Intermittent access to 20% ethanol induces high ethanol consumption in Long-Evans and Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: There has been some difficulty getting standard laboratory rats to voluntarily consume large amounts of ethanol without the use of initiation procedures. It has previously been shown that standard laboratory rats will voluntarily consume high levels of ethanol if given intermittent-access to 20% ethanol in a 2-bottle-choice setting [Wise, Psychopharmacologia 29 (1973), 203]. In this study, we have further characterized this drinking model. METHODS: Ethanol-naïve Long-Evans rats were given intermittent-access to 20% ethanol (three 24-hour sessions per week). No sucrose fading was needed and water was always available ad libitum. Ethanol consumption, preference, and long-term drinking behaviors were investigated. Furthermore, to pharmacologically validate the intermittent-access 20% ethanol drinking paradigm, the efficacy of acamprosate and naltrexone in decreasing ethanol consumption were compared with those of groups given continuous-access to 10 or 20% ethanol, respectively. Additionally, ethanol consumption was investigated in Wistar and out-bred alcohol preferring (P) rats following intermittent-access to 20% ethanol. RESULTS: The intermittent-access 20% ethanol 2-bottle-choice drinking paradigm led standard laboratory rats to escalate their ethanol intake over the first 5 to 6 drinking sessions, reaching stable baseline consumption of high amounts of ethanol (Long-Evans: 5.1 +/- 0.6; Wistar: 5.8 +/- 0.8 g/kg/24 h, respectively). Furthermore, the cycles of excessive drinking and abstinence led to an increase in ethanol preference and increased efficacy of both acamprosate and naltrexone in Long-Evans rats. P-rats initiate drinking at a higher level than both Long-Evans and Wistar rats using the intermittent-access 20% ethanol paradigm and showed a trend toward a further escalation in ethanol intake over time (mean ethanol intake: 6.3 +/- 0.8 g/kg/24 h). CONCLUSION: Standard laboratory rats will voluntarily consume ethanol using the intermittent-access 20% ethanol drinking paradigm without the use of any initiation procedures. This model promises to be a valuable tool in the alcohol research field.

Ternary metal complexes of anionic and neutral pyridoxine (vitamin B6) with 2,2'-bipyridine. Syntheses and x-ray structures of (pyridoxinato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)cobalt(III) perchlorate and chloro(2,2'-bipyridyl)(pyridoxine)copper(II) perchlorate hydrate

Ternary metal complexes involving vitamin B6 with formulas [CO",(PN-H)](anCdI [OC)'(bpy)(PN)Cl]C10(.bpHy 0 = 2,2'-bipyridine, PN = neutral pyridoxine, PN-H = anionic pyridoxine) have been prepared for the first time and characterized by means of magnetic and spectroscopic measurements. The crystal structures of the compounds have also been determined. [CO(PN-H)](CcryIsOta,l)lize s in the space group P2,/c with a = 18.900 (3) A, b = 8.764 (1) A, c = 20.041 (2) A,p = 116.05 (l)', and Z = 4 and [Cu(bpy)(PN)C1]C104-H20in the space group Pi with a = 12.136 (5) A, b = 13.283 (4) A,c = 7.195 (2) A, a = 96.91 (Z)', 0 = 91.25 (3)', y = 71.63 (3)', and Z = 2. The structures were solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by least-squares techniques to R values of 0.080 and 0.042 for 3401 and 2094 independent reflections, respectively. Both structures consist of monomeric units. The geometry around Co(II1) is octahedral and around Cu(I1) is distorted square pyramidal. In [CO(PN-H)]t(wCo IoxOy~ge)n~s ,fro m phenolic and 4-(hydroxymethyl) groups of PN-H and two nitrogens from each of two bpy's form the coordination sphere. In [Cu(bpy)(PN)C1]C104.H20o ne PN and one bpy, with the same donor sites, act as bidentate chelates in the basal plane, with a chloride ion occupying the apical position. In both structures PN and PN-H exist in the tautomeric form wherein pyridine N is protonated and phenolic 0 is deprotonated. However, a novel feature of the cobalt compound is that PN-H is anionic due to the deprotonation of the 4-(hydroxymethyl) group. The packing in both structures is governed by hydrogen bonds, and in the copper compound partial stacking of bpy's at a distance of -3.55 also adds to the stability of the system. Infrared, NMR, and ligand field spectroscopic results and magnetic measurements are interpreted in light of the structures.

