Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

The finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is one of the smallest cetacean species widely distributed in the shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific Oceans. The population size of the Yangtze subspecies (N. p. asiaeorientalis) has sharply decreased in the last two decades and access to objective data on its population structure and genetic diversity would be of great assistance for their proper management. Here we report on the isolation of nine polymorphic microsatellite using the "Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats" (FIASCO) protocol. Polymorphism was assessed using 30 porpoise individuals randomly sampled in the Yangtze River. The number of alleles per locus varies from 2 to 9, with an average value of 5.56, whereas the ranges of observed and expected heterozygosi ties were 0.300-0.633 (mean 0.496) and 0.473-0.804 (mean 0.659), respectively.

峨眉山藏猕猴部分雄-婴社会行为的补充观察

藏猕猴（Macaca thibetana）雄-婴行为补充数据收集于整个出生季节和交配季节初期(1997年1-9月)。针对两个猴群中的8个婴猴，1分钟点取样和5分钟事件取样法分别用来收集照料行为（怀抱+接近）、阴部探查和雄-婴-雄三边作用（triad）。婴猴4.5-18周龄受到群内成年雄性的照料，20周龄内有7.9%时间受到成年雄猴照料(雄婴：9.57%对雌：5.56%)；照料在行为者和接受者之间分布均无差异的结果倾向于支持生态环境决定说。婴猴3.9-14.6周龄接受成年雄性阴部探查，20周龄内雄性婴儿接受的探查频率高于雌性婴儿（0.92次/小时对0.03次/小时），探查在行为者和接受者之间的分布均有差异。探查比照料开始早且持续期短，可能是成年雄性对婴儿的识别和接受。照料婴猴多的成年雄性在triad中使用婴猴也多；雄性婴儿接受照料多，在triad中被使用也多；此结果支持“Triad是雄-婴照料的副产物”假说。

近垒及垒下能区重离子熔合-裂变反应机制的研究

本工作用固体云母核径迹探测器测量了质心能量为73.7至93.4MeV的~(16)O + ~(238)U和能量为57.9至76.0MeV的~(12)C + ~(237)Np系统熔合裂变碎片角分布和截面；首次用双栅位置灵敏雪崩计数器[DGAC]测量了质心能量为46.5至56.2 MeV的~(11)B + ~(238)U和能量为58.9至76.0 MeV的~(12)C + ~(237)Np及84.0MeV的~(16)O + ~(238)U系统熔合裂变碎片角关联和截面。研究结果表明：使用二种测量方法得到的熔合裂变截面和裂变碎片角分布是一致的，对于三个反应系统熔合裂变截面用考虑靶核形变的耦合道理论能得到合理的描述；而从计算熔合截面中提取穿透系数，从有限力程转动液滴模型中提取有效转动惯量，用鞍点过渡态理论计算裂变碎片角分布，发现裂变碎片角分布各向异性异常；随入射能量减少，各向异性并不是单调地变化，而是呈现异常的“鼓包”；裂变碎片各向异性还有明显的入射道效应，在近垒和垒上能区~(12)C + ~(237)Np和~(11)B + ~(238)U系统裂变碎片角分布可以用鞍点过渡态理论描述，没有发现异常；而对于~(16)O + ~(238)U系统裂变碎片角分布都有大于理论的异常，而且在垒上低能端异性度随能量的变化走向不同于以前测量的结果。虽然入射道效应证明了前平衡裂变的理论预言，但对于垒下能区，碎片异性度的异常依然存在，表明仅用前平衡裂变理论解释裂变碎片角分布的异常是不够的。为了澄清转移裂变对角分布异常的贡献，采用了角关联技术成功地区分出复合核裂变和转移裂变，实现了对纯复合核裂变碎片角分布各向异性的研究。在被研究的能区内，转移裂变占总裂变截面10%以下，而且它的各向异性度比复合核裂变的要小，扣除转移裂变的贡献使裂变碎片异性度提高5%，因此角分布异常不可能起源于转移裂变的贡献

玉米地膜覆盖的土壤环境效应

通过田间试验研究了地膜覆盖和露地栽培对玉米的土壤温度、水分、养分、盐分含量和土壤生物学特性及硝酸盐含量的变化。结果表明,在玉米生长前期,地膜覆盖5,10,15,20,25 cm土层的土壤日平均温度比露地提高2.4℃、3.0℃、2.9℃、2.2℃、2.7℃,6~7月份比露地降低1.1℃、0.5℃、0.5℃、0.6℃、0.6℃。地膜覆盖0~10,10~20,20~30,30~40 cm土层的土壤含水量分别比露地增加18.84%、10.67%、11.12%和8.9%。地膜覆盖增强了土壤蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,增加了土壤微生物的数量、CO2浓度、土壤呼吸和土壤NO3--N的含量,减少了土壤氮素的损失。地膜覆盖降低了土壤有机质、氮素、速效磷的含量、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性及土壤表层的盐分含量。地膜覆盖提高了玉米的生物量和经济产量。

