Transporte de massa em polímeros intrinsecamente condutores: importância, técnicas e modelos teóricos

In this work we discuss the aspects related to the phenomenon of mass transport in thin electroactive polymer films. Such phenomenon must be considered because the properties and consequent applications of these materials largely depend on the movement of charge carriers, i.e. ions, electrons or holes. The most recent majority of the techniques, methods and theoretical models used in this type of study are gathered and discussed, providing an easy and critical way for choosing the methodology for an investigation.

Constituintes químicos das raízes de Pyrostegia Venusta e considerações sobre a sua importância medicinal

This paper describes the chemical constituents isolated from roots of Pyrostegia venusta. From ethanol extract of the roots allantoin, beta-sitosterol, 3b-O-beta-D-glupyranosylsitosterol and hesperedin were isolated. The structures of these natural products were identified on the basis of spectral data, including 2D NMR of the peracetyl derivative of hesperidin.

Aurora Díaz Plaja: un silenci massa llarg

L'Aurora Vall fa un complet repàs a la vida i feina d'una altra Aurora de la qual enguany s'ha commemorat el centenari del seu naixement. Una dona, Díaz-Plaja, amb una trajectòria impressionant dins el món de la LIJ que, malauradament i com reconeix l'autora de l'article, darrerament no es té prou en compte. Nascuda a Barcelona el 1913, Aurora Díaz-Plaja va ser bibliotecària, periodista, escriptora, investigadora, divulgadora i un munt de tasques més que han deixat petja inesborrable en el món de la LIJ. Formada a l'Escola de Bibliotecàries sota el mestratge de persones com Riba, Rubió o Soldevilla, va organitzar la Biblioteca del Port i va inaugurar també la Biblioteca Folch i Torres del parc de la Ciutadella a Barcelona després de treballar en altres centres del territori nacional. Molt activa en les dècades dels seixanta i setanta, va publicar estudis teòrics, va fundar revistes i va treballar frec a frec amb Pilarín Bayés en la creació d'auques i contes. La seva carrera culminà amb un munt d'homenatges i reconeixements abans que s'esdevingués aquest llarg silenci que entre tots volem desfer (se li ha fet un acte de reconeixement durant el congrés de LIJ catalana al Born el mes d'octubre). Les especialistes Teresa Duran, Marta Luna i Ana Díaz-Plaja recorden anècdotes viscudes amb l'Aurora per acompanyar l'article.

Determinação da massa molar por crioscopia: terc-butanol, um solvente extremamente adequado

We intend to divulge an easy experiment that permits the determination of molar masses of various compounds by cryoscopy. The major advantage of this is the use of the tert-butyl alcohol as a solvent, which requires simple apparatus and easy procedures. The melting point of this alcohol is around 25 ºC, which makes it easy to freeze and then melt the solutions. This solvent has a high cryoscopic constant and is miscible with both polar and non-polar compounds. The molar masses of acetone, water, chloroform, dichloro-methane, ethanol, hexane, carbon tetrachloride and toluene were determined. The results were good except for water. Even though there are reliable techniques of molar mass determination nowadays, this method is still frequently taught in undergraduate courses.

Determinação de compostos de massa molecular alta em folhas de plantas da Amazônia

The fractIons of dichloromethane extracts of leaves from andiroba (Carapa guianensis - Meliaceae), caapi (Banisteriopsis caapi - Malpighiaceae), cocoa (Theobroma cacao - Sterculiaceae), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa - Lecytidaceae), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum - Sterculiaceae), marupá (Simaruba amara - Simaroubaceae) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis - Euphorbiaceae), were analyzed by HT-HRGC and HT-HRGC-MS. Esters of homologous series of fatty acids and long chain alcohols, phytol, amyrines and tocopherols were characterized. The characterization of the compounds was based mainly in mass spectra data and in addition by usual spectrometric data (¹H and 13C NMR, IR).

Potencial antimicrobiano e alelopático das amidas isoladas do extrato das raízes de Ottonia martiana Miq.

Two amides, piperovatine and isopiperlonguminine, were isolated from the roots of Ottonia martiana Miq., a herbaceous shrub commonly used in folk medicine in the treatment of toothache. The crude extract (CE) and isolated compounds were submitted to bioautography and allelopathic assay. The bioautograms allowed the detection of compounds with antibacterial activity and the identification of the bioactive substance piperovatine. The CE and amides exhibited an allelopathic effect on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seedling growth but did not affect the seeds' germinability.

Constituintes fenólicos e terpenóides isolados das raízes de Andira fraxinifolia (Fabaceae)

Sitosterol, stigmasterol, betulinic acid, lupeol, 3-O-beta-D-glucopiranosylsitosterol, 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopiranosylchromone, 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone, 3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone and a mixture of two rel-2R,3S-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopiranosilflavanonols were isolated from the roots of Andira fraxinifolia. Their structures were established by spectral data analysis.

