Up-regulation of GABA transporters and GABAA Receptor α1 subunit in tremor rat hippocampus

The loss of GABAergic neurotransmission has been closely linked with epileptogenesis. The modulation of the synaptic activity occurs both via the removal of GABA from the synaptic cleft and by GABA transporters (GATs) and by modulation of GABA receptors. The tremor rat (TRM; tm/tm) is the parent strain of the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER; zi/zi, tm/tm), which exhibits absence-like seizure after 8 weeks of age. However, there are no reports that can elucidate the effects of GATs and GABAA receptors (GABARs) on TRMs. The present study was conducted to detect GATs and GABAR a1 subunit in TRMs hippocampus at mRNA and protein levels. In this study, total synaptosomal GABA content was significantly decreased in TRMs hippocampus compared with control Wistar rats by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); mRNA and protein expressions of GAT-1, GAT-3 and GABAR a1 subunit were all significantly increased in TRMs hippocampus by real time PCR and western blot, respectively; GAT-1 and GABAR a1 subunit proteins were localized widely in TRMs and control rats hippocampus including CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions whereas only a wide distribution of GAT-3 was observed in CA1 region by immunohistochemistry. These data demonstrate that excessive expressions of GAT-1 as well as GAT-3 and GABAR a1 subunit in TRMs hippocampus may provide the potential therapeutic targets for genetic epilepsy.

Screening tests for detecting open-angle glaucoma: systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE: To assess the comparative accuracy of potential screening tests for open angle glaucoma (OAG).

METHODS: Medline, Embase, Biosis (to November 2005), Science Citation Index (to December 2005), and The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2005) were searched. Studies assessing candidate screening tests for detecting OAG in persons older than 40 years that reported true and false positives and negatives were included. Meta-analysis was undertaken using the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model.

RESULTS: Forty studies enrolling over 48,000 people reported nine tests. Most tests were reported by only a few studies. Frequency-doubling technology (FDT; C-20-1) was significantly more sensitive than ophthalmoscopy (30, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0-62) and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT; 45, 95% CrI 17-68), whereas threshold standard automated perimetry (SAP) and Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT II) were both more sensitive than GAT (41, 95% CrI 14-64 and 39, 95% CrI 3-64, respectively). GAT was more specific than both FDT C-20-5 (19, 95% CrI 0-53) and threshold SAP (14, 95% CrI 1-37). Judging performance by diagnostic odds ratio, FDT, oculokinetic perimetry, and HRT II are promising tests. Ophthalmoscopy, SAP, retinal photography, and GAT had relatively poor performance as single tests. These findings are based on heterogeneous data of limited quality and as such are associated with considerable uncertainty.

CONCLUSIONS: No test or group of tests was clearly superior for glaucoma screening. Further research is needed to evaluate the comparative accuracy of the most promising tests.

Systematic review of the agreement of tonometers with Goldmann applanation tonometry

OBJECTIVE: To assess the agreement of tonometers available for clinical practice with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the most commonly accepted reference device.

DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis of directly comparative studies assessing the agreement of 1 or more tonometers with the reference tonometer (GAT).

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 11 582 participants (15 525 eyes) were included.

METHODS: Summary 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were produced for each comparison.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Agreement, recordability, and reliability.

RESULTS: A total of 102 studies, including 130 paired comparisons, were included, representing 8 tonometers: dynamic contour tonometer, noncontact tonometer (NCT), ocular response analyzer, Ocuton S, handheld applanation tonometer (HAT), rebound tonometer, transpalpebral tonometer, and Tono-Pen. The agreement (95% limits) seemed to vary across tonometers: 0.2 mmHg (-3.8 to 4.3 mmHg) for the NCT to 2.7 mmHg (-4.1 to 9.6 mmHg) for the Ocuton S. The estimated proportion within 2 mmHg of the GAT ranged from 33% (Ocuton S) to 66% and 59% (NCT and HAT, respectively). Substantial inter- and intraobserver variability were observed for all tonometers.

CONCLUSIONS: The NCT and HAT seem to achieve a measurement closest to the GAT. However, there was substantial variability in measurements both within and between studies.

Influence of corneal structure, corneal responsiveness, and other ocular parameters on tonometric measurement of intraocular pressure.

