Intégration de la pensée cycle de vie aux études d'impacts : cas du site minier Raglan

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Dynamics of Deforestation and Socio-Economic profile of Tribal Women Folk in Kerala- A study of Attappady is

This thesis Entitled Dynamics of deforestation and Socio-Economic profile of tribal women flok in kerala -A study of Attappady. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a sample survey conducted in three panchayaths .The thesis is organized in eight chapters. The first chapter provides the background to the study. Second chapter reviews the literature. Third chapter provides the profile of the study area and general conditions. Fourth chapter consists of the life cycle structure of the tribal woman. Fifth chapter covers the socio-economic conditions of the tribal women in the study area. Sixth chapter consists of relationship between tribal women and forest and the degradation of the forest. Seventh chapter provides the documentation of the development programmes implemented in Attappady and their importance to the tribals. Last chapter consists of summary and conclusions of the study, suggestions and recommendations of the study.

Ecobiology of helminth parasites of finfishes and shellfishes of Cochin waters with special reference to Digenetic trematodes

The great number of parasitic species of marine and brackishwater animals that have been described indicates that parasites play an important part in the ecology of the oceans and brackishwaters. Jnspite of their importance, marine and brackish parasites are probably the least known group of organisms. Considering the large number of marine and brackishwater hosts, especially in the tropics, it is no exaggeration to say that the description of marine and brackishwater parasites has hardly begun (Rohde, 1982). With this view in mind, an attempt has been made to study the ecobiology of the helminth parasites of finfishes and shellfishes of eochin waters with special reference to digenetic trematodes. The work is broadly divided into three chapters, Chapter 1 consists of a description of the study area, prevalence of infection and concurrent infections with helminth parasites, seasonal variation, host specificity> and zoogeography of digenetic trematodes; Chapter II deals with the systematics of digenetic trematodes; and Chapter III deals with studies on larval trematodes from molluscs and crustacea, adult from a molluscan host, life-cycle, biology and histopathology

Veränderungen im Öko-Lebensmittelkonsum in Familien mit Kindern und deren Hintergründe

Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird den Fragen nachgegangen, inwiefern der Konsum von Öko-Lebensmitteln in Familien mit Kindern im zeitlichen Verlauf Veränderungen unterliegt und worin Veränderungen im Öko-Lebensmittelkonsum in Familien mit Kindern begründet sind. Aus den hierzu gewonnenen Erkenntnissen werden Schlussfolgerungen für die Konsumentenforschung und das Marketing von Öko-Produkten gezogen. Theoretische Grundlage stellen der Familienzyklus sowie Forschungsergebnisse zum Konsumentenverhalten in Familien und zum Konsum von Öko-Lebensmitteln in Familien dar. Für die empirische Bearbeitung der Forschungsfragen wurde ein qualitatives Forschungsdesign gewählt. Der Forschungsprozess gliederte sich in drei Wellen der Datenerhebung und -auswertung. Im Rahmen dessen wurden Eltern mithilfe problemzentrierter Interviews zur Entwicklung des Öko-Konsums in ihren Familien befragt. Die Interviews wurden computergestützt und in Anlehnung an die Kodierprozeduren offenes und axiales Kodieren der Grounded Theory ausgewertet. Ergebnis der Datenanalyse sind drei Zusammenhangsmodelle, die zu einer Erklärung von Veränderungen im Öko-Lebensmittelkonsum von Familien beitragen. Veränderungen können demnach erstens in einer Erhöhung der Konsumintensität während einer Schwangerschaft bestehen. Als Bedingungen hierfür konnten ein verstärktes Bewusstsein für Öko-Produkte, die körperliche Konstitution der Mutter sowie die Unterstützung durch die soziale Umwelt identifiziert werden. Weitere Bedingungen stellen Lebensmittelskandale sowie eine gute Verfügbarkeit von Öko-Produkten dar. Handlungsstrategien der Eltern beziehen sich auf das Wohlergehen des noch ungeborenen Kindes (Förderung der Gesundheit, Erhalten der zukünftigen Lebenswelt, Orientierung für die spätere Ernährung des Kindes) sowie auf das Wohlergehen der werdenden Mutter (Förderung der Gesundheit, Förderung des Wohlbefindens, Umgang mit schwangerschaftsbedingten Beschwerden). Zweitens können Veränderungen des Öko-Lebensmittelkonsums in einer Erhöhung der Konsumintensität ab dem Zeitpunkt der Umstellung der Ernährung eines Kindes auf eine Beikosternährung bestehen. Bedingungen hierfür sind eine verstärkte Beachtung von Öko-Produkten, die körperliche Konstitution des Kindes, die Abstimmung von Familien- und Baby-Kost, der Austausch mit und die Unterstützung durch die soziale Umwelt sowie der Wunsch von Eltern, einen Beitrag zum Öko-Landbau zu liefern. Bedingungen können außerdem eine gute Verfügbarkeit von Öko-Produkten sowie der Einfluss von Medien darstellen. Handlungsstrategien der Eltern beziehen sich auf die Ernährung des Kindes (Förderung der Gesundheit, Förderung der Geschmackssozialisation) und auf die Ernährung der restlichen Familie (effiziente Beschaffung und Verwendung von Lebensmitteln, Förderung des Wohlbefindens der Eltern). Drittens können Veränderungen im Öko-Lebensmittelkonsum in Familien in einem Rückgang der Konsumintensität während des Übergangs von Kindern ins Jugendalter bestehen. Bedingungen hierfür bestehen in der Konsequenz, mit der Eltern konventionellen Lebensmittelwünschen ihrer Kinder nachgeben, in der Beurteilung von Lebensmitteln durch die Eltern sowie in der Intensität, mit der Kinder ihre Wünsche einfordern. Handlungsstrategien der Eltern sind darauf ausgerichtet Kindern einen Wunsch zu erfüllen, sich gegenüber diesen liberal zu verhalten, Konflikte mit Kindern zu vermeiden oder diese ihre eigenen Erfahrungen sammeln zu lassen. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einer theoretischen Fundierung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Familienzyklus und dem Öko-Lebensmittelkonsum in Familien bei und zeigen, dass dieser ein sinnvolles theoretisches Bezugssystem für Veränderungen der Konsumintensität von Öko-Produkten darstellt. Für die Konsumentenforschung tragen die Ergebnisse zu einem differenzierten Verständnis von Ober- und Untergrenzen von Familienzyklusstadien bei. Es zeigt sich weiterhin, dass Veränderungen des Öko-Konsums unter anderem unter dem Einfluss der sozialen Umwelt stehen. Im Hinblick auf das Marketing kann insbesondere geschlussfolgert werden, dass bei bestimmten Produktkategorien die Bedürfnisse jugendlicher Zielgruppen verstärkt berücksichtigt werden sollten. Zur Bindung junger Familien ist darauf hinzuwirken, einen Mehraufwand bei der Beschaffung von Öko-Produkten auszuschließen. Für die Ansprache der Zielgruppe Schwangere erscheinen Kommunikationsbotschaften geeignet, die sich auf das Wohlbefinden von Kind und Mutter und auf Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte beziehen. Eltern mit Kindern im Übergang zu einer Beikosternährung könnten gezielt durch Kommunikationsbotschaften angesprochen werden, die in Zusammenhang mit der Förderung der Gesundheit und der Geschmacksozialisation von Kindern stehen.

La movilidad residencial de los hogares con bajos ingresos y jefatura femenina en el área

En este artículo se analizan algunos aspectos de la movilidad residencial de los hogares con bajos ingresos y jefatura femenina en el área metropolitana de Bogotá. Para ello, se examinan los datos producidos por la encuesta de movilidad 2009 y una serie de entrevistas realizadas en el Proyecto “Metrópolis de América Latina en la globalización: reconfiguraciones territoriales, movilidad espacial, acción pública”, Metal. Se presenta un contexto a partir de algunos indicadores censales y, en seguida, algunos resultados de la encuesta: en primer lugar, características de las jefas de hogar como edad, estado conyugal, ocupación, grado educativo; posteriormente, sobre las zonas donde residen, en particular, su localización en el área metropolitana y la morfología del barrio. Por último, aspectos como la tenencia, el tipo de vivienda, la localización de las redes familiares y el ciclo vital del hogar.