The structure of 3[beta],20[alpha]-bis(dimethylamino)pregn-5-en-18-ol

Abstract. C25H44N20 , M r= 388.6, orthorhombic, P21212 I, a = 6.185 (2), b = 18.123 (2), c = 20.852 (2) A, U= 2337.2 A 3, Z = 4, D x = 1.104 Mg m -a, 2(Cu Ka) = 1.5418 A,/~ = 0.47 mm -~, F(000) = 864, T= 293 K. Final R - 0.038 for 1791 reflections with I >_ 3a(I). Rings A and C are in chair conformation. Ring B is in an 8fl,9a-half-chair conformation. Ring D adopts a conformation in between 13fl,14a-half-chair and 13t-envelope. There is a quasitrans fusion of rings A and B, whilst ring systems B/C and C/D are trans fused about the bonds C(8)-C(9)and C(13)-C(14).

Magneto-structural correlation in (mu-alkoxo/hydroxo)(mu-carboxylato)dicopper(II) systems: Synthesis, X-ray structure and magnetic properties of aquo(mu-hydroxo) (mu-arylcarboxylato)bis(N,N,N ',N '-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine)dicopper(II) diperchlorate

Asymmetrically dibridged dicopper(II) complexes, [Cu-2(OH)(O2CC6H4-p-Me)(tmen)(2)(H2O)](ClO4)(2) (1) and [Cu-2(OH)(O2CC6H4-p-OMe)(tmen)(2)(H2O)](ClO4)(2) (2) (tmen = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine), were prepared and structurally characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/a with a = 17.718(2), b = 9.869(1), c = 19.677(2) Angstrom, beta = 115.16(1)degrees, V = 3114.3(6) Angstrom(3) and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R(wR(2)) = 0.067(0.178). Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/a with a = 17.695(3), b = 9.574(4), c = 20.104(2) Angstrom, beta = 114.18(1)degrees, V = 3107(1) Angstrom(3) and Z = 4. The final residuals are R(wR(2)) = 0.067(0.182). The complexes have a [Cu-2(mu-OH)(mu-OH)(mu-O2CAr)](2+) core with tmen Ligands occupying the terminal sites of the core. In addition, one copper is axially bound to a water molecule. The Cu ... Cu distances and the Cu-OH Cu angles in the core are 3.394(1) Angstrom, 124.4(2)degrees for 1 and 3.374(1) Angstrom, 123.3(3)degrees for 2. The complexes show axial X-band EPR spectral features in methanol glass at 77 K giving g(perpendicular to) = 2.02, g(parallel to) = 2.3 (A(parallel to) = 165 x 10(-4) cm(-1)) and a visible band near similar to 630 nm in methanol. The complexes are weakly antiferromagnetic. A theoretical fit of the magnetic susceptibility data in the temperature range 40-295 K gives -J = 10 cm(-1), g = 2.05 for 1 and -J = 10 cm(-1), g = 2.0 for 2. Plots of -2J versus the Cu-OH-Cu angle (phi) in this class of asymmetrically dibridged dicopper(II) complexes having d(x2-y2)-d(x2-y2) magnetic orbitals show a linear magneto-structural correlation: -2J(cm(-1)) = 11.48 phi(deg) - 1373.

In-cylinder investigations and analysis of a SI gas engine fuelled with H-2 and CO rich syngas fuel: Sensitivity analysis of combustion descriptors for engine diagnostics and control

