Hospital de Caridade São Pedro de Alcântara: assistência e saúde em Goiás ao longo do século XIX

Este artigo apresenta aspectos da trajetória do Hospital de Caridade São Pedro de Alcântara, na cidade de Goiás, ao longo do século XIX. Instituição leiga fundada no ano de 1825, o hospital nasceu da iniciativa de um grupo local influente que reconheceu um mal social: a ausência de assistência aos destituídos e enfermos. No que se referia à assistência social, ele abarcava funções e princípios caritativos cristãos, assistindo alienados, internados em cárceres, doentes e necessitados em geral, e, com a inauguração do cemitério público, sepultava gratuitamente os indigentes.

Escola Pacheco e Silva anexada ao Hospital de Juqueri (1929-1940)

This article presents the results of research on the Hall-School installed in the Juqueri Hospital, São Paulo, in 1929, by initiative of the psychiatrist Antonio Carlos Pacheco e Silva, and organized by the pediatrician Vicente Baptista da Silva and professors Norberto de Souza Pinto and Celso Guimarães da Fonseca. It is regarded as a real pioneer project for the development of Special Education and of Psychology, formerly named as for the abnormals. One can neatly perceive the change in the treatment of a medical origin only to that of an inclusion of Psychology and Education in the development of children affected by mental deficiency or by psychopathies. The influence of the ideas of educators, such as the ones mentioned above, were fundamental for the changes.

O desenho da figura humana e o TAT em adolescentes grávidas: um estudo no hospital geral

The adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem and a challenge to Psychology, that could contribute proposing health prevention actions to this population. The present study intended to investigate the psychological functioning of 10 pregnant adolescents through analysis of Human Figure Drawing (HFD) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It was observed a high level of anxiety experienced by the pregnant adolescents verified in tracing, in shading and in the poverty of details, that can lead to the development of problems related to pregnancy and the relationship between the family, the adolescent and the baby. As for the TAT, the stories, in general constructed by the teenagers, were poorly structured with reduced content and a magical happy ending. It was concluded that the HFD and the TAT are discriminating and adequate to evaluate these adolescents’ psychodynamics and allow to indicate supporting preventive actions in this area.

Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs: Local or systemic?

Background:The golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs represent the best available animal model for therapeutic trials aiming at the future treatment of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have obtained a rare litter of six GRMD dogs (3 males and 3 females) born from an affected male and a carrier female which were submitted to a therapeutic trial with adult human stem cells to investigate their capacity to engraft into dogs muscles by local as compared to systemic injection without any immunosuppression. Methods Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSC) were transplanted into 4 littermate dogs aged 28 to 40 days by either arterial or muscular injections. Two non-injected dogs were kept as controls. Clinical translation effects were analyzed since immune reactions by blood exams and physical scores capacity of each dog. Samples from biopsies were checked by immunohistochemistry (dystrophin markers) and FISH for human probes. Results and Discussion We analyzed the cells' ability in respect to migrate, engraftment, and myogenic potential, and the expression of human dystrophin in affected muscles. Additionally, the efficiency of single and consecutive early transplantation was compared. Chimeric muscle fibers were detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using human antibodies and X and Y DNA probes. No signs of immune rejection were observed and these results suggested that hIDPSC cell transplantation may be done without immunosuppression. We showed that hIDPSC presented significant engraftment in GRMD dog muscles, although human dystrophin expression was modest and limited to several muscle fibers. Better clinical condition was also observed in the dog, which received monthly arterial injections and is still clinically stable at 25 months of age. Conclusion Our data suggested that systemic multiple deliveries seemed more effective than local injections. These findings open important avenues for further researches.