不同水分状况下秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响

在遮雨棚控水条件下,采用盆栽的方式研究了不同秸秆覆盖量对玉米根、冠生长的影响。试验按对照(CK)和秸秆覆盖量0.3 kg/m2(SM0.3)、0.6 kg/m2(SM0.6)、0.9 kg/m2(SM0.9)、1.2 kg/m2(SM1.2)共设5个处理,水分按高水(占田间持水量的90%)和低水(占田间持水量的60%)设两个水平。分别测定了玉米根、茎、叶、穗干重,根系垂直空间分布及叶片叶绿素相对含量等指标。结果表明:秸秆覆盖明显改变了玉米根系和地上部分的生长;高水条件下SM0.6处理玉米根系、茎秆、叶和穗干重均高于其它处理;低水条件下,地上部分干重SM1.2最大,SM0.6次之;根系的垂直空间分布与水分和覆盖条件都有密切的关系,覆盖措施主要影响下层根系的生长和发育。

沙地云杉林植物区系特征的研究

根据野外调查,分析了沙地云杉林的植物区系成分,进行了种子植物的统计并得出结论:在沙地云杉林中,共有161种植物,分别属于49科,123属。其中1种蕨类植物,2种裸子植物,158种种子植物。共有10种地理成分分布类型,其中以达乌里-蒙古成分占优势,内蒙古自治区的特有成分只有沙地云杉一种。根据优势成分分析,发现在乔木层中只有沙地云杉和白桦达到存在度的4~5级,灌木层中只有黑果木旬子木达到5级。根据相似系数比较发现:沙地云杉林有56.8%的科、47.4%的属、47.4%的种与大针茅草原相同;有60.8%的科、22.3%的属、7.2%的种与长白山的典型暗针叶林相同,因此沙地云杉林仍然属于暗针叶林范畴。

固相反应制备的Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性

用固相反应法制备了Pt/C催化剂(Pt/C(s)),并研究了该催化剂对乙醇氧化的电催化活性。XRD和TEM测量表明,Pt/C(s)中Pt的平均粒径为3.8nm,结晶度为2.38,远小于用传统的液相还原方法制得的Pt/C催化剂(Pt/C(1))的平均粒径(8.5nm)和结晶度(5.56)。因此,Pt/C(s)对乙醇的电催化氧化性能远好于液相还原法制得的Pt/C(1)。

冷原子荧光法间接测定水中氰化物

本文详细研究了氰化物蒸馏条件及其稳定性问题，建立了一个冷原子荧光法间接测定水中氰化物的方法，并用于海水及氰化液中痕量ＣＮ－的测定，结果令人满意。ＣＮ－检出限为０．０２μｇ／ｍＬ，回收率９５％～９８％，变异系数７．３％～８．９％。

CaF_2:Ce~(3+)中的电荷补偿问题的探讨

在不同的反应条件下,运用固相反应的方法合成了CaF_2∶Ce~(3+)多种粉末磷光体,测定了它们的荧光光谱,发现了3种不同的发光中心,并探讨了3种发光中心的转化规律;研究了不同阳离子电荷补偿剂对CaF_2∶Ce~(3+)光谱性质的影响;指出了不同发光中心的产生是电荷补偿途径不同所致。

石墨炉原子吸收光谱测硼时基体改进剂的选择

研究各种基体改进剂的增感效果,和它们对灰化、原子化温度的影响。结果表明,Ca、Sr、Ca-Mg、Ca-La、Sr-Mg均可作为硼的基体改进剂,且Ca-Mg、Ca-La、Sr-Mg较之Ca、Sr性能优越。并分别以Ca、Ca-Mg、Sr-Mg作基体改进剂,直接分析饮用水中痕量硼,所得结果基本一致,相对标准偏差均在10%以内。

π-烯丙基碘化铁含氮配合物的合成

π-烯丙基卤化铁含氮配位体的络合结构被认为是铁体系催化丁二烯聚合反应的活性中心,所以合成具有这种结构的模型化合物并研究其催化活性是很有意义的。我们曾合成了π-烯丙基氯化铁三吡啶配合物并研究了它对丁二烯聚合的催化活性,但所得配合物混有近等当量的卤化镁难以分离。Nesmeyanov曾合成π-烯丙基卤化铁三羰基化合物η~3-C_3H_5FeX(CO)_3(X=Cl,I)。我们的实验结果表明这类配合物对丁二烯聚合无催化活

Geochemical properties of the variolitic andesite from Susong in the Dabie orogenic belt, China

