Expressed sequence tag analysis of genes expressed during development of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina

The tropical abalone. Haliotis asinina. is,in ideal species to investigate the molecular mechanisms that control development. growth, reproduction and shell formation in all cultured haliotids. Here we describe the analysis of 232 expressed sequence tags (EST) obtained front a developmental H. asinina cDNA library intended for future microarray studies. From this data set we identified 183 unique gene Clusters. Of these, 90 clusters showed significant homology with sequences lodged in GenBank, ranging in function from general housekeeping to signal transduction, gene regulation and cell-cell communication. Seventy-one clusters possessed completely novel ORFs greater than 50 codons in length, highlighting the paucity of sequence data from molluscs and other lophotrochozoans. This study of developmental gene expression in H. asinina provides the foundation for further detailed analyses of abalone growth, development and reproduction.

Parasitic castration by the digenian trematode Allopodocotyle sp alters gene expression in the brain of the host mollusc Haliotis asinina

Infection of molluscs by digenean trematode parasites typically results in the repression of reproduction - the so-called parasitic castration. This is known to occur by altering the expression of a range of host neuropeptide genes. Here we analyse the expression levels of 10 members of POU, Pax, Sox and Hox transcription factor gene families, along with genes encoding FNIRFamide, prohormone convertase and P-tubulin, in the brain ganglia of actively reproducing (summer), non-reproducing (winter) and infected Haliotis asinina (a vetigastropod mollusc). A number of the regulatory genes are differentially expressed in parasitised H. asinina, but in only a few cases do expression patterns in infected animals match those occurring in animals where reproduction is normally repressed. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Inhibition of settlement and metamorphosis of the ascidian Herdmania curvata by non-geniculate coralline algae

The surfaces of non-geniculate coralline algae (NCA) are known to induce the settlement and metamorphosis of disparate marine taxa. In this study we investigate the responsiveness of larvae of Herdmania curvata (Ascidiacea: Stolidobranchia) to three species of NCA (Neo-goniolithon brassica-florida, Hydrolithon onkodes, and Lithothamnium prolifer) that cohabit the slope and crest of Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef. H. curvata larvae were first exposed to these NCA at or within 2 h of hatching, which is 1 to 2 h prior to attaining competence, and then cultured continuously with the NCA for 12 to 14 h. Rates of settlement and metamorphosis of H, curvata cultured in laboratory chambers in the presence of the different NCA were significantly lower than spontaneous rates in seawater. The limited settlement in treatments containing NCA were confined entirely to the chamber periphery, and settlement never occurred on the surface of the NCA. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent and was stronger in H. brassica-florida and H. onkodes than in L. prolifer. Larvae that did not settle in treatments with NCA had rounded anterior trunks and, in extreme cases, kinked tails with rounded and dissociated tail muscle cells. In some individuals, we observed the anterior chemosensory papillae being sloughed off the larval body. Morphological analysis of trunk ectodermal and mesenchymal nuclei of larvae cultured in the presence of the NCA revealed that general necrotic cell death was occurring. Importantly, H. curvata larvae that were exposed to NCA could not subsequently be induced to metamorphose in KCl-elevated seawater, whereas larvae not exposed to NCA metamorphosed at high rates in KCl-elevated seawater.

Ecological regulation of development: Induction of marine invertebrate metamorphosis

In the marine environment a wide range of invertebrates have a pelagobenthic lifecycle that includes planktonic larval and benthic adult phases. Transition between these morphologically and ecologically distinct phases typically occurs when the developmentally competent larva comes into contact with a species-specific environmental cue. This cue acts as a morphogenetic signal that induces the completion of the postlarval/juvenile/adult developmental program at metamorphosis. The development of competence often occurs hours to days after the larva is morphologically mature. In the non-feeding - lecithotrophic - larvae of the ascidian Herdmania curvata and the gastropod mollusc Haliotis asinina, gene expression patterns in pre-competent and competent stages are markedly different, reflecting the different developmental states of these larval stages. For example, the expression of Hemps, an EGF-like signalling peptide required for the induction of Herdmania metamorphosis, increases in competent larvae. Induction of settlement and metamorphosis results in further changes in developmental gene expression, which apparently is necessary for the complete transformation of the larval body plan into the adult form.

