Evolution of Texture and Microstructure in Commercially Pure Titanium with Change in Strain Path During Rolling

The evolution of microstructure and texture in commercially pure titanium has been studied as a function of strain path during rolling using experimental techniques and viscoplastic self-consistent simulations. Four different strain paths, namely unidirectional rolling, two-step cross rolling, multistep cross rolling, and reverse rolling, have been employed to decipher the effect of strain path change on the evolution of deformation texture and microstructure. The cross-rolled samples show higher hardness with lower microstrain and intragranular misorientation compared to the unidirectional rolled sample as determined from X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction, respectively. The higher hardness of the cross-rolled samples is attributed to orientation hardening due to the near basal texture. Viscoplastic self-consistent simulations are able to successfully predict the texture evolution of the differently rolled samples. Simulation results indicate the higher contribution of basal slip in the formation of near basal texture and as well as lower intragranular misorientation in the cross-rolled samples.

Direct control of type IIA topoisomerase activity by a chromosomally encoded regulatory protein

Precise control of supercoiling homeostasis is critical to DNA-dependent processes such as gene expression, replication, and damage response. Topoisomerases are central regulators of DNA supercoiling commonly thought to act independently in the recognition and modulation of chromosome superstructure; however, recent evidence has indicated that cells tightly regulate topoisomerase activity to support chromosome dynamics, transcriptional response, and replicative events. How topoisomerase control is executed and linked to the internal status of a cell is poorly understood. To investigate these connections, we determined the structure of Escherichia coil gyrase, a type HA topoisomerase bound to YacG, a recently identified chromosomally encoded inhibitor protein. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that YacG is frequently associated with coenzyme A (CoA) production enzymes, linking the protein to metabolism and stress. The structure, along with supporting solution studies, shows that YacG represses gyrase by sterically occluding the principal DNA-binding site of the enzyme. Unexpectedly, YacG acts by both engaging two spatially segregated regions associated with small-molecule inhibitor interactions (fluoroquinolone antibiotics and the newly reported antagonist GSK299423) and remodeling the gyrase holo enzyme into an inactive, ATP-trapped configuration. This study establishes a new mechanism for the protein-based control of topoisomerases, an approach that may be used to alter supercoiling levels for responding to changes in cellular state.

Flow Characteristics of Liquids in Microtubes Driven by a High Pressure

The flow characteristics of liquids in microtubes driven by a high pressure ranging from 1 MPa to 30 MPa are studied in this paper. The diameter of the microtube is from 3 μm to 10 μm and liquids composed of simple small molecules are chosen as the working fluids. The Reynolds number ranges from 0. 1 to 24. The behavior of isopropanol and carbon tetrachloride under high pressure is found different from the prediction from conventional Hagen-Poiseuille (HP) equation. The normalized friction coefficient C* increases significantly with the pressure. From an analysis of the microtube deformation, liquid compressibility, viscous heating and wall slip, it may be seen that the viscosity at high pressure plays an important role here. An exponential function of viscosity vs pressure is introduced into the HP equation to counteract the difference between experimental and theoretical values. However, this difference is not so marked for di-water.

Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada, fraccionamiento y momento de aplicación sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) var. NB-12

En la estación experimental "La Compañía" ubicado en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo se estableció un ensayo en época de postrera 1989, con el objetivo de determinar la influencia sobre tres diferentes niveles de nitrógeno (0-50-100 kg/ha), tres fraccionamientos (25- 25-50, 25-50-25, 33-33-33 %) y das momentos de aplicación (0-16-32 y 0-32-48 dds)sobre el crecimiento , desarrollo y rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays variedad NB-12. Se usó un diseño trifactorial modificado en bloques completos al azar con cinco réplicas. Los resultados muestren que con niveles de 100 kg/ha de nitrógeno incrementa el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta, fraccionando en 25-50-25 y 25-25-50% aplicándose en épocas tempranas, a la siembra, 16 y 32 días después. Al mismo tiempo se determinó que los diferentes niveles de nitrógeno produjeron diferencias significativas sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes principales, obteniéndose la mejor respuesta con un nivel de 100 kg/ha de nitrógeno, fraccionado en 25-50-25 % aplicado a la siembra, 32 y 48 días después. No se produjo efecto significativo de las interacciones sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes principales, sin embargo se produjo la mejor respuesta con la combinación de 100 kg/ha de nitrógeno fraccionado en 25-50-25 % aplicado a la siembro, 16 y 32 días después.

Comissões parlamentares de inquérito no direito brasileiro

Consultoria Legislativa - Área I - Direito Constitucional, Eleitoral, Municipal, Administrativo, Processo Legislativo e Poder Judiciário.

Soundings: the Newsletter of the Monterey Bay Chapter of the American Cetacean Society. 1994

(PDF contains 92 pages.)

掺镱双包层光纤放大器的放大特性

从掺镱(Yb)光纤放大器的功率传输方程出发,利用有限差分法对小模场面积(SMA)和大模场面积(LMA)掺镱双包层光纤放大器的放大特性进行了分析比较。采用模场直径(MFD)6.5 μm和20 μm的双包层掺镱光纤作为放大器增益介质进行窄线宽连续信号的放大,在915 nm激光抽运下模拟计算了大、小模场面积输出功率随输入信号功率、抽运光功率和光纤长度的变化特性,特别是对于大模场面积光纤放大器,最优光纤长度的选择至关重要;讨论了模场直径不同时的最优抽运功率和光纤长度的选择,得出4 m光纤放大时的临界抽运功率为4

克氏针茅草原的土壤种子库特征与植被恢复

近几十年来，由于过度放牧和不合理的农业开垦，内蒙古的天然草原退化严重。自2000年起，中国政府制定了“退耕还林还草”政策，并在草原地区实行了“禁牧、轮牧、休牧”等草原管理措施，期望依靠自然力来恢复退化的草原。然而，这些政策究竟能够带来什么样的后果还是一个未知数。土壤种子库和种子雨的资料对于全面理解植物种群和群落的动态具有重要价值。退化生态系统的恢复评价应该包括土壤种子库和种子雨的资料。因此，我调查了不同利用方式下克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）草原的土壤种子库、种子雨和地上植被组成，来探讨政府的恢复政策对于该地区草原生态系统的影响。 研究地点位于中国科学院多伦恢复生态学试验示范研究站的永久实验样地，该实验样地在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟的多伦县境内，该地区属于典型的农牧交错区。 采用幼苗萌发法，本研究测定了三种具有不同土地利用历史的样地的土壤种子库密度和物种组成。它们分别是：放牧样地、围封样地和弃耕样地。主要的研究结果有： （1）弃耕样地的土壤种子库密度最大，且主要是一年生和杂草类植物的种子，弃耕地由于其开垦的历史导致种子库的物种组成与放牧样地和围封样地的种子库有明显区别，其种子库缺少合适的多年生植物的种子是限制弃耕地自然恢复为天然草原的重要因素。 （2）放牧虽然会降低土壤种子库的密度，但是其中并不缺少多年生植物的种子。恢复由过度放牧引起的退化草原比恢复由农业开垦导致的退化草原要容易一些。围封对于由过度放牧引起的草原退化有明显的积极作用。 （3）采用Sorensen指数来计算地上植被与土壤种子库的相似性，这三个样地土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性均较高。在地上植被生物多样性的调查中，不能将草原中的一些早春植物遗漏。 采用网筛分离法，本研究测定了四种具有不同土地利用历史的样地的种子雨密度和物种组成。它们分别是：放牧样地、围封样地、割草样地和弃耕样地。主要的研究结果有： （1）不同样地间种子雨的密度差异显著（p < 0.05）。围封样地的种子雨密度最大，弃耕样地和放牧样地的种子雨密度居中，割草样地的种子雨密度最小。 （2）弃耕样地的地上植被和种子雨中均存在大量的一年生植物，这可能需要放牧或者割草等其它的一些管理措施来去除一年生植物的优势，从而加快弃耕地向天然草原的恢复速度。 （3）围封样地和割草样地的种子雨和地上植被中的物种数目均比放牧样地的要少，且围封样地中多年生非禾草类植物的比例大大增加，说明禁牧会改变草原植被的物种组成，这些究竟给草原植被的恢复带来怎样的影响，需要进一步的研究。 （4）克氏针茅草原整个取样期间种子雨的降落是连续的，因此在一些长期土壤种子库的研究中应该结合种子雨的数据，不能简单的将7月份的土壤样品作为长期土壤种子库。 采用网筛分离法，本研究测定了不同留茬高度的刈割实验样地的土壤种子库密度和物种组成。主要研究结果有： （1）无割草处理的对照样地的土壤种子库密度与其它割草处理样地的土壤种子库密度之间差异不显著。可能的原因是刈割的实验小区过小，植物种子的散布能够从不割草样地传播到割草处理的样地，或者动物的采食以及搬运降低了对照样地中种子的数量。 （2）虽然多年生禾草类植物在地上植被中占优势地位，但其在土壤种子库中的密度很小，均不到土壤种子库总量的10%。可见无性繁殖对于保持多年生禾草类植物在植被中的优势地位具有重要的意义，而相反的是非禾草类植物在土壤中保存大量的种子作为种群扩大的重要手段。