The variolitic andesite from the Susong County in the Dabie Mountains implies that it was erupted in water. The mineralogy of the varioles is primarily radiate plagioclase (albite sind oligoclase), with little pyroxene, hornblende and quartz (derived from alteration). The pyroxene, hornblende and quartz are in the interstices between plagiocalse. The matrix consists of glass, hornblende, chlorite, epidote and zoisite. It is clearly subjected an extensive alteration. The andesite has an uncommon chemical composition. The SiO2 content is about 56.8%, TiO2 = 0.9%, MgO = 6.4%, Fe2O3 (tot) = 6.7%similar to 7.6%, 100Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 64.1 similar to 66.2. Mg-# is significantly high. The andesite has high abundances of large-lithophile trace elements (e.g. K, Ba. Sr, LREE), e.g. La/Nb = 5.56 similar to 6.07, low abundances of high-strength-field elements (HFSE e.g. Ta, Nb, P, Ti), particularly Ta and Nb strongly depleted. These are consistent with the characteristics of subduction-related magmas. In the spider diagram of trace elements, from Ce to right hand, the abundances of elements decrease quickly, showing a character of the continental margins. There has a strong punishment of light-rare-earth elements, with a significant diffraction of REEs (the mean value of (La/Yb)(N) is 32.84). No Eu anomaly, but there are anomaly high (La/Yb)(N) = 28.63 similar to 36.74, (La/Y)(N) = 70.33 similar to 82.4. The elements Y and Yb are depleted greatly, Y<20 g/g, Y-N = 2.74 similar to 2.84, Yb-N = 2.18 similar to 2.35. From the La-(La/Sm) diagram, the andesite is derived from partial melting. But the epsilone value of Nd is - 18.7 similar to -19.2, so that the material source may be the mantle materials affected by the crustal materials. The Nd model age is 1.9 Ga indicating that the variolitic basaltic andesite was resulted from the mantle wedge of North China block, which had the Nd model age of 2.5Ga, when the Yangze block which had the Nd model age of 1.7Ga subducted beneath it. So the variolitic andesite has characteristics of the island-are volconic rocks oil a continental basement in the vicinity of the destructive continental margin.

高寒草甸土地退化及其恢复重建对植被碳、氮含量的影响

以青海省达日县高寒草甸原生高寒嵩草（Kobresia）草甸封育系统为对照,研究了土地退化对植被生产力的影响,检验了不同人工重建措施（两个人工种植处理：混播（HB）、翻耕单播（DBF）和1个退化草地封育自然恢复处理（NR）及1个退化草地自然状态（SDL））对植被生产力的相对影响程度。结果表明,原生植被封育处理（YF）地上总生物量为265.1g•m~(-2),混播（HB）和翻耕单播（DBF）处理中地上总生物量分别为原生植被封育处理的116%和68%。退化草地封育自然恢复处理（NR）和重度退化自然状态下地上总生物量分别为原生植被封育的76%和53%。YF处理根系生物量远大于其它处理。原生植被封育系统中植被地上部分碳储量为110.14g•m~(-2),地下根系（0～30cm）碳储量为2957g•m~(-2),植被总碳储量为3067.14g•m~(-2);重度退化草地系统中植被地上部分碳储量为57.07g•m~(-2),地下根系（0～30cm）碳储量为357g•m~(-2),植被总碳储量为414.07g•m~(-2)。由此可见,高寒草甸严重退化后,通过植物组织流失的碳达到2653.35g•m~(-2),即86.5%的碳损失;原生植被封育系统植被总氮储量为56.85g•m~(-2),而重度退化草地植被总氮储量为18.02g•m~(-2),高寒草甸严重退化使植物组织68.30%氮损失。与重度退化地相比,由于恢复重建措施增加了植物的生物量输入和群落组成,除翻耕单播处理外,其它恢复重建措施均能恢复系统植被的碳氮储量。这些恢复重建措施将会逐步改善土壤的物理和化学特性,最终使这些生态系统逐步由碳源向碳汇方向的转变成为可能。

图象分析的人工智能方法

本文简短地回顾了 AI 方法处理图象的历史,分析了一般的 AI 图象处理系统,并简要地介绍了几个成功的 AI 图象处理与解释系统.