A sponge allelochemical induces ascidian settlement but inhibits metamorphosis

Secondary metabolites synthesised by sessile invertebrates appear to play a role in creating and maintaining space on hard substrata by repelling competitors. In this study, we investigated the responses of the larvae of the ascidian Herdmania curvata to haliclonacyclamine A (HA), the major component of a suite of cytotoxic alkaloids extracted from the sponge Haliclona sp. 628. Both Haliclona sp. 628 and Herdmania curvata inhabit the crest and slope of Heron Island Reef. High rates of settlement were induced in competent H. curvata larvae by a range of concentrations of HA, all lower than that naturally occurring in the sponge. HA did not induce precompetent larvae to settle. Although early metamorphosis of HA-induced larvae was normal, larvae exposed to all but the lowest concentration of HA were developmentally arrested after completion of tail resorption, at about 4 h after the initiation of metamorphosis. These postlarvae underwent extensive cellular necrosis within 24 h. We also demonstrate that the addition of a transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D, to larvae also causes inhibition of metamorphosis after tail resorption is completed. Analyses of incorporation of radiolabelled nucleotides to measure levels of transcription during normal development and after the addition of the transcriptional inhibitor indicate that there is a significant burst of transcriptional activity just after tail resorption is completed. Despite inhibiting metamorphosis at the same stage as actinomycin D, HA increases initial rates of RNA synthesis after induction of metamorphosis in a manner similar to that observed in normal postlarvae until the onset of cellular necrosis. We conclude that HA initially induces H. curvata larvae to settle and progress through early metamorphosis possibly by engaging the same pathway as other artificial and environmental cues but subsequently inhibits completion of metamorphosis, resulting in death of the postlarvae. Since HA does not affect overall transcription rates, it appears to disrupt another important developmental process during early metamorphosis.

Expression of Pax258 in the gastropod statocyst: insights into the antiquity of metazoan geosensory organs

Most animals have sensory systems that allow them to balance and orient relative to the pull of gravity. Structures responsible for these functions range from very simple statocysts found in many aquatic invertebrates to the complex inner ear of mammals. Previous studies suggest that the specialized mechanosensory structures responsible for balance in vertebrates and insects may be homologous based on the requirement and expression of group II Pax genes (i.e., Pax-2/5/8 genes). Here we report the expression of a Pax-258 gene in the statocysts and other chemosensory and mechanosensory cells during the development of the gastropod mollusk Haliotis asinina, a member of the Lophotrochozoa. Based on the phylogenetic distribution of geo-sensory systems and the consistent expression of Pax-258 in the cells that form these systems, we propose that Pax-258, along with POU-III and -IV genes, has an ancient and conserved role in the formation of structures responsible for balance and geotaxis in eumetazoans.

Avaliação do stock de Abalones: uma pesca sustentável

Jornadas "Ciência nos Açores – que futuro? Tema Ciências Naturais e Ambiente", Ponta Delgada, 7-8 de Junho de 2013.

Crescimento de Ulva rigida C. Agardh em condições de stress de macronutrientes

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal

Efecto de la irradiación y el flujo de nutrientes sobre el contenido en polisacáridos ácidos en macroalgas cultivadas

Máster Oficial en Cultivos Marinos. Trabajo presentado como requisito parcial para la obtención del Título de Máster Oficial en Cultivos Marinos, otorgado por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), el Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (ICCM), y el Centro Internacional de Altos Estudios Agronómicos Mediterráneos de Zaragoza (CIHEAM)

