Chemical composition and sensory analysis of cheese whey-based beverages using kefir grains as starter culture

P>The aim of the present work was to evaluate the use of the kefir grains as a starter culture for tradicional milk kefir beverage and for cheese whey-based beverages production. Fermentation was performed by inoculating kefir grains in milk (ML), cheese whey (CW) and deproteinised cheese whey (DCW). Erlenmeyers containing kefir grains and different substrates were statically incubated for 72 h at 25 degrees C. Lactose, ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, 1-propanol, isopentyl alcohol and 1-hexanol were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and GC-FID. The results showed that kefir grains were able to utilise lactose in 60 h from ML and 72 h from CW and DCW and produce similar amounts of ethanol (similar to 12 g L-1), lactic acid (similar to 6 g L-1) and acetic acid (similar to 1.5 g L-1) to those obtained during milk fermentation. Based on the chemical characteristics and acceptance in the sensory analysis, the kefir grains showed potential to be used for developing cheese whey-based beverages.

Chemical composition of whole body and carcass of Bos indicus and tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds

Relationships between the chemical composition of the 9th- to 11th-rib section and the chemical composition of the carcass and empty body were evaluated for Bos indicus (108 Nellore and 36 Guzerah; GuS) and tropically adapted Bos taurus (56 Caracu; CaS) bulls, averaging 20 to 24 mo of age at slaughter. Nellore cattle were represented by 56 animals from the selected herd (NeS) and 52 animals from the control herd (NeC). The CaS and GuS bulls were from selected herds. Selected herds were based on 20 yr of selection for postweaning BW. Carcass composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, and analyzing soft tissue and bones. Similarly, empty body composition was obtained after grinding, homogenizing, sampling, analyzing, and combining blood, hide, head + feet, viscera, and carcass. Bulls were separated into 2 groups. Group 1 was composed of 36 NeS, 36 NeC, 36 CaS, and 36 GuS bulls and had water, ether extract (EE), protein, and ash chemically determined in the 9th- to 11th-rib section and in the carcass. Group 2 was composed of 20 NeS, 16 NeC, and 20 CaS bulls and water, EE, protein, and ash were determined in the 9th-to 11th-rib section, carcass, and empty body. Linear regressions were developed between the carcass and the 9th-to 11th-rib section compositions for group 1 and between carcass and empty body compositions for group 2. The 9th-to 11th-rib section percentages of water (RWt) and EE (RF) predicted the percentages of carcass water (CWt) and carcass fat (CF) with high precision: CWt, % = 29.0806 + 0.4873 x RWt, % (r(2) = 0.813, SE = 1.06) and CF, % = 10.4037 + 0.5179 x RF, % (r(2) = 0.863, SE = 1.26), respectively. Linear regressions between percentage of CWt and CF and empty body water (EBWt) and empty body fat (EBF) were also predicted with high precision: EBWt, % = -9.6821 + 1.1626 x CWt, % (r(2) = 0.878, SE = 1.43) and EBF, % = 0.3739 + 1.0386 x CF, % (r(2) = 0.982, SE = 0.65), respectively. Chemical composition of the 9th-to 11th-rib section precisely estimated carcass percentages of water and EE. These regressions can accurately predict carcass and empty body compositions for Nellore, Guzerah, and Caracu breeds.

Microextraction in packed sorbent for analysis of antidepressants in human plasma by liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric detection

A sensitive and reproducible method by microextraction packed sorbent and liquid chromatography with UV detection (MEPS/LC-UV) is described for the determination of new generation antidepressants (sertraline, mirtazapine, fluoxetine, citalopram and paroxetine) in human plasma samples. The MEPS variables, such as sample volume, pH, number of extraction cycles (draw-eject), and desorption conditions (solvent and solvent volume of elution) influenced the MEPS/LC efficiency significantly. Important factors in the optimization of MEPS efficiency, as well as washing steps and carryover effect are discussed. The analyses were carried out using small sample volumes (400 mu L.), and in a short time period (3 min for the entire sample preparation step). The MEPS/LC-UV method was shown to be linear at concentrations ranging from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1000 ng mL(-1). The LOQ values ranged from 10 to 25 ng mL(-1). The inter-day precision of the method presented coefficient of the variation ranging from 1.3% to 8.7%. On the basis of analytical validation, it is shown that the MEPS/LC-UV methodology is adequate for antidepressant analysis, from therapeutic to toxic levels. In order to evaluate the proposed method for clinical use, the MEPS/LC-UV method was applied to analysis of plasma samples from elderly depressed patients. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biomechanical evaluation on tendon reinsertion by comparing trans-osseous suture and suture anchor at different stages of healing: Experimental study on rabbits