A nation-wide initiative against venous thromboembolism

There is a gap between knowledge and recommendations regarding venous thromboembolism (VTE) on the one hand and daily practice on the other. This fact has prompted a Swiss multidisciplinary group consisting of angiologists, haematologists, internists, and emergency medicine and pharmaceutical medicine specialists interested in VTE, the SAMEX group, to set up a series of surveys and studies that give useful insight into the situation in our country. Their projects encompassed prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of VTE, and enrolled over 7000 patients from five academic and 45 non-academic acute care hospitals and fifty-three private practices in Switzerland. This comprehensive Swiss Clinical Study Programme forms the largest database surveying current clinical patterns of VTE management in a representative sample of the Swiss patient population. Overall the programme shows a lack of thromboprophylaxis use in hospitalised at-risk medical patients, particularly in those with cancer, acute heart or respiratory failure and the elderly, as well as under-prescription of extended prophylaxis beyond hospital discharge in patients undergoing major cancer surgery. In regard to VTE treatment, planning of anticoagulation duration, administration of LMWH for cancer-associated thrombosis, and the use of compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with symptomatic proximal DVT require improvement. In conclusion, this programme highlights insufficient awareness of venous thromboembolic disease in Switzerland, underestimation of its burden and inconsistent application of international consensus statement guidelines regarding prophylaxis and treatment adopted by the Swiss Expert Group.

Prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in pediatric patients after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective study

Child abuse occurs in 1% of children in the United States every year; 10% of the traumatic injuries suffered by children under 5 years old are nonaccidental, and 5% to 20% of these nonaccidental injuries are lethal. Rapid characterization of the injury as nonaccidental is of considerable benefit to child protection workers and police investigators seeking to safeguard the child care environment and apprehend and prosecute those who have committed the crime of child abuse. Physically abused children present with a variety of well-described injuries that are usually easily identifiable. In some cases, however, particularly those involving children with the shaken baby syndrome, obvious signs of physical injury may not exist. Although external signs of such an injury are infrequent, the rapid acceleration-deceleration forces involved often cause subdural hematomas and retinal hemorrhages, hallmarks of the syndrome. Frequently, retinal hemorrhages may be the only presenting sign that child abuse has occurred. Complicating the interpretation of the finding of retinal hemorrhages is the belief by some physicians that retinal hemorrhages may be the result of chest compressions given during resuscitative efforts. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of retinal hemorrhages after inpatient cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pediatric patients hospitalized for nontraumatic illnesses in an intensive care unit.

Prevalence and determinants of colonic polyps in children undergoing colonoscopy: A large hospital-based cross-sectional study

Background. Colorectal polyps are abnormal growths in the wall of the colon including the rectum. The study aims to estimate the prevalence and type of colonic polyps in children undergoing colonoscopic examination at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) in Houston, Texas during 2000-2007. Also, to examine the factors associated with colonic polyps and the potential determinants of colonic polyps in children undergoing colonoscopy and compare those who had colonic polyps with those who did not on colonoscopy, and determine the significant risk factors of colonic polyps in these children. ^ Methods. We conducted a cross sectional study to analyze data collected at TCH. We obtained demographic, clinical, and histopathology information on consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy during 2000-2007 from endoscopic records contained in the PEDS-CORI registry (Pediatric Endoscopy Database System-Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative), and abstracted data from the accompanying histopathology reports. ^ Results. We identified 2,693-unique patients, under 18 years of age, who underwent colonoscopy. Approximately 65.5% were white non-Hispanic, and 10.8% African-American. The mean age was 8.7 years and 51.8% were female patients. Polyps were present in 174 patients (6.5%). The most common two histological types were juvenile (60.6%), inflammatory (17.4%). We found that the prevalence of polyps was higher in younger aged children (12.9% in 0-5 years) than in older aged children (4% in 15-17 years), and slightly higher in males than in females (7.9% and 5.4% respectively). For males only, the odds of polyps were statistically significantly higher in Blacks and Hispanics compared to white non Hispanics (OR of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively, and 95% CI of 1.3, 3.9 and 1.3, 3.5 respectively). The indications for colonoscopy were different for children with polyps compared to those without polyps, i.e., 47.0% vs. 19.8% respectively for lower GI bleeding, 2.7% vs. 21.4% respectively for abdominal pain/bloating, and, or 0.9% vs. 9.6% respectively for diarrhea. ^ Conclusion. Colorectal polyps occur in about 1 in 15 children and adolescents undergoing first colonoscopy. The demographic variable of younger age is strongly associated with having polyps irrespective of ethnicity. Lower GI bleeding is strongly related to the presence of colorectal polyps in children and adolescents undergoing colonoscopy.^