Influência de métodos de digestão e massa de amostra na recuperação de nutrientes em resíduos orgânicos

The influence of nitric-perchloric, aqua regia, dry ashing and microwave digestion methods, in combination with 100 and 200 mg of sample, on the characterization and recovery of nutrients in samples of sludge sewage, poultry, swine, quail and bovine manures, organic compost, organic substrate and humic material were studied. Nitric-perchloric digestion with 200 mg samples recovered the higher nutrient contents. The nitric-perchloric method recovered also low levels of K. Dry ashing caused S volatilization and microwave digestion produced dark color extracts and this impaired S determination. Aqua regia recovered the lowest contents of nutrients in the organic residues evaluated.

Saponinas triterpênicas das raízes de guettarda pohliana müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae)

The phytochemical investigation of Guettarda pohliana roots led to the isolation of 28-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl-3-O-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl quinovic acid, 28-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl-3-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl quinovic acid, 3-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl quinovic acid, 28-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl-3-O-beta-D-glycopyranosyl cincholic acid along with quinovic acid, daucosterol and 4,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data, including two-dimensional NMR methods. The antiradical activity of the crude methanolic extract and of its fractions was evaluated.

Alargamento da distribuição de massa molar de polímeros sintetizados com catalisadores metalocênicos dual-site

The main topics related to the use of dual-site catalysts in the production of polymers with broad molecular weight distribution are reviewed. The polymerization using dual-site catalysts is more economical and allows to produce a higher quality product than other processes, such as polymer blend and multistage reactors. However, the formulation of these catalysts is quite complicated since the same catalyst must produce distinct polymer grades. In addition, the release of patents concerning the combination of metallocenes and new technologies for polymerization shows that polymerization processes using dual-site catalysts are of current industrial interest.

Estudo fitoquímico das cascas das raízes de Zanthoxylum rigidum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd (Rutaceae)

Chemical investigation from root barks of Z. rigidum, resulted in the isolation of lupeol, a mixture of steroids campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, sacarose, hesperidin, N-methylatanine and 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine. Their structures were established by spectral data analysis. No previous work has been reported on Z. rigidum species.

Relevância de compostos de baixa massa molar produzidos por fungos e envolvidos na biodegradação da madeira

Over the last decade, evidences have been shown that the wood biodegradation by fungi is not only a result of the action of their enzymatic machinery but also of various low molecular weight non-enzymatic compounds, especially in fungi that promote brown and white decay, which in nature are the major wood decaying microorganisms. The present review focuses on the recent theories involving these low molecular weight compounds that act direct or synergistically with lignocellulolytic enzymes to attack the wood main macromolecular constituents, their relevance as potential degradative systems, in the overall wood biodegradation, and also outlines their potential biotechnological applications.

Toxicidade e atividade antioxidante de flavonoides das cascas das raízes de Lonchocarpus filipes

The phytochemical investigation of dichloromethane extract from root bark of Lonchocarpus filipes Benth (Leguminosae) afforded four flavonoids including three dibenzoylmethane derivatives rarely found in nature. The structures were established based on their spectral data (¹H and 13C NMR, 2D-NMR) as being: lanceolatin B (1), pongamol (2), (E)-7-O-methylpongamol (3) and (E)-9-O-methylpongamol (4). Compound (4) is described herein for the first time as a natural product. The extracts and the isolated compounds (1), (2) and (3) displayed high toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay. Only compound (2) showed antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical scavenging assay. This is the first report on the phytochemical study of Lonchocarpus filipes.

Constituintes químicos das folhas e avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória de extratos das raízes e folhas de Guettarda pohliana Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae)

This phytochemical investigation of Guettarda pohliana leaves led to the isolation of the triterpenes pomolic acid, rotundic acid, 3β,6α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, clethric acid, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, the monoterpenoids loliolide and secoxyloganin, besides daucosterol and steroids. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of NMR data, including two-dimensional NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude methanolic extracts from leaves and roots, as well as of their fractions, was evaluated.

Influência da secagem sobre o rendimento e composição química dos compostos voláteis das raízes de Piper piscatorum Trel. & Yunck. (Piperaceae)

In this study, we evaluated the yield and chemical composition of volatile compounds obtained from fresh, dried at 30 and 40 ºC respectively of Piper piscatorum, employing the technique of hydrodistillation. The volatile were chemically characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID. The main volatile compounds were selin-11-en-4-a-ol (57,63 ± 3,07%; 53,95 ± 1,56% and 56,20 ± 0,43%) and benzyl benzoate (15,40 ± 0,36%; 16,32 ± 0,85% and 15,04 ± 0,24%).The drying of the raw material reduced yield of volatile compounds, changing their chemical compositions.