Background: Through an experimental biomechanical study on rabbits, tendon reinsertion by means of trans-osseous suture on a spongy bone bed and suture anchor were evaluated comparatively at different phases of healing. Methods: Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were used: 2 as pilots, 4 as the control group, and 18 as the experimental group. These 18 animals underwent sectioning and reinsertion of the Achilles tendon bilaterally, using the technique of trans-osseous suture on 1 side and suture anchor on the other. All the pelvic limbs that underwent the procedure were then immobilized for 3 weeks. The experimental group was divided into 3 groups that were sacrificed, respectively, 3, 6, and 12 weeks later. The tendon-bone complex was subjected to biomechanical tests to evaluate the parameters of maximum strength, stiffness, and yield strength. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the suture anchor group and the trans-osseous suture group, in relation to yield strength (3 weeks, P = .222; 6 weeks, P = .465; and 12 weeks, P = .200) or maximum strength (3 weeks, P = .222; 6 weeks, P = .076; and 12 weeks, P = .078). In relation to stiffness, the suture anchor group showed a statistically significant difference only at 3 weeks of healing ( P = .032) over the trans-osseous suture group. Conclusion: The technique of suturing with an anchor was shown to be similar to the technique of trans-osseous suture for the studied parameters. Level of evidence: Basic Science Study, In-Vitro Biomechanics Study. (C) 2010 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.

Ten-year Retrospective Study of Treatment of Malignant Colonic Obstructions with Self-expandable Stents

Purpose: To describe the use of self-expandable metallic stents to manage malignant colorectal obstructions and to compare the radiation dose between fluoroscopic guidance of stent placement and combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Materials and Methods: From January 1998 to December 2007, 467 oncology patients undergoing colorectal stent placement in a single center were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained in all cases. All procedures were performed with fluoroscopic or combined fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance. Inclusion criteria were total or partial colorectal obstruction of neoplastic origin. Exclusion criteria were life expectancy shorter than I month, suspicion of perforation, and/or severe colonic neoplastic bleeding. Procedure time and radiation dose were recorded, and technical and clinical success were evaluated. Follow-up was performed by clinical examination and simple abdominal radiographs at 1 day and at I, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: Of 467 procedures, technical success was achieved in 432 (92.5%). Thirty-five treatments (7.5%) were technical failures, and the patients were advised to undergo surgery. Significant differences in radiation dose and clinical success were found between the fluoroscopy and combined-technique groups (P < .001). Total decompression was achieved in 372 cases, 29 patients showed remarkable improvement, 11 showed slight improvement, and 20 showed clinical failure. Complications were recorded in 89 patients (19%), the most significant were perforation (2.3%) and stent migration (6.9%). Mean interventional time and radiation dose were 67 minutes and 3,378 dGy.cm(2), respectively. Conclusions: Treatment of colonic obstruction with stents requires a long time in the interventional room and considerable radiation dose. Nevertheless, the clinical benefits and improvement in quality of life justify the radiation risk.

Acute chagasic myocardiopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation with donor and recipient serologically negative for Trypanosoma cruzi: A case report

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas disease following solid-organ transplantation has occurred in Latin America. This report presents the occurrence of Chagas disease despite negative serological tests in both the donor and the recipient, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. A 21-year-old woman from the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil) underwent cadaveric donor liver transplantation in November 2005, due to cirrhosis of autoimmune etiology. Ten months after liver transplantation, she developed signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class IV). The echocardiogram, which was normal preoperatively, showed dilated cardiac chambers, depressed left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction = 35%) and moderate pulmonary hypertension. Clinical investigation discarded ischemic heart disease and autoimmune and other causes for heart failure. Immuno fluorescence (immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G) and hemagglutination tests for T cruzi were positive, and abundant T cruzi amastigotes were readily identified in myocardial biopsy specimens. Treatment with benznidazole for 2 months yielded an excellent clinical response. At the moment of submission, the patient remains in functional class I. This case highlighted that more appropriate screening for T cruzi infection is mandatory in potential donors and recipients of solid-organ transplants in regions where Chagas disease is prevalent. Moreover, it stressed that this diagnosis should always be considered in recipients who develop cardiac complications, since negative serological tests do not completely discard the possibility of disease transmission and since good results can be achieved with prompt trypanocidal therapy.