The sensitivity of combustion phasing and combustion descriptors to ignition timing, load and mixture quality on fuelling a multi-cylinder natural gas engine with bio-derived H-2 and CO rich syngas is addressed. While the descriptors for conventional fuels are well established and are in use for closed loop engine control, presence of H-2 in syngas potentially alters the mixture properties and hence combustion phasing, necessitating the current study. The ability of the descriptors to predict abnormal combustion, hitherto missing in the literature, is also addressed. Results from experiments using multi-cylinder engines and numerical studies using zero dimensional Wiebe function based simulation models are reported. For syngas with 20% H-2 and CO and 2% CH4 (producer gas), an ignition retard of 5 +/- 1 degrees was required compared to natural gas ignition timing to achieve peak load of 72.8 kWe. It is found that, for syngas, whose flammability limits are 0.42-1.93, the optimal engine operation was at an equivalence ratio of 1.12. The same methodology is extended to a two cylinder engine towards addressing the influence of syngas composition, especially H-2 fraction (varying from 13% to 37%), on the combustion phasing. The study confirms the utility of pressure trace derived combustion descriptors, except for the pressure trace first derivative, in describing the MBT operating condition of the engine when fuelled with an alternative fuel. Both experiments and analysis suggest most of the combustion descriptors to be independent of the engine load and mixture quality. A near linear relationship with ignition angle is observed. The general trend(s) of the combustion descriptors for syngas fuelled operation are similar to those of conventional fuels; the differences in sensitivity of the descriptors for syngas fuelled engine operation requires re-calibration of control logic for MBT conditions. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

2μm全固态激光器的研究进展

近年来2μm波段的全固态激光器由于在测高、测距、大气遥感等方面具有重要的应用前景而引起了广泛关注。介绍了实现2μm激光输出的三个基本条件，综述了2μm全同态激光器的发展状况，对几种激光晶体进行了理论分析和实验对比，指出Tm，Ho：LuLF是今后2μm全固态激光器研究的一个发展方向。

Spectral characterization of transparent (Nd0.01Y0.94La0.05)(2)O-3 laser ceramics

The spectrum properties of transparent (Nd0.01Y0.94La0.05)(2)O-3 ceramics were investigated. It was found that all absorption bands of (Nd0.01Y0.94La0.05)(2)O-3 ceramics are broadened, of which the full width at half maximum of the peak centered at 804 nm is 8 nm and its absorption cross section is 1.02x10(-20) cm(2). The emission cross section of (Nd0.01Y0.94La0.05)(2)O-3 ceramics located at 1078 nm is 5.71x10(-20) cm(2) and its fluorescent lifetime is 0.214 ms, which are similar to those of 1.0 at. %Nd:Y2O3 ceramics. These indicate that (Nd0.01Y0.94La0.05)(2)O-3 transparent ceramics has excellent spectroscopic properties.

Growth and spectral properties of Er:Gd2SiO5 crystal

Er3+ -doped Gd2SiO5 (Er:GSO) single crystal with dimensions of circle divide 35 x 40 mm(3) has been grown by the Czochralski method. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the Er:GSO crystal were measured at room temperature. The spectral parameters were calculated based on Judd-Ofelt theory, and the intensity parameters Omega(2), Omega(4) and Omega 6 are obtained to be 6.168 x 10(-20), 1.878 x 10(-20), and 1.255 x 10(-20) cm(2), respectively. The emission cross-section has been calculated by Fuechtbauer-Ladenbury formula. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Judd-Ofelt analysis of spectra and experimental evaluation of laser performance of Tm3+ doped Lu2SiO5 crystal

This paper reports that the TM3+:Lu2SiO5 (Tm:LSO) crystal is grown by Czochralski technique. The room-temperature absorption spectra of Tm:LSO crystal are measured on a b-cut sample with 4 at.% thulium. According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Omega(2)=9.3155 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(4)=8.4103 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(6)=1.5908 x 10(-20) cm(2), the fluorescence lifetime is calculated to be 2.03 ms for F-3(4) -> H-3(6) transition, and the integrated emission cross section is 5.81 x 10(-18) cm(2). Room-temperature laser action near 2 mu m under diode pumping is experimentally evaluated in Tm:LSO. An optical-optical conversion efficiency of 9.1% and a slope efficiency of 16.2% are obtained with continuous-wave maximum output power of 0.67 W. The emission wavelengths of Tm:LSO laser are centred around 2.06 mu m with spectral bandwidth of similar to 13.6 nm.

Polarized spectral analysis of Ho3+ ions in biaxial YAlO3 crystal for 2 mu m lasers

An Ho3+-doped YAlO3 (Ho : YAP) single crystal has been grown by the Czochralski technique. The polarized absorption spectra, polarized fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay curve of the crystal are measured at room temperature. The spectroscopic parameters are calculated based on Judd-Ofelt theory, and the effective phenomenological intensity parameters Omega(2,eff), Omega(4,eff) and Omega(6,eff) are obtained to be 2.89 x 10(-20), 2.92 x 10(-20) and 1.32 x 10(-20) cm(2), respectively. The room-temperature fluorescence lifetime of the Ho3+ 5I(7) -> I-5(8) transition is measured to be 8.1 ms. Values of the absorption and emission cross-sections with different polarizations are presented for the I-5(7) manifold, and the polarized gain cross-section curves are also provided and discussed.

