 93 heart transplants. All had follow-up, with the median time 4.8 years (range 0.5-9.6 years). During the period of the study we progressively adopted a policy of low immunosuppression aiming toward monotherapy with cyclosporine. Nineteen patients (20.6%) developed 28 diseases related to the gastrointestinal tract. Thirteen patients required 18 surgical interventions, five as emergencies: closure of a duodenal ulcer, five cholecystectomies (one with biliary tract drainage), a sigmoid resection for a diverticulitis with a colovesical fistula, a colostomy followed by a colostomy takedown for an iatrogenic colon perforation, appendectomy, two anorectal procedures, and six abdominal wall herniorrhaphies. At the onset of gastrointestinal disease, 8 patients were on standard triple-drug immunosuppression, all of them within 6 months of transplantation; 13 were on double-drug immunosuppression; and 7 were on cyclosporine alone. All the patients with perforations/fistulas were on steroids. Among the 11 infectious or potentially infectious diseases, 10 were on triple- or double-drug immunosuppression. One death, a patient who was on triple-drug immunosuppression, had a postmortem diagnosis of necrotic and hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Except for an incisional hernia following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there was no morbidity and, importantly, no septic complications. We concluded that a low immunosuppression policy is likely to be responsible for the low morbidity and mortality of posttransplant gastrointestinal disease, with a lower incidence of viscous perforation/fistula and infectious gastrointestinal disease.

In this issue.

What do we have on the menu this month? Two of the highlighted papers focus on intra-operative diagnosis. Matthaei et al. [1] report on the occurrence of biliary tract intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) in the resection margins of biliary tract cancer resection specimens. The group found BilIN, mostly low grade, in the margin of over half of the specimens. BilIN was most frequent in resection specimens of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and when the primary tumor was large and had lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Not surprisingly, patients with a resection margin positive for invasive cancer had a significantly shorter overall survival than those with a clean resection margin, but the presence of BilIN did not affect survival. The take-home message of the paper is that those of us regularly confronted with frozen sections of resection margins of biliary tract cancer specimens should be prepared to find BilIN, but this diagnosis should not make the surgeon perform additional resect ...

Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are frequent and may occur before or after IBD diagnosis. EIM may impact the quality of life for patients with IBD significantly requiring specific treatment depending on the affected organ(s). They most frequently affect joints, skin, or eyes, but can also less frequently involve other organs such as liver, lungs, or pancreas. Certain EIM, such as peripheral arthritis, oral aphthous ulcers, episcleritis, or erythema nodosum, are frequently associated with active intestinal inflammation and usually improve by treatment of the intestinal activity. Other EIM, such as uveitis or ankylosing spondylitis, usually occur independent of intestinal inflammatory activity. For other not so rare EIM, such as pyoderma gangrenosum and primary sclerosing cholangitis, the association with the activity of the underlying IBD is unclear. Successful therapy of EIM is essential for improving quality of life of patients with IBD. Besides other options, tumor necrosis factor antibody therapy is an important therapy for EIM in patients with IBD.

Perfuração espontânea de colédoco em adolescente

Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct is rare. It happens predominantly in children and it is related to obstructive disease of the biliary tract. We present a case of an 18 year-old male patient, with ulcerative rectocolitis associated with malignant tumor of the head of pancreas. The patient developed an acute abdomen syndrome and laparotomy, a spontaneous perforation of common bile duct was evidenced. The authors make a revision of the clinical aspects of that pathology.

Adenomioma da papila de vater em adulto jovem

The authors report a case of adenomyoma of papilla of Vater in a young adult, a rare pathology in this age and site. The commonest clinical findings are abdominal pain, dyspepsia and jaundice, as in this case in which the patient referred these symptoms for several months. The diagnosis is usually difficult before surgery, because the radiological and endoscopic appearances are difficult to interpret, since they may only show obstruction and enlargement of the biliary tract; in this way, the endoscopic biopsy may be useful. In the present case the computed tomography, abdominal scan and intraoperative cholangiography only demonstrated obstruction and enlargement of the biliary tract, without the presence of gallstones. The treatment is usually lesion resection according to its size, performing the total resection in those cases of extensive involvement of the digestive tract, as it was performed in this case, due to the dimension of the lesion and its malignant appearance. The patient was discharged from hospital on the thirteenth postoperative day, with a histological diagnosis of adenomyoma of papilla of Vater. Three months after the procedure the patient was asymptomatic.