Measurement of IgE antibodies to shrimp tropomyosin is superior to skin prick testing with commercial extract and measurement of IgE to shrimp for predicting clinically relevant allergic reactions after shrimp ingestion

Background: Shrimp is a frequent cause of food allergy. Tropomyosin is the major allergen in shrimp, and it shares homology to tropomyosins from other crustaceans, dust mites, cockroach, and parasites. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the value of detection of IgE to shrimp tropomyosin in the diagnosis of shrimp allergy. Methods: We have studied 35 patients with asthma, rhinitis, or both who were sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. All subjects underwent skin prick testing in addition to double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC); oral open challenges; or both with shrimp. Measurements of IgE to shrimp and shrimp tropomyosin were carried out by means of CAP and chimeric ELISA, respectively. Results: Oral challenges confirmed the diagnosis of shrimp allergy in 7 patients. IgE measurement to shrimp tropomyosin was positive in 71.4% of the patients with shrimp allergy. Of the 28 patients without shrimp allergy, only 7.1% (2/28) had IgE to shrimp tropomyosin compared with 25% (7/28) who had IgE to shrimp and 35.7% (10/28) who had positive skin prick test responses to shrimp. Sensitivity was similar for all 3 methods (71.4%); in contrast, specificity of IgE to shrimp tropomyosin (92.8%) was greater than that of IgE to shrimp (75%) and skin prick testing (64.2%). With regard to diagnostic efficiency, measurement of IgE to shrimp tropomyosin was superior to measurement of IgE to shrimp and skin prick testing (88.5%, 74.2%, and 65.7%, respectively). Conclusion: Use of measurements of IgE to shrimp tropomyosin provided added value to the diagnosis of shrimp allergy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:872-8.)

Strategic maxillary second-molar extraction in Class II malocclusion

Maxillary second-molar extraction in Class II malocclusion is a controversial issue in orthodontics. This treatment protocol is rigorous and not routine. In this case report, we present the orthodontic treatment of a patient with a Class II malocclusion, maxillary crowding, and no mandibular first molars, treated with extraction of the maxillary second molars. The mechanotherapy and indications of maxillary second- molar extraction are discussed. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:878-86)

M??dulo 5 - no????es sobre execu????o or??ament??ria: curso or??amento p??blico: vis??o geral

Este documento trata de: or??amento p??blico: conceito, fun????es, t??cnicas, princ??pios e marcos legais; enfoques do or??amento: enfoque fiscal dos or??amentos e enfoque program??tico da despesa; roteiro da elabora????o e execu????o or??ament??ria anual; classifica????es or??ament??rias da despesa e da receita; execu????o dos or??amentos; execu????o or??ament??ria e financeira

Comissão de Fiscalização e Disciplina do Sindicato Nacional do Ensino Superior reeleita

Processo de reeleição e identificação dos professores e investigadores do Sindicato Nacional do Ensino Superior que foram reeleitos para a Comissão de Fiscalização do Sindicato Nacional do Ensino Superior. § Re-election process and identification of teachers and researchers of the National Union of Higher Education that were re-elected to the Audit Committee of the National Union of Higher Education.

Sintomas respiratórios na população da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil): resultados da aplicação de um questionário padronizado

As doenças respiratórias constituem expressiva parcela da morbidade na população da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, como comprovam alguns autores. Em particular, as doenças pulmonares crônicas não-específicas motivam número grande de internações a cada ano. Tais doenças podem ser detectadas através de sintomas relatados em entrevistas pessoais, quando se usa um questionário padronizado. Em uma amostra de 3.353 indivíduos de mais de 3 anos de idade, correspondendo a 878 domicílios visitados, foi feito levantamento de sintomas respiratórios, na população do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil), utilizando-se questionário padronizado. Os resultados mostraram: 3,4% de pessoas do sexo feminino e 2,4% do sexo masculino com sintomas sugestivos da asma brônquica; 5,5% do sexo masculino e 3,3% do sexo feminino com sintomas sugestivos de bronquite crônica; 15,5% dos homens e 11,3% das mulheres referiram tosse; dispnéia com limitação funcional foi relatada em 0,96% dos homens e 2,48% das mulheres.