Avaliação da qualidade do Sistema de Informação de Registro de Óbitos Hospitalares (SIS-ROH), Hospital Central da Beira, Moçambique

As informações de mortalidade são úteis para avaliar a situação de saúde de uma população. Dados de mortalidade confiáveis produzidos por um sistema de informação de saúde nacional constituem uma ferramenta importante para o planejamento de saúde. Em muitos países, sobretudo em desenvolvimento, o sistema de informação de mortalidade continua precário. Apesar dos esforços feitos em Moçambique para melhoria das estatísticas de mortalidade, os desafios ainda prevalecem em termos de tecnologias de informação, capacidade técnica de recursos humanos e em termos de produção estatística. O SIS-ROH é um sistema eletrônico de registro de óbitos hospitalares de nível nacional, implementado em 2008 e tem uma cobertura de apenas 4% de todos os óbitos anuais do país. Apesar de ser um sistema de nível nacional, ele presentemente funciona em algumas Unidades Sanitárias (US), incluindo o Hospital Central da Beira (HCB). Dada a importância deste sistema para monitorar o padrão de mortalidade do HCB e, no geral, da cidade da Beira, este estudo avalia a qualidade do SIS-ROH do HCB. É um estudo descritivo sobre a completitude, cobertura, concordância e consistência dos dados do SIS-ROH. Foram analisados 3.009 óbitos de menores de 5 anos ocorridos entre 2010 e 2013 e regsitrados no SIS-ROH e uma amostra de 822 Certificados de Óbitos (COs) fetais e de menores de 5 anos do HCB. O SIS-ROH apresentou uma cobertura inferior a 50% calculados com os dados de mortalidade estimados pelo Inquérito Nacional de Causas de Morte (INCAM). Verificamos a utilização de dois modelos diferentes de CO (modelo antigo e atual) para o registro de óbitos referentes ao ano de 2013. Observou-se completitude excelente para a maioria das variáveis do SISROH. Das 25 variáveis analisadas dos COs observou-se a seguinte situação: 9 apresentaram completitude muito ruim, sendo elas relativas à identificação do falecido (tipo de óbito e idade), relativas ao bloco V em que dados da mãe devem ser obrigatoriamente preenchidos em caso de óbitos fetais e de menores de 1 ano (escolaridade, ocupação habitual, número de filhos tidos vivos e mortos, duração da gestação) e relativas às condições e às causas de óbito (autópsia e causa intermédiacódigo); 3 variáveis apresentaram completitude ruim relativas à identificação do falecido (NID) e relativas às condições e causas de morte (causa intermédia - descrição e causa básica - código); 9 apresentaram completitude regular relativas à identificação do falecido (data de nascimento e idade), relativas ao bloco V (idade da mãe, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, peso do feto/bebé ao nascer, morte do feto/bebé em relação ao parto) e relativas às condições e causa de óbito (causa direta- código, causa básica descrição); 2 apresentaram completitude bom relativas à identificação do falecido (sexo e raça/cor) e, por último, 2 apresentaram completitude excelente relativas ao local de ocorrência de óbito (data de internamento e data de óbito ou desaparecimento do cadáver). Algumas variáveis do SIS-ROH e dos COS apresentaram inconsistências. Observou-se falta de concordância para causa direta entre o SIS-ROH e os COs. Conclusão: Moçambique tem feito esforços para aprimorar as estatísticas de mortalidade, porém há lacunas na qualidade; a análise rotineria dos dados pode identificar essas lacunas e subsidiar seu aprimoramento.