模拟生物膜的电化学研究

本文简要评述了生物膜领域的发展过程及研究现状，介绍了关于生物膜的一些基本性质和理论。采用电化学方法对支撑双层磷脂膜（s-BLM）、杂化双层磷脂膜（HBM）、磷脂浇铸膜（Cast lipid film）等不同的模拟生物膜体系进行了研究。主要如果如下：1. 在玻碳（GC）电极表面制备了磷脂浇铸膜，并以此膜为生物膜的模型研究了多巴胺对NADH的催化氧化。多巴胺是通过将电极浸在多巴胺溶液中约10个小时，从而固定的磷脂膜内的。在pH = 7.0的磷酸缓冲溶液中获得了膜内多巴胺对NADH的催化氧化行为，发现氧化电流随着扫描圈数的增加而逐渐增大，并最终到达一个稳态，这是一个比较新的现象。同时，与NADH的裸玻碳电极上的电化学行为相比，其氧化过电位降低了约130 mV，2 × 10~（-3）mol/L的NADH的扩散系数为6.7 × 10~（-6）cm~2/s。2. 开发了一种基于磷脂浇铸膜的葡萄糖生物传感器。磷脂膜可以在电极表面提供一种理想的生物环境，而且能够有效地抑制一些亲水性的电活性物质到达电极表面，从而降低了它们的干扰作用。TTF被用作电子转移媒介体是因为它可以有效地转移电子，并且可心牢固地固定在磷脂膜中。工作电位、pH值对传感器的影响均做了测试。该传感器的响应时间小于20秒，线性范围从0.2 mmol/L到10 mmol/L，最低检测限为2×10~（-5） mol/L，同时，该传感器也显示出良好的重现性及稳定性。3. 选择玻碳电极作为固体基底，在其表面上制备出磷脂膜。通过电化学阻抗测试，证明了电极表面的磷脂膜为双层膜。将辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）固定在这种支撑双层磷脂膜（ s-BLM）中，并以此开发出一种不需要媒介体的H_2O_2生物传感器。该传感器显示了良好的电化学中央委员应、稳定性及重现性，这主要是因为s-BLM的存在。作为一种模拟生物膜，s-BLM可以为保持酶分子的天然活性提供一个理想的环境，因此，s-BLM将非常适合于固定酶分子，从而开发以玻碳电极为基底的不需要媒介体的生物传感器。4. 以玻碳电极作为基底，在玻碳电极上制备出支撑磷脂膜，并借助电化学阻抗手段证明了这种磷脂膜是比层膜。研究了这种支撑磷脂膜内的离子通道行为，以高氯酸根离子作为通道激发物以及吡啶钌作为标记离子，当膜内的通道打开时，产生明显的通道电流，然而没有高氯酸根存在时，通道又处于关闭状态。5. 成功地制备出由金电极表面上的半胱胺单层支撑的C_(60)-磷脂杂化膜。将血红蛋白（Hb）固定在膜内，并研究了Hb的电化学行为。C_(60)作为一种良好的电子媒介体，使得Hb在这种C_(60)-磷脂杂化膜内的电子转移变得较为容易。