Asymmetries in Business Cycles

Esta disertación busca estudiar los mecanismos de transmisión que vinculan el comportamiento de agentes y firmas con las asimetrías presentes en los ciclos económicos. Para lograr esto, se construyeron tres modelos DSGE. El en primer capítulo, el supuesto de función cuadrática simétrica de ajuste de la inversión fue removido, y el modelo canónico RBC fue reformulado suponiendo que des-invertir es más costoso que invertir una unidad de capital físico. En el segundo capítulo, la contribución más importante de esta disertación es presentada: la construcción de una función de utilidad general que anida aversión a la pérdida, aversión al riesgo y formación de hábitos, por medio de una función de transición suave. La razón para hacerlo así es el hecho de que los individuos son aversos a la pérdidad en recesiones, y son aversos al riesgo en auges. En el tercer capítulo, las asimetrías en los ciclos económicos son analizadas junto con ajuste asimétrico en precios y salarios en un contexto neokeynesiano, con el fin de encontrar una explicación teórica de la bien documentada asimetría presente en la Curva de Phillips.

L'evolució dels models de turisme litoral: el Regne Unit, la Costa brava i Cuba

La tesi es centra en una anàlisi prèvia de les implicacions de la teoria del cicle de vida aplicada a les destinacions turístiques pel geògraf canadenc Richard W. Butler (1982) i en un estudi del significat de l'aparició del postmodernisme i les seves repercussions en el turisme, a la vegada que es resegueix la història que ha fet possible l'aparició del turisme massificat de sol i platja. Tot això és la base teòrica imprescindible per poder estudiar empíricament les destinacions de Saltburn (Regne Unit), l'Estartit (Costa Brava) i Cayo Coco (Cuba), utilitzant el cicle de vida per escriure la seva història i veure les polítiques de desenvolupament i regeneració turística que s'han seguit i si aquestes es poden qualificar de postfordistes. La principal conclusió és que el concepte del cicle de vida es limita a ser una eina de diagnòstic a posteriori. El cicle de vida, com a instrument prescriptiu, no serveix. Es específic per a cada destinació, amb unes etapes i punts d'inflexió que només es poden establir en restrospectiva. El cicle de vida és una eina descriptiva molt útil per entendre l'evolució de les destinacions turístiques i els seus mercats, però vigilant de no caure en falses exploracions o perillosos determinismes.

An Estimate of Nest Loss in Canada Due to Industrial Forestry Operations

Annual loss of nests by industrial (nonwoodlot) forest harvesting in Canada was estimated using two avian point-count data sources: (1) the Boreal Avian Monitoring Project (BAM) dataset for provinces operating in this biome and (2) available data summarized for the major (nonboreal) forest regions of British Columbia. Accounting for uncertainty in the proportion of harvest occurring during the breeding season and in avian nesting densities, our estimate ranges from 616 thousand to 2.09 million nests. Estimates of the impact on numbers of individuals recruited into the adult breeding population were made based on the application of survivorship estimates at various stages of the life cycle. Future improvements to this estimate are expected as better and more extensive avian breeding pair density estimates become available and as provincial forestry statistics become more refined, spatially and temporally. The effect of incidental take due to forestry is not uniform and is disproportionately centered in the southern boreal. Those species whose ranges occur primarily in these regions are most at risk for industrial forestry in general and for incidental take in particular. Refinements to the nest loss estimate for industrial forestry in Canada will be achieved primarily through the provision of more accurate estimates of the area of forest harvested annually during the breeding season stratified by forest type and Bird Conservation Region (BCR). A better understanding of survivorship among life-history stages for forest birds would also allow for better modeling of the effect of nest loss on adult recruitment. Finally, models are needed to project legacy effects of forest harvesting on avian populations that take into account forest succession and accompanying cumulative effects of landscape change.

Deep Convective System Evolution over Africa and the Tropical Atlantic

In the tropical African and neighboring Atlantic region there is a strong contrast in the properties of deep convection between land and ocean. Here, satellite radar observations are used to produce a composite picture of the life cycle of convection in these two regions. Estimates of the broadband thermal flux from the geostationary Meteosat-8 satellite are used to identify and track organized convective systems over their life cycle. The evolution of the system size and vertical extent are used to define five life cycle stages (warm and cold developing, mature, cold and warm dissipating), providing the basis for the composite analysis of the system evolution. The tracked systems are matched to overpasses of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite, and a composite picture of the evolution of various radar and lightning characteristics is built up. The results suggest a fundamental difference in the convective life cycle between land and ocean. African storms evolve from convectively active systems with frequent lightning in their developing stages to more stratiform conditions as they dissipate. Over the Atlantic, the convective fraction remains essentially constant into the dissipating stages, and lightning occurrence peaks late in the life cycle. This behavior is consistent with differences in convective sustainability in land and ocean regions as proposed in previous studies. The area expansion rate during the developing stages of convection is used to provide an estimate of the intensity of convection. Reasonable correlations are found between this index and the convective system lifetime, size, and depth.