Being there:a qualitative interview study with fathers present during the resuscitation of their baby at delivery

Objective: To explore fathers' experiences of the resuscitation of their baby at delivery. Design: A descriptive, retrospective design using tape-recorded semistructured interviews with fathers present during the resuscitation of their baby at delivery. Fathers described what happened, their interactions with healthcare professionals, their feelings at the time and afterwards. Setting: Participants were recruited from a large teaching hospital in the UK. Participants: A purposive sample of 20 fathers whose baby required resuscitation at delivery. Results: Participant responses were analysed using thematic analysis. Four broad themes were identified: 'preparation', 'knowing what happened', 'his response' and 'impact on him'. Fathers had no difficulty recalling their emotions during the resuscitation. These feelings remained vivid and were mostly negative. Most fathers wanted to go to their baby during the resuscitation but did not do so. They felt they should stay with their partner, did not want to impede the resuscitation or felt they were not 'allowed' to go to their baby. The fathers' position in the room and the extent to which they were focusing on their partner had an impact on their recollection of what happened. Fathers had no opportunity to discuss the resuscitation with healthcare professionals afterwards. Several fathers felt they had not yet recovered from the experience and a few had symptoms synonymous with post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: This is the first study to specifically explore fathers' experiences of newborn resuscitation. The findings should inform healthcare education, policy development and the provision of support to fathers.

The impact of parent participation in a hospital-based kangaroo care program on time spent with their preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit

Occupational therapists and other health professionals are faced with the challenge of helping parents cope with the birth of their preterm infant and fostering parent-infant bonding and attachment. Kangaroo care, or skin to skin contact, has the potential to minimize the delay in the parent-infant attachment process and facilitate more normal infant growth and development. The present study investigated the impact of parent participation in a hospital-based kangaroo care program on time spent with their preterm infant in the NICU. Fourteen parents with preterm infants in the NICU participated in the study. The results indicated that parents who participated in the kangaroo care program spent significantly more time with their infant than the parents who did not participate in the program (p $<$.022). In addition, parents in the kangaroo care group visited their infant more frequently than the control group (p $<$.037). However, the mean time with baby per day did not show a significant difference between the groups (p $<$.194). This information may assist occupational therapists in developing family-centered early intervention programs beginning in the NICU. ^

Elder malnutrition: A meta analysis of studies using the nutrition screening initiative determine checklist

To demonstrate the extent of elder malnutrition risk in this country, a meta analysis of 30 studies that used the Nutrition Screening Initiative's "DETERMINE Your Nutritional Health Checklist" was conducted. The studies were divided into three categories: Elder Populations in Healthcare Related Systems (HS), Elder Meal Program Participants (MP), and General Community Residing Elder Population (GC). HS was sub-divided into Hospital Inpatient/Clinic Outpatient and Long Term Care/Home Care. The MP population were identified as Congregate or Home Delivered meal participants. Overall, results indicate that 63% of elders are at moderate (32%) or high (31 %) risk of malnutrition. Home Delivered Meal Participants and Hospital Inpatient/Clinic Outpatients are most likely to be at high risk of malnutrition (49.5% and 49.1%, respectively). Individuals least likely to be at high malnutrition risk are the General Community Residing Elder Population (17.5%) and Congregate Meal Participants (22.5%).

Is facility based neonatal care in low resource setting keeping pace? A glance at Uganda’s National Referral Hospital.