Saúde perinatal: baixo peso e classe social

Estudou-se, em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, no período de 1º de junho de 1978 a 31 de maio de 1979, 98% do universo de nascidos vivos, totalizando 8.878 crianças nascidas de parto único. As taxas de baixo peso e de peso deficiente ao nascer foram de 7,5% e de 21,1%, respectivamente. A maioria dos nascimentos de baixo peso eram crianças a termo, 50,6%, representando casos de retardo de crescimento intra-uterino. A prevalência de baixo peso nas classes sociais foi de 3,2% na burguesia empresarial, 2,8% na burguesia gerencial, 3,9% na pequena burguesia, 7,0% no proletariado e 9,5% no subproletariado, o que demonstra uma profunda disparidade. Definindo-se o baixo peso como menor ou igual a 2.500 gramas e comparando os resultados alcançados (8,3%) com os de outro estudo clássico (8,7%), observou-se que não houve redução estatisticamente significativa na prevalência de baixo peso em Ribeirão Preto, no intervalo de uma década.

Processo de conversão química da liga de alumínio 2024-T3 de aplicação aeronáutica

A presente tese teve por base o estudo da conversão química da liga de alumínio 2024T3 de aplicação aeronáutica. O trabalho experimental foi desenvolvido na OGMA, Indústria Aeronáutica de Portugal S.A., durante o período de, aproximadamente 1 ano, que coincidiu com a realização de um estágio profissional nesta empresa por parte da mestranda. A referida empresa, tem como actividade a prestação de serviços de Manutenção, Revisão, Modernização, de Aeronaves, Motores e Componentes, Fabricação e Montagem de Estruturas. Integrada na OGMA, encontra-se a área de tratamentos electroquímicos, TE’S, na qual são realizados serviços de manutenção de material aeronáutico e de peças de fabricação. Estes serviços baseiam-se em processos de electrodeposição e conversão química. De modo a garantir um controlo de qualidade e correcto funcionamento dos diversos processos existe, inserido na área TE’S, um laboratório químico. O presente trabalho experimental, realizado na área TE’S, assenta no processo de conversão química, por imersão, de provetes da liga Al 2024-T3, referente a todos os contratos da OGMA. Estes contratos possuem especificações para aplicação do revestimento de conversão química, por imersão, em alumínio e suas ligas. Estas especificações incluem requisitos de qualidade, nos quais se encontra inserido o controlo periódico do processo. Deste modo, o processo é sujeito a um controlo periódico mensal que consiste na avaliação da qualidade dos tratamentos. A qualidade dos revestimentos obtidos, por conversão química, é assegurada através da avaliação dos resultados dos ensaios aos provetes. O estudo experimental desenvolvido focou-se nos ensaios de resistência à corrosão (nevoeiro salino) requeridos nos contratos. O intuito de realizar um estudo sobre o processo de conversão química por imersão de provetes da liga Al 2024 T3 e subsequente foco no ensaio de resistência à corrosão (nevoeiro salino), assenta no facto de ter-se vindo a observar, nos últimos anos, corrosão por pitting em vários lotes destes provetes, após serem sujeitos às sequências de processo de conversão química e antes de perfazerem a totalidade de 168 horas na câmara de nevoeiro salino, não superando este critério de qualidade do revestimento. Na perspectiva de colmatar a referida situação, procedeu-se à realização de ensaios de despiste nos provetes representativos da liga, com especial incidência na variação dos intervalos de tempo de imersão, pré-estabelecidos pelas especificações aplicáveis, e observação do seu comportamento quando sujeitos ao ensaio de nevoeiro salino.

Ações judiciais: estratégia da indústria farmacêutica para introdução de novos medicamentos

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concentração na distribuição dos processos judiciais segundo medicamento (fabricante), médico prescritor e advogado impetrante da ação. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo que analisou processos judiciais cadastrados em sistema de controle judicial do Estado de São Paulo, em 2006, gastos realizados com o atendimento às ações judiciais e gastos totais de medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Em 2006, foram gastos 65 milhões de reais pelo estado de São Paulo com o cumprimento das decisões judiciais para atender a cerca de 3.600 pessoas. O gasto total em medicamentos foi de 1,2 bilhão de reais. No período estudado foram analisadas 2.927 ações, que foram ajuizadas por 565 agentes, dos quais 549 eram advogados particulares (97,2% do total de agentes). Os medicamentos solicitados nas demandas judiciais analisadas foram prescritos por 878 médicos diferentes. Ao analisar o número de ações ajuizadas por advogado, observa-se que 35% das ações foram apresentadas por 1% dos advogados. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados das ações com os medicamentos classificados pelo seu fabricante mostram que poucos advogados são responsáveis pela maioria das demandas judiciais desses medicamentos. A observação de que mais de 70% das ações ajuizadas para certos medicamentos são de responsabilidade de um advogado pode sugerir uma relação estreita entre o advogado e o fabricante do medicamento.