Evaluation of malacosporean life cycles through transmission studies

Myxozoans, belonging to the recently described Class Malacosporea, parasitise freshwater bryozoans during at least part of their life cycle, but no complete malacosporean life cycle is known to date. One of the 2 described malacosporeans is Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease. The other is Buddenbrockia plumatellae, so far only found in freshwater bryozoans. Our investigations evaluated malacosporean life cycles, focusing on transmission from fish to bryozoan and from bryozoan to bryozoan. We exposed bryozoans to possible infection from: stages of T bryosalmonae in fish kidney and released in fish urine; spores of T bryosalmonae that had developed in bryozoan hosts; and spores and sac stages of B. plumatellae that had developed in bryozoans. Infections were never observed by microscopic examination of post-exposure, cultured bryozoans and none were detected by PCR after culture. Our consistent negative results are compelling: trials incorporated a broad range of parasite stages and potential hosts, and failure of transmission across trials cannot be ascribed to low spore concentrations or immature infective stages. The absence of evidence for bryozoan to bryozoan transmissions for both malacosporeans strongly indicates that such transmission is precluded in malacosporean life cycles. Overall, our results imply that there may be another malacosporean host which remains unidentified, although transmission from fish to bryozoans requires further investigation. However, the highly clonal life history of freshwater bryozoans is likely to allow both long-term persistence and spread of infection within bryozoan populations, precluding the requirement for regular transmission from an alternate host.

A system's model for maintenance support and decision making in building services systems

Modern buildings are designed to enhance the match between environment, spaces and the people carrying out work, so that the well-being and the performance of the occupants are all in harmony. Building services are systems that facilitate a healthy working environment within which workers productivity can be optimised in the buildings. However, the maintenance of these services is fraught with problems that may contribute to up to 50% of the total life cycle cost of the building. Maintenance support is one area which is not usually designed into the system as this is not common practice in the services industry. The other areas of shortfall for future designs are; client requirements, commissioning, facilities management data and post occupancy evaluation feedback which needs to be adequately planned to capture and document this information for use in future designs. At the University of Reading an integrated approach has been developed to assemble the multitude of aspects inherent in this field. The means records required and measured achievements for the benefit of both building owners and practitioners. This integrated approach can be represented in a Through Life Business Model (TLBM) format using the concept of Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). The prototype TLBM developed utilises the tailored tools and techniques of ILS for building services. This TLBM approach will facilitate the successful development of a databank that would be invaluable in capturing essential data (e.g. reliability of components) for enhancing future building services designs, life cycle costing and decision making by practitioners, in particular facilities managers.

The statistical properties of tropical ice clouds generated by the West-African and Australian monsoons from ground-based radar-lidar observations

In the present paper we characterize the statistical properties of non-precipitating tropical ice clouds (deep ice anvils resulting from deep convection and cirrus clouds) over Niamey, Niger, West Africa, and Darwin, northern Australia, using ground-based radar–lidar observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) programme. The ice cloud properties analysed in this paper are the frequency of ice cloud occurrence, cloud fraction, the morphological properties (cloud-top height, base height, and thickness), the microphysical and radiative properties (ice water content, visible extinction, effective radius, terminal fall speed, and concentration), and the internal cloud dynamics (in-cloud vertical air velocity). The main highlight of the paper is that it characterizes for the first time the probability density functions of the tropical ice cloud properties, their vertical variability and their diurnal variability at the same time. This is particularly important over West Africa, since the ARM deployment in Niamey provides the first vertically resolved observations of non-precipitating ice clouds in this crucial area in terms of redistribution of water and energy in the troposphere. The comparison between the two sites also provides an additional observational basis for the evaluation of the parametrization of clouds in large-scale models, which should be able to reproduce both the statistical properties at each site and the differences between the two sites. The frequency of ice cloud occurrence is found to be much larger over Darwin when compared to Niamey, and with a much larger diurnal variability, which is well correlated with the diurnal cycle of deep convective activity. The diurnal cycle of the ice cloud occurrence over Niamey is also much less correlated with that of deep convective activity than over Darwin, probably owing to the fact that Niamey is further away from the deep convective sources of the region. The frequency distributions of cloud fraction are strongly bimodal and broadly similar over the two sites, with a predominance of clouds characterized either by a very small cloud fraction (less than 0.3) or a very large cloud fraction (larger than 0.9). The ice clouds over Darwin are also much thicker (by 1 km or more statistically) and are characterized by a much larger diurnal variability than ice clouds over Niamey. Ice clouds over Niamey are also characterized by smaller particle sizes and fall speeds but in much larger concentrations, thereby carrying more ice water and producing more visible extinction than the ice clouds over Darwin. It is also found that there is a much larger occurrence of downward in-cloud air motions less than 1 m s−1 over Darwin, which together with the larger fall speeds retrieved over Darwin indicates that the life cycle of ice clouds is probably shorter over Darwin than over Niamey.