Studio di macromolecole associate alla calcificazione in organismi marini

Lo studio riportato in questa tesi ha come scopo l’osservazione e la comprensione dei processi molecolari associati alla deposizione di CaCO3 nei polimorfi di calcite e aragonite nel mollusco gasteropode Haliotis rufescens. In particolare l’attenzione si è focalizzata sullo strato glicoproteico (green layer) che si trova inserito all’interno dell’ipostraco o strato madreperlaceo. Studi precedenti suggeriscono l’ipotesi che il green layer sia una struttura polifunzionale che svolge un ruolo attivo nell’induzione di crescita dei cristalli di carbonato di calcio nella conchiglia. All’analisi microscopica il green layer si presenta come un foglietto trilaminato. Sugli strati esterni è depositata aragonite nella forma prismatica da una parte e sferulitica dall’altra. All’interno è racchiuso un core proteico, formato da glicoproteine e ricco di chitina. Questa struttura tripartita conferisce al guscio calcareo nuove proprietà meccaniche, come la resistenza alle fratture molto maggiore rispetto al minerale naturale. Il green layer è stato trattato in ambiente alcalino, l’unico in grado di solubilizzarlo. È stato ottenuto del materiale proteico che è stato caratterizzato utilizzando SDS-PAGE, colorato con Blu Comassie e all’argento per visualizzarne la componente peptidica. Il green layer è fluorescente, sono state quindi eseguite analisi spettroscopiche sull’estratto peptidico per determinarne le proprietà chimo fisiche (dipendenza dal pH dell’intensità di fluorescenza). Sono stati eseguiti esperimenti di crescita dei cristalli di CaCO3 in ambiente saturo di CaCl2 in assenza e presenza del peptide e in assenza e presenza di Mg++. I cristalli sono stati osservati al microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM) e al microscopio confocale. Da un punto di vista spettroscopico si osserva che, eccitando l’estratto alcalino del green layer a 280 nm e 295 nm, lunghezze d’onda caratteristiche degli aminoacidi aromatici, si ottiene uno spettro di emissione che presenta una forte banda centrata a 440 nm e una spalla a circa 350 nm, quest’ultima da ascrivere all’emissione tipica di aminoacidi aromatici. L’emissione di fluorescenza dell’estratto dal green layer dipende dal pH per tutte le bande di emissione; tale effetto è particolarmente visibile per lo spettro di emissione a 440 nm, la cui lunghezza d’onda di emissione e l’intensità dipendono dalla ionizzazione di aminoacidi acidi (pKa = 4) e dell’istidina (pKa = 6.5 L’emissione a 440 nm proviene invece da un’eccitazione il cui massimo di eccitazione è centrato a 350 nm, tipica di una struttura policiclica aromatica. Poiché nessun colorante estrinseco viene isolato dalla matrice del green layer a seguito dei vari trattamenti, tale emissione potrebbe derivare da una modificazione posttraduzionale di aminoacidi le cui proprietà spettrali suggeriscono la formazione di un prodotto di dimerizzazione della tirosina: la ditirosina. Questa struttura potrebbe essere la causa del cross-link che rende resistente il green layer alla degradazione da parte di agenti chimici ed enzimatici. La formazione di ditirosina come fenomeno post-traduzionale è stato recentemente acquisito come un fenomeno di origine perossidativa attraverso la formazione di un radicale Tyr ed è stato osservato anche in altri organismi caratterizzati da esoscheletro di tipo chitinoso, come gli insetti del genere Manduca sexta. Gli esperimenti di cristallizzazione in presenza di estratto di green layer ne hanno provato l’influenza sulla nucleazione dei cristalli. In presenza di CaCl2 avviene la precipitazione di CaCO3 nella fase calcitica, ma la conformazione romboedrica tipica della calcite viene modificata dalla presenza del peptide. Inoltre aumenta la densità dei cristalli che si aggregano a formare strutture sferiche di cristalli incastrati tra loro. Aumentando la concentrazione di peptide, le sfere a loro volta si uniscono tra loro a formare strutture geometriche sovrapposte. In presenza di Mg++, la deposizione di CaCO3 avviene in forma aragonitica. Anche in questo caso la morfologia e la densità dei cristalli dipendono dalla concentrazione dello ione e dalla presenza del peptide. È interessante osservare che, in tutti i casi nei quali si sono ottenute strutture cristalline in presenza dell’estratto alcalino del green layer, i cristalli sono fluorescenti, a significare che il peptide è incluso nella struttura cristallina e ne induce la modificazione strutturale come discusso in precedenza. Si osserva inoltre che le proprietà spettroscopiche del peptide in cristallo ed in soluzione sono molto diverse. In cristallo non si ha assorbimento alla più corta delle lunghezze d’onda disponibili in microscopia confocale (405 nm) bensì a 488 nm, con emissione estesa addirittura sino al rosso. Questa è un’indicazione, anche se preliminare, del fatto che la sua struttura in soluzione e in cristallo è diversa da quella in soluzione. In soluzione, per un peptide il cui peso molecolare è stimato tra 3500D (cut-off della membrana da dialisi) e 6500 D, la struttura è, presumibilmente, totalmente random-coil. In cristallo, attraverso l’interazione con gli ioni Ca++, Mg++ e CO3 -- la sua conformazione può cambiare portando, per esempio, ad una sovrapposizione delle strutture aromatiche, in modo da formare sistemi coniugati non covalenti (ring stacking) in grado di assorbire ed emettere luce ad energia più bassa (red shift).

Nanostructuring by templated synthesis of nanowires and controlled crystallization of calcium phosphate on self-assembled monolayers

The idea was to obtain nanowires in a chemical laboratory under convenient and simple conditions by employing templates. Thus it was possible to produce nanochains by interlinking of gold colloids synthesized by the two-phase-method of M. Brust with by making use of vanadiumoxide nanotubes as template. The length of the resulting nanowires is varying between 1100 nm and 200 nm with a diameter of about 16 nm. Due to a flexible linker the obtained nanowires are not completely rigid. These unique structural features could make them interesting objects for structuring and assembling in the nanoscale range. Another way to produce gold nanowires was realized by a two-step surface metallization procedure, using type I collagen fibres as a template. Gold colloids were used to label the collagen fibres by direct electrostatic interaction, followed by growth steps to enhance the size of the adsorbed colloidal gold crystals, resulting in a complete metallization of the template surface. The length of the resulting gold nanowires reaches several micrometers, with a diameter ~ 100 to 120 nm. To gain a deeper insight into the process of biomineralization the cooperative effect of self-assembled monolayers as substrate and a soluble counterpart on the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium phosphate was studied by diffusion techniques with a pH switch as initiator. As soluble component Perlucin and Nacrein were used. Both are proteins originally extracted from marine organisms, the first one from the Abalone shell and the second one from oyster pearls. Both are supposed to facilitate the calcium carbonate formation in vivo. Studies with Perlucin revealed that this protein shows a clear cooperative effect at a very low concentration with a hydrophobic surface promoting the calcium phosphate precipitation resulting in a sponge like structure of hydroxyapatite. The Perlucin molecule is very flexible and is unfolded by adsorbing to the hydrophobic surface and uncovers its active side. Hydrophilic surfaces did not have a deeper impact. Studies with Nacrein as additive have shown that the protein stabilizes octacalcium phosphate at room temperature on carboxylic self-assembled monolayer and at 34 °C on all other employed surfaces by interaction with the mineral. On the hydroxyl-, alkyl-, and amin-terminated self-assembled monolayers at room temperature the octacalcium phosphate get transformed to hydroxyapatite. Main analytical techniques which are used in this work are transmission electron microscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman micro-spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance.