Season of birth and location of residence: Defining the role of ultraviolet radiation exposure on childhood temperament and behaviour

This thesis added new insight to research knowledge about the role that season and ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure during pregnancy has on children's temperament and behaviours, using a nation-wide longitudinal study. It was found that young children born in summer months are likely to have problematic behaviours. The thesis also found that summer-born children are likely to receive lowest levels of UV exposure during the gestational period. Finally, this work showed that low gestational UV exposure is associated with an increased risk of behavioural problems in children.

'Wet N2O oxidation' process and interface state density characterization of nanoscale nitrided SiO2 for flash memory application

In this paper we first present the 'wet N2O' furnace oxidation process to grow nitrided tunnel oxides in the thickness range 6 to 8 nm on silicon at a temperature of 800 degrees C. Electrical characteristics of MOS capacitors and MOSFETs fabricated using this oxide as gate oxide have been evaluated and the superior features of this oxide are ascertained The frequency response of the interface states, before and after subjecting the MOSFET gate oxide to constant current stress, is studied using a simple analytical model developed in this work.

The ambient aerosol characterization during the prescribed bushfire season in Brisbane 2013

Prescribed burnings are conducted in Queensland each year from August until November aiming to decrease the impact of bushfire hazards and maintain the health of vegetation. This study reports chemical characteristics of the ambient aerosol, with a focus on source apportionment of the organic aerosol (OA)fraction, during the prescribed biomass burning (BB) season in Brisbane 2013. All measurements were conducted within the International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH) located in Brisbane’s Central Business District. Chemical composition, degree of ageing and the influence of BB emission on the air quality of central Brisbane were characterized using a compact Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (cToF-AMS). AMS loadings were dominated by OA (64 %), followed by, sulfate (17 %), ammonium (14 %) and nitrates (5 %). Source apportionment was applied on the AMS OA mass spectra via the multilinear engine solver (ME-2) implementation within the recently developed Source Finder (SoFi) interface. Six factors were extracted including hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking-related OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), and nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA). The aerosol fraction that was attributed to BB factor was 9 %, on average over the sampling period. The high proportion of oxygenated OA (72 %), typically representing aged emissions, could possess a fraction of oxygenated species transformed from BB components on their way to the sampling site.

Aerosol characteristics and radiative impacts over the Arabian Sea during the intermonsoon season: Results from ARMEX field campaign

During the second phase of the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX-II), extensive measurements of spectral aerosol optical depth, mass concentration, and mass size distribution of ambient aerosols as well as mass concentration of aerosol black carbon (BC) were made onboard a research vessel during the intermonsoon period (i.e., when the monsoon winds are in transition from northeasterlies to westerlies/ southwesterlies) over the Arabian Sea (AS) adjoining the Indian Peninsula. Simultaneous measurements of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) were made at different regions over the adjoining Indian landmass. Mean AODs (at 500-nm wavelength) over the ocean (similar to0.44) were comparable to those over the coastal land (similar to0.47), but were lower than the values observed over the plateau regions of central Indian Peninsula (similar to0.61). The aerosol properties were found to respond distinctly with respect to change in the trajectories, with higher optical depths and flatter AOD spectra associated with trajectories indicating advection from west Asia, and northwest and west-coastal India. On average, BC constituted only similar to2.2% to total aerosol mass compared to the climatological values of similar to6% over the coastal land during the same season. These data are used to characterize the physical properties of aerosols and to assess the resulting short-wave direct aerosol forcing. The mean values were similar to27 W m(-2) at the surface and -12 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), resulting in a net atmospheric forcing of +15 W m(-2). The forcing also depended on the region from where the advection predominates. The surface and atmospheric forcing were in the range -40 to -57 W m(-2) and +27 to +39 W m(-2), respectively, corresponding to advection from the west Asian and western coastal India where they were as low as -19 and +10 W m(-2), respectively, when the advection was mainly from the Bay of Bengal and from central/peninsular India. In all these cases, the net atmospheric forcing (heating) efficiency was lower than the values reported for northern Indian Ocean during northern winter, which is attributed to the reduced BC mass fraction.