The diurnal cycle in the tropics

A global archive of high-resolution (3-hourly, 0.58 latitude–longitude grid) window (11–12 mm) brightness temperature (Tb) data from multiple satellites is being developed by the European Union Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS) project. It has been used to construct a climatology of the diurnal cycle in convection, cloudiness, and surface temperature for all regions of the Tropics. An example of the application of the climatology to the evaluation of the climate version of the U.K. Met. Office Unified Model (UM), version HadAM3, is presented. The characteristics of the diurnal cycle described by the CLAUS data agree with previous observational studies, demonstrating the universality of the characteristics of the diurnal cycle for land versus ocean, clear sky versus convective regimes. It is shown that oceanic deep convection tends to reach its maximum in the early morning. Continental convection generally peaks in the evening, although there are interesting regional variations, indicative of the effects of complex land–sea and mountain–valley breezes, as well as the life cycle of mesoscale convective systems. A striking result from the analysis of the CLAUS data has been the extent to which the strong diurnal signal over land is spread out over the adjacent oceans, probably through gravity waves of varying depths. These coherent signals can be seen for several hundred kilometers and in some instances, such as over the Bay of Bengal, can lead to substantial diurnal variations in convection and precipitation. The example of the use of the CLAUS data in the evaluation of the Met. Office UM has demonstrated that the model has considerable difficulty in capturing the observed phase of the diurnal cycle in convection, which suggests some fundamental difficulties in the model’s physical parameterizations. Analysis of the diurnal cycle represents a powerful tool for identifying and correcting model deficiencies.

Forest soil carbon cycle under elevated CO2 – a case of increased throughput?

Forest soils account for a large part of the stable carbon pool held in terrestrial ecosystems. Future levels of atmospheric CO2 are likely to increase C input into the soils through increased above- and below-ground production of forests. This increased input will result in greater sequestration of C only if the additional C enters stable pools. In this review, we compare current observations from four large-scale Free Air FACE Enrichment (FACE) experiments on forest ecosystems (EuroFACE, Aspen-FACE, Duke FACE and ORNL-FACE) and consider their predictive power for long-term C sequestration. At all sites, FACE increased fine root biomass, and in most cases higher fine root turnover resulted in higher C input into soil via root necromass. However, at all sites, soil CO2 efflux also increased in excess of the increased root necromass inputs. A mass balance calculation suggests that a large part of the stimulation of soil CO2 efflux may be due to increased root respiration. Given the duration of these experiments compared with the life cycle of a forest and the complexity of processes involved, it is not yet possible to predict whether elevated CO2 will result in increased C storage in forest soil.

Ethylene and senescence processes

Senescence is a vitally important sequence of events in the latter phase of the life cycle of a plant that determines yield and reproductive success. In many species, and in different plant organs, ethylene is a key regulator of senescence and an increased understanding of the way the hormone functions will enable the timing and location of senescence to be manipulated in order to improve yield, quality and longevity. This chapter examines the physiological and molecular regulation of senescence in different plant organs and introduces the concept of the ‘senescence window’ in which plant organs are receptive to ethylene-mediated senescence cues. Several studies have attempted to elucidate global patterns of the regulation of senescence, which have enabled the function of ethylene to be placed in the context of the involvement of other, often antagonistic, hormones in the execution of senescence and downstream processes. Finally, we examine the consequences of senescence for post-harvest biology, an area where the control of ethylene action has been actively sought in order to control precisely the timing of senescence and ripening processes so that crop quality can be enhanced and maintained.