大别山岩石圈有效弹性厚度初步研究

As powerful tools to study the lithosphere dynamics, the effective elastic thickness (Te) as well as the envelope of yielding stress of lithosphere have been attracted great attention of geoscientists in the past thirty years. The oceanic lithosphere, contrary to the continental lithosphere, has more fruits for its simple structures and evolution process. In continent, the lithosphere commonly is complex and variable in the rheological, thermal structures, and has a complicated history. Therefore, the application of the effective elastic thickness in continent is still a subject to learn in a long time. Te, with the definition of the thickness of an elastic plate in theory flexured by the equal benging of the real stress in the lithosphere plate (Turcotte, 1982), marks the depth of transition between elastic and fluid behaviors of rocks subjected to stress exceeding 100 MPa over the geological timescales (McNutt, 1990). There are three methods often adapted: admittance or isostatic response function, coherence and forwarding. In principle, the models of Te consist of thermal-rheological, non-linear Maxwell, non-linear work hardening and rheological layered models. There is a tentative knowledge of Te that it is affected by the following factors: crustal thickness, crust-mantle decoupling, plate bending, boundary conditions of plate (end forces and bending moments), stress state, sedimentary layer, faulting effect, variation in the mountain belts' strike, foreland basin, inheritance of tectonic evolution, convection of mantle, seismic depth and lithosphere strength. In this thesis, the author introduces the geological sketch of the Dabie collisional orogenic belt and the Hefei Basin. The Dabie Mts. is famous for the ultra-high pressure metamorphism. The crustal materials subducted down to the depth of at least 100 km and exhumed. So that the front subjects arise such as the deeply subduction of continent, and the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction. In a geological journey at June of 1999, the author found the rarely variolitic basaltic andesite in the Dabie Mts. It occurs in Susong Group, near Zhifenghe Countryside, Susong County, Anhui Province. It is just to the south of the boundary between the high-grade Susong melange and the ultra-high grade South Dabie melange. It has a noticeable knobby or pitted appearance in the surface. The size of the varioles is about 1-4 mm. In hand-specimen and under microscope, there are distinct contacts between the varioles and the matrice. The mineralogy of the varioles is primarily radiate plagioclase, with little pyroxene, hornblende and quartz. The pyroxene, hornblende and quartz are in the interstices between plagioclase. The matrix is consisted of glass, and micro-crystals of chlorite, epidote and zoisite. It is clearly subjected and extensive alteration. The andesite has an uncommon chemical composition. The SiO_2 content is about 56.8%, TiO_2 = 0.9%, MgO = 6.4%, (Fe_2O_3)_(Total) = 6.7% ～ 7.6%, 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) = 64.1 ～ 66.2. Mg# is significantly high. The andesite has higher abundances of large-lithophile trace elements (e.g. K, Ba, Sr, LREE), e.g. La/Nd = 5.56-6.07, low abundances of high-strength-field elements (HFSE, e.g. Ta, Nb, P, Ti), particularly Ta and Nb strongly depleted. These are consistent with the characteristics of subducted-related magmas (Pearcce, 1982; Sun and McDonaugh, 1989). In the spider diagram of trace elements, from Ce to right hand, the abundances of elements decrease quickly, showing a characteristic of the continental margins (Pearce, 1982). There has a strongly enrichment of light-rare-earth elements, with a significant diffraction of REEs (the mean value of (La/Yb)_N is 32.84). No Eu anomaly, but there are anomaly high (La/Yb)_N = 28.63-36.74, (La/Y)_N = 70.33 - 82.84. The elements Y and Yb depleted greatly, Y < 20 ppm, Y_N = 2.74-2.84, Yb_N = 2.18 - 2.35. From the La-(La/Sm) diagram, the andesite is derived from partial melting. But the epsilone value of Nd is -18.7 ～ -19.2, so that the material source may be the mantle materials affected by the crustal materials. The Nd model age is 1.9 Ga indicating that the basaltic andesite was resulted from the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction between the subducted Yangze carton and the mantle of Sino-Korea carton. To obtain the Te of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, the author applies the coherence method in this thesis. The author makes two topography-gravity profiles (profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th)) across the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, and calculates the auto-coherence, across coherence, power spectrum, across power spectrum of the topography and gravity of the two profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th), it is obtained that the characteristic wavelengths respectively are 157 km and 126 km. Consequently the values of effective elastic thickness are 6.5 km and 4.8 km, respectively. However, the Te values merely are the minimum value of the lithosphere because the coherencemethod in a relative small region will generate a systemic underestimation. Why there is a so low Te value? In order to check the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts., the authore tries to outline the yielding-stress envelope of the lithosphere. It is suggested that the elastic layers in the crust and upper mantle are 18 km and 35 km, respectively. Since there exist a low viscosity layer about 3-5 km thickness, so it is reasonable that the decoupling between the crust and mantle occurred. So the effective thickness of the lithosphere can be estimated from the two elastic layers. Te is about 34 km. This is the maximum strength of the lithosphere. We can make an approximately estimation about the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts.: Te is about 20-30 km. The author believes that the following factors should be responsible for the low Te value: (1) the Dabie Mts. has elevated strongly since K_3-J_1. The north part of the Dabie Mts. elevates faster than the south part today; (2) there occur large active striking faults in this area. And in the east, the huge Tan-Lu striking fault anyway tends to decrease the lithosphere strength; (3) the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. is heter-homogeneous in spatio-temporal; (4) the study area just locates in the adjacent region between the eastern China where the lithosphere thickness is significantly reduced and the normal western China. These factors will decrease the lithosphere strength.