2.7NaF·AlF_3(7wt%CaF_2)-Al_2O_3-Y_(mm_2)O_3体系物理化学性质的研究

为了充分利用我国丰富的钇族稀土资源，以适应钇族稀土金属在铝及铝合金方面应用日益增长的趋势，寻找制取钇族稀土铝合金的新方法，本文系统研究了冰晶石熔体中添加钇族稀土碳酸盐即2.7NaF·AlF_3(7wt%CaF_2)-Al_2O_3-Y_(mm_2)O_3体系的一系列物理化学性质。应用最优化设计原理，研究了该本系的初晶温度，表面张力、密度、粘度和电导率，分别得到了表征该体系初晶温度、粘度与Al_2O_3、Y_(mm_2)O_3浓度关系的回归方程以及该本系表面张力、密度电导率与Al_2O_3、Y_(mm_2)O_3浓度和温度关系的回归方程。根据这五个回归方程，分别讨论了Al_2O_3、Y_(mm_2)O_3浓度及温度对熔体表面张力、密度和电导率的影响；Al_2O_3、Y_(mm_2)O_3浓度对初晶温度和粘度的影响；还讨论了Al_2O_3和Y_(mm_2)O_3对上述五个性质的交互作用。通过综合分析，比较了Al_2O_3和Y_(mm_2)O_3对上述五个物化性质的影响程度，以及对电解过程和电流效率可能发生的影响，得出用该体系作为电解制备钇族稀土铝合金的电解质是可行的，为选择合适的电解质组成提供了基础依据；同时填补了该体系一些物化性质的资料空白。

糠醇和糠醇与三－（2－羟乙基）－异氰尿酸酯缩聚和磺化反应及结构性能表征

本工作对糠醇（FA）和FA与三－（2－羟乙基）异氰尿酸酯（THEIC）的缩聚和磺化反应以及产物的结构和抗氧，抗氯稳定性进行了系统的研究。对FA与THEIC表面聚合制备反渗透复合膜具有十分重要的指导意义。由热分析方法研究发现，FA和FA与THEIC共缩聚反应过程在DSC谱图上有四个放热反应峰。I、II峰（50～80 ℃）为FA头－尾及头－头醚化脱水线性缩聚反应。III峰（110～130 ℃）为FA缩聚物的端羟甲基与亚甲基脱水反应。IN峰（150～190 ℃）为高温下呋喃甲醚链脱出甲醛，甲醛与亚甲基发生交联反应。催化剂用量的增加有利于羟甲基间脱水醚化反应。FA与THEIC共缩聚反应在150 ℃左右有突变，THEIC参加反应的活性增加。体系中大量硫酸存在对THEIC参加反应不利，同时引起FA缩聚物裂解反应。THEIC的加入可改善FA缩聚物的耐热氧化裂解性能。空气下使起始热失重温度提高了60 ℃；氮气下，起始热失重温度提高80 ℃。FA缩聚物的磺化反应在低温下就开始进行，140 ℃时磺化程度最高。磺化度为0.067个SO_3H／重复单元，离子交换容量（电荷密度）为0.84 meg/g酸型。FA和甲基呋喃齐聚物和其磺化后的~(13)C-NMR分析表明，磺化反应容易发生在端呋喃环与H相连的α位，β位，中间呋喃环β位也可发生磺化反应。磺化反应速度较慢，磺化程度不高。H_2SO_4与FA重量之比大于四分之一时，磺化程度基本不变，H_2SO_4量过高时对产物有裂解作用，因此选择此比例比较适宜。由液体和固体~(13)C-NMR观察到FA缩聚反应过程中，羟甲基于100 ℃基本消失，而呋喃甲醚链生成。产生交联的主要原因是甲醛与亚甲基反应进行的。甲醛也可同呋喃环端αH位和β位发生反应生成羟甲基，羟甲基可继续参加反应使缩聚物产生交联。缩聚物中有明显的端甲基酮、醛和羧酸基的生成。产生的原因如下：FA缩聚物中呋喃环间在较高温度下可发生Diels-Alder反应，裂解色谱－质谱分析检出裂解产物中有CH_3和CH_3等芳香族化合物，证实发生了Diels-Alder反应。FA和甲基呋喃齐聚物在大量硫酸作用下，室温磺化交联产物的固体~(13)C-NMR表明有呋喃环上双键打开的反应。可能为Diels-Alder反应，也可能是环双键打开交联的反应。但形成的温度和反应速度还不十分清楚。FA和FA与THEIC缩聚物经过氧化氢氧化裂解产物裂解失重较大，主链发生了断裂反应红外光谱和固体~(13)C-NMR分析表明产生了大量的酮，醛和羧酸。反应过程可能如下：FA缩聚物经游离氯作用后，有少量缩聚物被裂解掉，共缩聚物中脂肪醚被裂解，生成醇，THEIC部分被裂解掉。于是可初步确定FA缩聚物和FA与TEHIC共缩聚物链中的亚甲基和脂肪醚键是易受氧化攻击的弱点。利用表面内反射红外光谱，电子能谱和电子显微镜等对PEC－1000复合膜和试剂复合膜进行了结构与组成剖析，发现PEC－1000膜分离功能层中含有较多伯醇化合物。膜表面含有较多的O, S, N等原子，因此制复合膜的溶液中，THEIC的含量较高，膜的流动电位随压力变化的速率为-4.67mV/atm，膜功能层中含有较多的极性SO_3~-基团。

（一）2，4－二甲基戊二烯基烯土氯化物的合成及其对丁二烯的聚合活性（二）酞菁铜衍生物 LB 膜材料的合成及其气敏特性

本文通过元素分析，红外光谱，热失重分析，质谱。X 光电子能谱的测定以及对化合水解产物的分析。确认合成了下列三种新型 2，4－二甲基戊二烯基稀土氯化物。（I）[2,4-(CH_3)_2C_5H_5]LnCl_2·nTHF (2,4-(CH_3)_2C_5H_5 = 2, 4－二甲基戊二烯基；Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd; n = 3)。（II）[2,4-(CH_3)_2C_5H_5]LnCl_2·nTHF (Ln = Pr, Nd; n = 2, 3)。（III）[2,4-(CH_3)_2C_5H_5]LnCl_2·nTHF (Ln = Nd, Sm; n = 1)。在稀土金属有机化合物中尚未见此类化合物的报导。化合物的质谱分析结果表明，配位的四氢呋喃分子容易从配合物分子中脱落，形成带一个四氢呋喃，甚至不带四氢呋喃的配合物。说明配合物分子中不带四氢呋喃的形式是较稳定的。化合物的 X 光电子能谱结果表明化合物不是混合物。化合物水解产物的定量气相色谱分析进一步证实所合成的化合物为我们所预期的产物。实验结果表明，单体转化率受溶剂影响较大。在以环戊烷为溶剂的聚合反应中，聚合活性较高。而以甲苯为溶剂的聚合反应中，其聚合活性较低。在主催化剂不变的条件下，改变 Al/Nd 摩尔比，单体的转化率有明显的变化。同一 Al/Nd 摩尔比，不同催化剂用量也对单体的转化率有较大的影响。对聚合物的微观结构分析表明，溶剂，铝钕摩尔比催化剂用量对聚丁二烯的顺－1，4 含量均有影响，但影响不大。

化学修饰电极电催化氧还原的研究

1.本文探讨了新的卟啉化合物；八乙基卟啉Fe(III)-σ-吡咯的电化学行为，并进行了现场紫外-可见光谱表征。研究了该化合物吸附于GC电极和包埋于聚吡咯膜中对氧还原反应的电催化性能，提出了可能的反应机理，实验表明，该化合物对氧还原的电催化活性接近铂电极，有希望成为燃料电池的阴极氧还原催化剂材料。2.本文研究了六种过渡金属卟啉化合物电催化氧还原的性能，讨论了不同金属离子，不同卟啉环对催化活性的影响，提出了钴卟啉吸附型CME上电催化氧还原反应可能的机理。3.本文研究了维生素B_(12)对氧还原的电催化性能。实验表明在弱酸性条件下，维生素B_(12)对氧还原具有良好的电催化活性，但极不稳定；本文采用流体动力学扩散层扫描方法首次测量了维生素B_(12)催化氧还原的动力学参数，并提出了可能的反应机理。由于氧还原过程在生物体系中的普遍存在以及维第素B_(12)在人体代谢过程中的重要作用，本研究在仿生学上具有重要的意义。4.本文研究了金属铂微粒电沉积于含有金属卟啉的Nafion膜中对氧还原的催化性能。实验表明，铂微粒具有优于本体铂电极的催化活性；含有卟啉的Nafion膜更有利于物质的传递。本研究为未来燃料电池的研究和应用提供了提高活性、降低成本的途径。5.本文首次发现了玻碳电极上电沉积金属Pb可形成某种新的沉积形式。目前对该沉积形成的结构尚不清楚，但发现该沉积形式的Pb很可能具有催化氧还原为水的良好的催化性能。本研究还发现了Pb在GC上有两种欠电位沉积活性位的新现象，为碳电极表面状态的多样性的观点提供了新的证据。