Studies on the ionic transport and structural investigations of La0.5Li0.5TiO3 perovskite synthesized by wet chemical methods and the effect of Ce, Zr substitution at Ti site

La0.5Li0.5TiO3 perovskite was synthesized by various wet chemical methods. By adopting low temperature methods of preparation lithium loss from the material is prevented. La0.5Li0.5TiO3 (LLTO) was formed with cubic symmetry at 1473 K. LLTO was formed at relatively lower temperature by using hydrothermal preparation method. PVA gel-decomposition route yield tetragonal LLTO on annealing the dried gel at 1473 K. By using gel-carbonate route LiTi2O4 minor phase was found to remain even after heat-treatment at 1473 K. The hydroxylation of LLTO was done in deionized water as well as in dilute acetic acid medium. By hydroxylation process incorporation of hydroxyls and leaching out of Li+ was observed from the material. The Li+ concentration of these compositions was examined by AAS. The electrical conductivities of these compositions were measured by dc and ac impedance techniques at elevated temperatures. The activation energies of electrical conduction for these compositions were estimated from the experimental results. The measured activation energy of Li+ conduction is 0.34 eV. Unhydroxylated samples exhibit only Li+ conduction, whereas, the hydroxylated LLTO show proton conductivity at 298-550 K in addition to Li+ conductivity. The effect of Zr or Ce substitution in place of Ti were attempted. La0.5Li0.5ZrO3 Perovskite was not formed; instead pyrochlore phase (La2Zr2O7) along with monoclinic ZrO2 phases was observed above 1173 K; below 1173 K cubic ZrO2 is stable. (La0.5Li0.5)(2)CeO4 solid solution was formed in the case of Ce substitution at Ti sublattice on heat-treatment up to 1673 K. (c) 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Hybrid moving block bootstrap for stochastic simulation of multi-site multi-season streamflows

The Hybrid approach introduced by the authors for at-site modeling of annual and periodic streamflows in earlier works is extended to simulate multi-site multi-season streamflows. It bears significance in integrated river basin planning studies. This hybrid model involves: (i) partial pre-whitening of standardized multi-season streamflows at each site using a parsimonious linear periodic model; (ii) contemporaneous resampling of the resulting residuals with an appropriate block size, using moving block bootstrap (non-parametric, NP) technique; and (iii) post-blackening the bootstrapped innovation series at each site, by adding the corresponding parametric model component for the site, to obtain generated streamflows at each of the sites. It gains significantly by effectively utilizing the merits of both parametric and NP models. It is able to reproduce various statistics, including the dependence relationships at both spatial and temporal levels without using any normalizing transformations and/or adjustment procedures. The potential of the hybrid model in reproducing a wide variety of statistics including the run characteristics, is demonstrated through an application for multi-site streamflow generation in the Upper Cauvery river basin, Southern India. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Leaf flushing phenology and herbivory in a tropical dry deciduous forest, southern India

Patterns of leaf-flushing phenology of trees in relation to insect herbivore damage were studied at two sites in a seasonal tropical dry forest in Mudumalai, southern India, from April 1988 to August 1990. At both sites the trees began to flush leaves during the dry season, reaching a peak leaf-flushing phase before the onset of rains. Herbivorous insects emerged with the rains and attained a peak biomass during the wet months. Trees that flushed leaves later in the season suffered significantly higher damage by insects compared to those that flushed early or in synchrony during the peak flushing phase. Species whose leaves were endowed with physical defenses such as waxes suffered less damage than those not possessing such defenses. There was a positive association between the abundance of a species and leaf damage levels. These observations indicate that herbivory may have played a major role in moulding leaf flushing phenology in trees of the seasonal tropics.

Wet chemical syntheses of ultrafine multicomponent ceramic powders through gel to crystallite conversion

Coarse (BOn/2)-O-n+/xH(2)O (10

Wet chemical formation of nanoparticles of binary perovskites through isothermal gel to crystallite conversion

Coarse BO2·xH2O (2 < x < 80) gels, free of anion contaminants react with A(OH)2 under refluxing conditions at 70�100°C giving rise to crystallites of single phased, nanometer size powders of ABO3 perovskites (A = Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Pb; B = Zr, Ti, Sn). Solid solutions of perovskites could be prepared from compositionally modified gels or mixtures of A(OH)2. Donor doped perovskites could also be prepared from the same method so that the products after processing are often semiconducting. Faster interfacial diffusion of A2+ ions into the gel generates the crystalline regions whose composition is controllable by the A/B ratio as well as the A(OH)2 concentration.

Enhanced aerosol loading over Arabian Sea during the pre-monsoon season: Natural or anthropogenic?

[1] Recent experiments conducted over the oceanic regions adjacent to the Indian sub continent have revealed the presence of anthropogenic aerosol haze during January to March. It has been suggested that the major source of this aerosol is South and Southeast Asia. Here we show from long term, multi-station and ship borne observations that aerosols transported from regions northwest of Indian subcontinent especially Arabian and Saharan regions (mostly natural dust) along with the locally produced sea-salt aerosols by sea-surface winds constitute a more significant source of aerosols during April-May period. The radiative forcing due to Arabian/Saharan aerosols (mostly natural) during April May period is comparable and often exceed (as much as 1.5 times) the forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols during January to March period. The presence of dust load over the Arabian Sea can influence the temperature profile and radiative balance in this region.

On the utility of an instrumented impact set-up to characterise the response of discontinuous buffer strips in carbon–epoxy systems in dry and wet conditions

The use of an instrumented impact test set-up to evaluate the influence of water ingress on the impact response of a carbon–epoxy (C–E) laminated composite system containing discontinuous buffer strips (BS) has been examined. The data on the BS-free C–E sample in dry conditions are used as reference to compare with the data derived from those immersed in water. The work demonstrated the utility of an instrumented impact test set-up in characterising the response, first owing to the architectural difference due to introduction of buffer strips and then due to the presence of an additional phase in the form of water ingressed into the sample. The presence of water was found to enhance the energy absorption characteristics of the C–E system with BS insertions. It was also noticed that with an increasing number of BS layer insertions, the load–time plots displayed characteristic changes. The ductility indices (DI) were found to display a lower value for the water immersed samples compared to the dry ones.

The Asian elephants Elephas maximus of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam: status and conservation of a vanishing population

This study updates the status and conservation of the Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. Line transect indirect surveys, block surveys for elephant signs, village surveys of elephant-human conflict incidents, guard-post surveys for records of sightings, and surveys of elephant food plants were undertaken during the dry and wet seasons of 2001. A minimum of 11 elephants and a maximum of 15-17 elephants was estimated for c. 500 km2 of the Park and its vicinity. The elephants are largely confined to the southern boundary of the Park and make extensive use of the adjoining La Nga State Forest Enterprises. During the dry season the elephants depend on at least 26 species of wild and cultivated plants, chiefly the fruits of cashew. Most of the villages surveyed reported some elephant-human conflict. Two adult male elephants seem to cover a large area to raid crops, whereas the family groups restrict themselves to a few villages; overall, the conflict is not serious. Since 2001 there have been no reports of any deaths or births of elephants in the Park. We make recommendations for habitat protection and management, increasing the viability of the small population, reducing elephant-human conflicts, and improving the chances of survival of the declining elephants of this Park. The Government has now approved an Action Plan for Urgent Conservation Areas in Vietnam that calls for the establishment of three elephant conservation areas in the country, including Cat Tien National Park.

Photoluminescence of Sr(2-x)Ln(x)CeO(4+x/2) (Ln = Eu, Sm or Yb) prepared by a wet chemical method

A wet chemical route is developed for the preparation of Sr2CeO4 denoted the carbonate-gel composite technique. This involves the coprecipitation of strontium as fine particles of carbonates within hydrated gels of ceria (CeO2.xH(2)O, 40

Studies on the structural and ionic transport properties at elevated temperatures of La1-xMnO3 +/-delta synthesized by a wet chemical method

Structural transformation and ionic transport properties are investigated on wet-chemically synthesized La1-xMnO3 (X=0.0-0.18) compositions. Powders annealed in oxygen/air at 1000-1080 K exhibit cubic symmetry and transform to rhombohedral on annealing at 1173-1573 K in air/oxygen. Annealing above 1773 K in air or in argon/helium at 1473 K stabilized distorted rhombohedral or orthorhombic symmetry. Structural transformations are confirmed from XRD and TEM studies. The total conductivity of sintered disks, measured by four-probe technique, ranges from 5 S cm(-1) at 298 K to 105 S cm(-1) at 1273 K. The ionic conductivity measured by blocking electrode technique ranges from 1.0X10(-6) S cm(-1) at 700 K to 2.0X10(-3) S cm(-1) at 1273 K. The ionic transference number of these compositions ranges from 3.0X10(-5) to 5.0X10(-5) at 1273 K. The activation energy deduced from experimental data for ionic conduction and ionic migration is 1.03-1.10 and 0.80-1.00 eV, respectively. The activation energy of formation, association and migration of vacancies ranges from 1.07 to 1.44 eV. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.