PURPOSE: To estimate the relationships between ocular parameters and tonometrically measured intraocular pressure (IOP), to determine the influence of ocular parameters on different instrument measurements of IOP, and to evaluate the association of ocular parameters with a parameter called hysteresis. METHODS: Patients presenting at a glaucoma clinic were recruited for this study. Subjects underwent IOP measurement with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), the TonoPen, and the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA), and also measurements of central corneal thickness (CCT), axial length, corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, central visual acuity, and refractive error. Chart information was reviewed to determine glaucoma treatment history. The ORA instrument provided a measurement called corneal hysteresis. The association between measured IOP and the other ocular characteristics was estimated using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Among 230 patients, IOP measurements from the TonoPen read lowest, and ORA read highest, and GAT measurements were closest to the mean IOP of the 3 instruments. In a multiple regression model adjusting for age, sex, race, and other ocular characteristics, a 10 microm increase in CCT was associated with an increase of 0.79 mm Hg measured IOP in untreated eyes (P<0.0001). Of the 3 tonometers, GAT was the least affected by CCT (0.66 mm Hg/10 mum, P<0.0001). Hysteresis was significantly correlated with CCT with a modest correlation coefficient (r=0.20, P<0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: Among parameters related to measured IOP, features in addition to CCT, such as hysteresis and corneal curvature, may also be important. Tonometric instruments seem to be affected differently by various physiologic characteristics.

Determinants of postoperative corneal edema and impact on goldmann intraocular pressure.

PURPOSE: Recent studies report that increased corneal edema because of contact lens wear under closed lids is associated with elevated Goldmann intraocular pressure (GAT IOP). We sought to assess whether the impact of postoperative corneal edema on GAT IOP would be similar and to determine the differential effect of different amounts of edema. METHODS: The setting is a tertiary level cataract clinic in Shantou, China. Pre- and postoperative (day 1) GAT IOP, central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, and radius of corneal curvature were measured for consecutive patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery by 2 experienced surgeons. Corneal edema was calculated as the percentage increase in CCT. RESULTS: Among 136 subjects (mean age, 62.5 ± 15.4 years; 53.7% women), the mean increase in CCT was 10.3% postoperatively. Greater corneal edema was associated with lower GAT IOP in unadjusted analyses (P < 0.03) and in linear regression models (P < 0.01). In the model, higher corneal resistance factor (P < 0.001), lower corneal hysteresis (P < 0.001), and steeper radius of corneal curvature (P < 0.001) were associated with higher GAT IOP. Among subjects with edema < the median, edema was associated with lower GAT IOP (P = 0.004), whereas among those with edema ≥ the median, edema was not associated with GAT IOP. An increase in CCT of 7% was associated with an 8 mm Hg underestimation of GAT IOP in our models. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of postoperative edema on GAT IOP seems to be the opposite of contact lens-induced edema. The magnitude of the effect is potentially relevant to patient management.

Recueil de lettres originales.

Contient : 1 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à mama Ga,... A Roquefort, le XXVIII octobre 1620 » ; 2 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à mama Ga,... Au Pont de Sé, le VIII aoust » 1620 ; 3 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à mama Ga,... Escrit au camp devant Montauban, ce 6 octobre 1621 » ; 4 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à mama Ga » ; 5 Lettre de LOUIS XIII à Élisabeth de France, sa soeur ; 6 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à mama Ga,... Au camp de St Antoine, ce 23 juin 1622 » ; 7 et 8 Deux lettres d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE]... à maman Gast ». Novembre 1609 ; 9 Lettre de « GASTON [JEAN-BAPTISTE DE FRANCE, duc D'ORLEANS]... à Madame [Henriette-Marie de France]... A Paris, ce premier de juillet 1622 » ; 10 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, princesse de Piémont]... à mamen Gat,... De Turin, ce XVme novenbre » ; 11 Lettre de « LOUIS [XIII]... à maman Ga,... De Paris, ce VIIme decembre 1610 » ; 12 « Composition de la fason du roy LOUIS [XIII], à l'age de neuf ans, et de son escripture ». En latin ; 13 Même composition de la main d'« ELIZABETH » DE FRANCE ; 14 « Lettre du roy LOUIS [XIII], escripte à Madame [Élisabeth de France] sa soeur, au retour de son sacre, en l'age de neufans » ; 15 Lettre d'«ÉLIZABETH [DE FRANCE, infante d'Espagne]... à maman Ga,... De Madri, ce XXIIme janvier » 1616 ; 16 Lettre de « HENRIETTE MARIE [DE FRANCE, reine d'Angleterre]... à maman Gat » ; 17 et 18 Deux lettres de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, princesse de Piémont]... à mamen Gat » ; 19 Lettre d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE]... à maman Ga,... De Nantes, ce 22me d'aoust 1614 » ; 20 Lettre de « CHRETIENNE [DE FRANCE, duchesse DE SAVOIE]... à madame de St George,... A Turin, le 14 septembre 1632 » ; 21 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, princesse de Piémont]... à mamen Gat » ; 22 Lettre de « HENRIETTE MARIE [DE FRANCE, reine d'Angleterre]... à m'amie St George,... A Greenwich » ; 23 Lettre d'-«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE, infante d'Espagne]... à maman Ga,... De Madri, ce VIIIme avril » ; 24 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, princesse de Piémont]... à mamen Gat » ; 25 Lettre de « GASTON [JEAN-BAPTISTE DE FRANCE, duc D'ORLEANS]... à maman Ga,... De Rouen, le 3 decembre » ; 26 Lettre d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE, infante d'Espagne]... à maman Ga,... De Madri, ce XIII fevrier » ; 27 et 28 Deux lettres d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE, infante d'Espagne]... à ma seur » ; 29 Lettre d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE, infante d'Espagne]... à mamen Ga » ; 30 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, princesse de Piémont]... De Turin, ce XXVIIIme desenbre » ; 31 Lettre d'«ELIZABETH [DE FRANCE, reine d'Espagne]... à maman Ga,... De Madri, ce XXV desambre » ; 32 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE]... à maman Gat » ; 33 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, duchesse de Savoie]... à m'amie Saint George,... De Querasque, ce vinte deux de juin » ; 34 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE]... à m'amie Saint George » ; 35 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE]... à m'amie Saint George,... Ce vinte catre decenbre » ; 36 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, duchesse de Savoie]... à mamen Gat,... De Mocalier, ce XXIIIieme desanbre » ; 37 Lettre de « CHRESTIENNE [DE FRANCE, duchesse douairière de Savoie]... à madame de St George,... Turin, ce 21 febvrier 1638 » ; 38 Lettre de « MARIE [DE MEDICIS]... à made de Montglat,... A Paris, le Xe jour de novembre 1611 »

Faiseurs de féeries : mise en scène, machinerie et pratiques cinématographiques émergentes au tournant du XXe siècle

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l’Université Lumière Lyon 2

La utilizaci??n de los indicadores bibliom??tricos para evaluar la actividad investigadora

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

La influencia de la construcción de identidad cultural vietnamita en la guerra de independencia de Vietnam (1946-1954)

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo explicar la influencia de la construcción de identidad cultural vietnamita en la Guerra de Independencia de Vietnam entre 1946 y 1954. Se argumenta que la construcción de identidad cultural justificó, promovió y legitimó la guerra de independencia como instrumento político ya que –en tanto proceso relacional– generó durante la colonización francesa prácticas de diferenciación fundamentadas en la reivindicación de los valores, tradiciones, costumbres, creencias y símbolos vietnamitas en torno a la resistencia. Ello propició una ruptura en las relaciones políticas imperantes, lo que condujo a la búsqueda de un nuevo orden social basado en la autodeterminación. Se utiliza una metodología de tipo cualitativa, fundamentada en el análisis documental e historiográfico.

The scots pine.

Material de apoyo para la enseñanza de la lectura en la educación primaria. El texto tiene dos niveles de dificultad y dos tamaños de letra. El segundo nivel es para lectores más expertos. Ilustrado con una selección de fotografías para animar a los niños a hacer sus propias observaciones del mundo natural. Apropiado para niños a partir de seis años.

Animal senses.

Para compartir en grupos o para lectura independiente. Trata de la forma en que los animales usan sus sentidos para conocer el mundo que los rodea. Las secciones se centran en cada sentido y, a su vez, la publicación termina con los misterios acerca de los animales que parecen tener un sexto sentido. Hay algunos juegos y actividades para que los niños prueben sus propios sentidos. Un glosario explica algunas de las palabras más desconocidas y los conceptos introducidos.Para niños a partir de cinco años.

Camouflage.

Con la ayuda de fotografías en color e ilustraciones a doble página, se introduce a los niños en los principales tipos de animales de camuflaje y se explican sus ventajas ya sean de sapos en la selva o de liebres en el Ártico. El texto tiene dos niveles de dificultad y dos tamaños de letra para proporcionar una base para una mejor lectura. El segundo nivel es el de más dificultad pensada para lectores con más experiencia y con un vocabulario apropiado al nivel. Además,los niños pueden probar a descubrir un número de animales camuflados en tres ilustraciones a doble página. Para niños a partir de seis años como apoyo para la enseñanza de la lectura.

Bubbles.

Forma parte de un programa de lectura para niños a partir de cinco años y cumple con los requisitos del currículo de Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia. Durante esta etapa, las ilustraciones están muy relacionadas con el texto, lo que permite a los alumnos predecir las palabras no conocidas al desarrollar un vocabulario basado en la imagen, y proporcionar así la base para una mejor lectura. Las burbujas puede ayudar a respirar bajo el agua o también para volar a la Luna.

Evidence that GABA rho subunits contribute to functional ionotropic GABA receptors in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells

Ionotropic gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors composed of heterogeneous molecular subunits are major mediators of inhibitory responses in the adult CNS. Here, we describe a novel ionotropic GABA receptor in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) using agents reported to have increased affinity for rho subunit-containing GABA(C) over other GABA receptors. Exogenous application of the GABA(C)-preferring agonist cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA) evoked whole-cell currents in PCs, whilst equimolar concentrations of GABA evoked larger currents. CACA-evoked currents had a greater sensitivity to the selective GABA(C) antagonist (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) than GABA-evoked currents. Focal application of agonists produced a differential response profile; CACA-evoked currents displayed a much more pronounced attenuation with increasing distance from the PC soma, displayed a slower time-to-peak and exhibited less desensitization than GABA-evoked currents. However, CACA-evoked currents were also completely blocked by bicuculline, a selective agent for GABA(A) receptors. Thus, we describe a population of ionotropic GABA receptors with a mixed GABA(A)/GABA(C) pharmacology. TPMPA reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission at interneurone-Purkinje cell (IN-PC) synapses, causing clear reductions in miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) amplitude and frequency. Combined application of NO-711 (a selective GABA transporter subtype 1 (GAT-1) antagonist) and SNAP-5114 (a GAT-(2)/3/4 antagonist) induced a tonic GABA conductance in PCs; however, TPMPA had no effect on this current. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that rho subunits are expressed predominantly in PC soma and proximal dendritic compartments with a lower level of expression in more distal dendrites; this selective immunoreactivity contrasted with a more uniform distribution of GABA(A) alpha 1 subunits in PCs. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation studies suggest that rho subunits can form complexes with GABA(A) receptor alpha 1 subunits in the cerebellar cortex. Overall, these data suggest that rho subunits contribute to functional ionotropic receptors that mediate a component of phasic inhibitory GABAergic transmission at IN-PC synapses in the cerebellum.

Emotional responses to Hindustani raga music: the role of musical structure

In Indian classical music, ragas constitute specific combinations of tonic intervals potentially capable of evoking distinct emotions. A raga composition is typically presented in two modes, namely, alaap and gat. Alaap is the note by note delineation of a raga bound by a slow tempo, but not bound by a rhythmic cycle. Gat on the other hand is rendered at a faster tempo and follows a rhythmic cycle. Our primary objective was to (1) discriminate the emotions experienced across alaap and gat of ragas, (2) investigate the association of tonic intervals, tempo and rhythmic regularity with emotional response. 122 participants rated their experienced emotion across alaap and gat of 12 ragas. Analysis of the emotional responses revealed that (1) ragas elicit distinct emotions across the two presentation modes, and (2) specific tonic intervals are robust predictors of emotional response. Specifically, our results showed that the ‘minor second’ is a direct predictor of negative valence. (3) Tonality determines the emotion experienced for a raga where as rhythmic regularity and tempo modulate levels of arousal. Our findings provide new insights into the emotional response to Indian ragas and the impact of tempo, rhythmic regularity and tonality on it.