Istoadenoma do ducto biliar comum

Biliary duct cystoadenomas are rare neoplasms, with about 120 cases described in the literature, including cystoadenomas and cystoadenocarcinomas. The authors report a case of cystoadenoma of the common bile duct in a 45-year-old woman with history of jaundice. Ultrasound revealed a cystic mass located in the common bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a negative filling defect in the proximal third of the common bile duct, a finding unique to our case. Total excision of the mass, cholecystectomy and an end-total anastomosis with a T-tube choledochostomy, were performed. Histological examination revealed a multicystic lesion with cavities lined by mucinous columnar non-ciliated epithelium, with surrounding densely cellular stroma resembling ovarian stroma. Six years after surgery the patient is alive and well, with no complains referring to the hepatobiliary tract. No abnormalities are presently detected in the biliary tree, ultrasonographically.

Perfuração espontânea da via biliar principal na infância

The authors report a case of spontaneous perforation of the biliary tract (S.P.B.T) in a three-month-old infant. The diagnosis was suspected before the operation by clinical signs and diagnostic tests. The importance of paracentesis and scintigraphy is stressed. A surgical approach was chosen and drainage procedure of the area around the perforation and a cholecystostomy were done. S.P.B.T. is rare and its etiology is controversial, but cannot be forgotten in association between biliary ascites and cholestatic jaundice during the first months of life.

Avulsão da via biliar principal: relato de caso

Common bile duct disruption from blunt trauma is very rare. Management, diagnosis and therapy by a non-specialist surgeon can be difficult. We describe a bile duct injury after a motor vehicle crash in a young male, treated with cholecystojejunostomy at his third laparotomy. We also briefly review some diagnostic aspects and therapeutic options from the literature.

Valor diagnostico de la colangioresonancia para la detección de coledocolitiasis en pancreatitis aguda Hospital Mederi-Bogotá

La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una patología clínica común que abarca un espectro desde leve hasta fatal, donde se produce una inflamación del páncreas por auto digestión enzimática con grado variable de compromiso sistémico. Es una emergencia abdominal grave con una mortalidad del 9-23%. En el 40% de los casos de pancreatitis aguda se encuentra que es de origen biliar. La prevalencia de enfermedad biliar a nivel mundial en adultos varía entre 5,9% y 21,9%, con grandes variaciones geográficas y regionales, se encuentran en el 12% de los hombres y el 24% de las mujeres. La prevalencia aumenta con la edad. Latinoamérica es una región con alta prevalencia. En pacientes con colelitiasis del 5-15 % tienen coledocolitiasis. La alta prevalencia de la patología biliar en nuestro país hace que esta sea una causa frecuente de consulta médica por dolor abdominal. El factor común presente en la gran mayoría de las enfermedades de la vía biliar es la Colelitiasis. La complicación más frecuente, la Coledocolitiasis, se ha reportado con cifras hasta de un 20% y como complicación de esta la pancreatitis. La pancreatitis aguda de origen biliar (PAB) es causada por una obstrucción transitoria o persistente de la ampolla de Váter por barro biliar o por cálculos. En el diagnostico de la PAB se emplean métodos invasivos como la colangiopancreaticografia endoscópica retrograda (CPRE) la cual trae consigo morbilidad y mortalidad asociada y métodos no invasivos como la colangiopancreaticografia magnética (CRM) que emerge como modalidad prometedora en el diagnostico y manejo de la PAB en centros de tercer y cuarto nivel de complejidad. El manejo actual de la PAB es la remoción de la obstrucción del conducto biliar común (CBC) seguida de su tratamiento definitivo, la colecistectomía o CPRE con papilotomia. En nuestro país no se han publicado estudios con datos locales acerca de la utilidad de la CRM para la detección de coledocolitiasis, en las guías de manejo de coledocolitiasis de la asociación colombiana de cirugía publicadas en el año 2004, hace referencia de la utilidad de la CRM para el diagnostico de esta entidad tomando como base una revisión sistemática de estudios publicados en Medline, Pubmed y Cocrane los cuales no incluyen experiencia a nivel nacional. En este estudio pretendimos determinar cuáles son los pacientes que se benefician de la realización de CRM temprana en el marco de la PAB leve para la detección de coledocolitiasis.