Objectives: To identify reasons for neonatal admission and death with the aim of determining areas needing improvement. Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted on records for neonates admitted to Mulago National Referral Hospital Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) from 1st November 2013 to 31st January 2014. Final diagnosis was generated after analyzing sequence of clinical course by 2 paediatricians. Results: A total of 1192 neonates were admitted. Majority 83.3% were in-born. Main reasons for admissions were prematurity (37.7%) and low APGAR (27.9%).Overall mortality was 22.1% (Out-born 33.6%; in born 19.8%). Half (52%) of these deaths occurred in the first 24 hours of admission. Major contributors to mortality were prematurity with hypothermia and respiratory distress (33.7%) followed by birth asphyxia with HIE grade III (24.6%) and presumed sepsis (8.7%). Majority of stable at risk neonates 318/330 (i.e. low APGAR or prematurity without comorbidity) survived. Factors independently associated with death included gestational age <30 weeks (p 0.002), birth weight <1500g (p 0.007) and a 5 minute APGAR score of < 7 (p 0.001). Neither place of birth nor delayed and after hour admissions were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion and recommendations: Mortality rate in SCBU is high. Prematurity and its complications were major contributors to mortality. The management of hypothermia and respiratory distress needs scaling up. A step down unit for monitoring stable at risk neonates is needed in order to decongest SCBU.

Aplicación de los criterios RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss y End) para determinar la falla renal aguda en pacientes de 1 a 5 años hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital de Niños Benjamín Bloom en el año 2013.

La Falla Renal Aguda (FRA) es un síndrome multifactorial de etiología variada e incidencia que difiere según países y poblaciones de estudio. A nivel mundial no existe un consenso en cuanto a una definición universal. Últimamente se ha reconocido la importancia que tiene la reducción leve a moderada de la función renal en la morbimortalidad especialmente en los pacientes críticos. En 2004, la Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, realizó un consenso para definir la falla renal aguda, a través del criterio de RIFLE (Riesgo, Injuria, Falla, Pérdida y Estado final de la falla), el cual utilizó los criterios de los adultos y lo extrapoló hacia los pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: diagnosticar falla renal aguda de acuerdo con los criterios RIFLE en los pacientes de 1 a 5 años hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Bloom en el año 2013, identificación de la prevalencia y de las principales causas etiológicas en las cuales se presenta. Muestra: pacientes de 1 a 5 años hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom, los cuales no fueron sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos o presentaron insuficiencia renal crónica. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, desarrollado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de dicho hospital, haciendo el diagnóstico de falla renal aguda mediante la aplicación los criterios RIFLE para demostrar la utilidad de ésta metodología en el diagnóstico temprano de FRA. Se analizaron los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y analíticos de todos los pacientes con falla renal aguda. Consideraciones éticas: el presente estudio se evaluó y aprobó por el comité de ética del HNNBB considerándolo adecuado y de bajo riesgo para los pacientes. Resultados: hubo 27 episodios de FRA en 43 pacientes con edad de 1 a 5 años lo cual corresponde al 62.7% de los casos estudiados, el 52% sexo femenino. La patología primaria más frecuente fueron las patologías de origen infeccioso, más común en las neumonías; la media de edad de presentación son los 26 meses. Mediante la aplicación de los criterios RIFLE se permitió diagnosticar de forma más temprana la FRA.

Relación entre atrofia cortical difusa y desempeño cognitivo : estudio en población mayor de 60 años en un hospital universitario en la ciudad de Bogotá

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de la relación entre la atrofia cortical difusa objetivada por neuroimagenes cerebrales y desempeños cognitivos determinados mediante la aplicación de pruebas neuropsicológicas que evalúan memoria de trabajo, razonamiento simbólico verbal y memoria anterógrada declarativa. Participaron 114 sujetos reclutados en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi de la ciudad de Bogotá mediante muestreo de conveniencia. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (pacientes con diagnóstico de atrofia cortical difusa y pacientes con neuroimagenes interpretadas como dentro de los límites normales) en todas las pruebas neuropsicológicas aplicadas. Respecto a las variables demográficas se pudo observar que el grado de escolaridad contribuye como factor neuroprotector de un posible deterioro cognitivo. Tales hallazgos son importantes para determinar protocoles tempranos de detección de posible instalación de enfermedades neurodegenerativas primarias.