Comparación de CPRE temprana y tardia en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda severa de origen biliar

INTRODUCCION: La obstrucción biliar es la principal causa de pancreatitis aguda y su curso es moderado a leve aunque un 20% desarrollan formas severas. La remoción de los cálculos por CPRE se ha empleado como terapéutica aunque su rol es controversial y no se ha demostrado su utilidad en forma temprana. El propósito de este estudio es observar la evolución de los pacientes con PASB en quienes se realice CPRE con respecto al curso de la enfermedad. METODOLOGIA: Estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo en pacientes con PASB llevados a CPRE. Entre junio y octubre de 2012 se encontraron 72 pacientes con PASB y patrón biliar obstructivo, 49 (68.06%) en los cuales se realizo de forma temprana (antes de 72 horas) y 23 (31,94 %) de forma tardía (después de las 72 horas). RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en la morbilidad entre los dos grupos observados. Se encontró una mayor incidencia de PASB en mujeres, no hubo complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento y no hubo mortalidad asociada en ninguno de los grupos. DISCUSION: El estudio no muestra que la realización de CPRE tardía influya de forma desfavorable en los pacientes con PASB. Se encontró mayor incidencia de PASB en mujeres y edad media de 61 años. Deben realizarse mas estudios como el presente con un mayor número de pacientes para demostrar que no hay aumento en la morbimortalidad en los pacientes que sean llevados a CPRE después de 72 horas de inicio de los síntomas y poder generar recomendaciones de manejo locales.

Factores asociados a fracaso terapéutico en pacientes con sepsis abdominal

Introducción: La sepsis severa de origen abdominal es la segunda causa de ingreso a UCI en Colombia con mortalidad de 30%, por lo que es necesario determinar factores asociados a evolución clínica tórpida para su identificación y manejo temprano y establecer pronóstico. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes que ingresan a UCI con diagnóstico de sepsis abdominal. Se describieron las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas y se realizó regresión logística con las variables significativas para establecer las asociadas a fracaso terapéutico, definido como mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 235 pacientes, 62 casos y 173 controles, con edad promedio 58 años, en su mayoría hombres. El origen de infección más frecuente fue gastrointestinal, hígado y vía biliar. Se observó SOFA y APACHE II más elevados en los pacientes que fallecieron, así como persistencia de choque y SIRS a las 96 horas de seguimiento. En la regresión logística se encontraron las siguientes variables asociadas a fracaso terapéutico: edad, falla renal (OR 3.19, p 0.003), complicaciones cardiovasculares (OR 2.3, p 0.029), coagulopatía (OR 3.57, p 0.001, y la presencia de Enterococcus spp (OR 10.5, p 0.004). Discusión: La población descrita en el trabajo presenta características similares previas a lo encontrado en la literatura. Las variables asociadas a fracaso terapéutico encontradas, no están descritas previamente, especialmente falla renal y cardiovascular, y la presencia de Enterococcus spp, lo que permite establecerlos como factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en este tipo de pacientes, para hacer intervenciones médicas y quirúrgicas más tempranas.

Aspectos microbiológicos da bile de pacientes com suspeita de coledocolilitíase e suas repercussões no tratamento das infecções biliares

A infecção das vias biliares é uma doença freqüente com alta morbidade e mortalidade, que pode variar de 10 a 60% dependendo de sua gravidade. A causa mais comum desta infecção é a presença de cálculos na via biliar principal que propicia o surgimento de bacteriobilia. O profundo conhecimento das características microbiológicas da bile nos casos de coledocolitíase e infecção das vias biliares são fundamentais para o melhor diagnóstico desta infecção e escolha da antibioticoterapia a ser instituída. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi de caracterizar os principais aspectos microbiológicos da bile dos pacientes com e sem coledocolitíase e avaliar sua importância na escolha dos antimicrobianos para o tratamento da infecção das vias biliares. Foram analisados 33 pacientes que foram divididos em um grupo de 10 pacientes sem coledocolitíase (grupo controle) no momento da Colangiografia Endoscópica (CPER) e em outro grupo de 23 pacientes com coledocolitíase. A bile de todos os pacientes foi coletada no início do procedimento endoscópico, através de catater introduzido na via biliar. O exame de microscopia direta com coloração de Gram e as culturas da bile foram negativas nos 10 pacientes que não apresentaram coledocolitíase durante a CPER. Dos 23 pacientes com cálculos na via biliar principal, 19 (83%) apresentaram culturas positivas. Desses 19 pacientes com culturas de bile positivas, 18 (94,7%) apresentaram microorganismos detectáveis à microscopia direta com coloração de Gram. Apenas um paciente apresentou crescimento de germe anaeróbio (Bacteroides fragilis). O cultivo de 28 bactérias teve predominância de microorganismos Gram negativos (18 bactérias- 64,3%). Os germes isolados foram E. coli (9, 32,1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5, 17,9%), Enterococcus faecalis (5, 17,9%), Streptococcus alfa-haemoliticus (3, 10,7%), Streptococcus viridans (2, 7,1%), Enterobacter cloacae (2, 7,1%), Panteona aglomerans (1, 3,6%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1, 3,6%). Todos os pacientes com microorganismos detectados pela microscopia direta com coloração de Gram tiveram crescimento bacteriano em suas culturas, por outro lado nenhum paciente com cultura negativa apresentou microoorganismos à microsopia direta ( p= 0,0005). Nesses casos, a microsopia direta apresentou uma especificidade de 100% e sensibilidade de 80%. A análise quantitativa das culturas da bile mostrou que das 19 culturas positivas, 12 (63,2%) tiveram pelo menos um germe com contagem superior a 105 ufc/ml. Todas as bactérias Gram positivas isoladas foram sensíveis à ampicilina, da mesma forma que todas as Gram negativas foram sensíveis aos aminoglicosídeos. Os achados deste estudo demonstram uma boa correlação entre a microscopia direta da bile com coloração de Gram e os achados bacteriológicos das culturas da bile coletada por colangiografia endoscópica retrógrada. O esquema terapêutico antimicrobiano tradicionalmente empregado em nosso hospital, que inclui a combinação de ampicilina e gentamicina, parece ser adequado, pois apresenta eficácia terapêutica contra os principais microorganismos responsáveis pela infecção das vias biliares.

Perfuração espontânea de colédoco em adolescente

Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct is rare. It happens predominantly in children and it is related to obstructive disease of the biliary tract. We present a case of an 18 year-old male patient, with ulcerative rectocolitis associated with malignant tumor of the head of pancreas. The patient developed an acute abdomen syndrome and laparotomy, a spontaneous perforation of common bile duct was evidenced. The authors make a revision of the clinical aspects of that pathology

Choledochal cyst: A case associated with traumatic hemobilia

A case of choledochal cyst associated with traumatic hemobilia is presented. The symptomatology appeared only because of bleeding into the biliary tract following an automobile accident. The cyst was resected and a choledochal cystoduodenum anastomosis performed. The early result (12 mth) was very good.

Proposal of a new technique for bile duct reconstruction after iatrogenic injury. Study in dogs and review of the literature

Purpose: Interposition of a jejunal tube between the common bile duct and duodenum. Methods: Five adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, weighing on average 22.3 kg (18 to 26.5 kg), were used. Obstructive jaundice was induced by ligation of the distal common bile duct. After one week, a 2.5-cm long jejunal tube was fabricated from a segment of the loop removed 15 cm from the Treitz angle and interposed between the common bile duct and duodenum. Results: The animals presented good clinical evolution and no complications were observed. After 6 weeks, complete integration was noted between the bile duct mucosa, tube and duodenum and a significant reduction in total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase was observed when compared to the values obtained one week after ligation of the common bile duct. Conclusion: The jejunal tube interposed between the dilated bile duct and duodenum showed good anatomic integration and reduced total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the animals studied.