Review ["Telling the Evolutionary Time : Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record" edited by Philip C. J. Donoghue and M. Paul Smith]

Determining the temporal scale of biological evolution has traditionally been the preserve of paleontology, with the timing of species originations and major diversifications all being read from the fossil record. However, the ages of the earliest (correctly identified) records will underestimate actual origins due to the incomplete nature of the fossil record and the necessity for lineages to have evolved sufficiently divergent morphologies in order to be distinguished. The possibility of inferring divergence times more accurately has been promoted by the idea that the accumulation of genetic change between modern lineages can be used as a molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1965). In practice, though, molecular dates have often been so old as to be incongruent even with liberal readings of the fossil record. Prominent examples include inferred diversifications of metazoan phyla hundreds of millions of years before their Cambrian fossil record appearances (e.g., Nei et al., 2001) and a basal split between modern birds (Neoaves) that is almost double the age of their earliest recognizable fossils (e.g., Cooper and Penny, 1997).

Reproduction of oil painting portrait of Ernestine Salomonsen nee Philip Portraits Women

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Philip Cowen papers undated, 1873-1935

Contains primarily correspondence and published material in English, German and Russian relating to anti-Semitism in Russia and Roumania, the Russian passport question, loans from Jewish bankers to the Russian government and immigration from Eastern Europe, especially Russia, to the United States. Includes also correspondence concerning Jewish welfare institutions and agricultural colonies in the United States and the National Farm School in Doylestown, Pa. Also contains correspondence relating to and drafts of articles for the American Hebrew, particularly the Emma Lazarus memorial number, and correspondence relating to the publication of the Jewish encyclopedia and to survey on anti-Semitism conducted in 1890, as well as information on the Jews in China and material relating to Count Arthur Cherep-Spiridovich.

Philip Slomovitz papers, undated, 1933-1966.

Contains correspondence as editor of the Detroit Jewish chronicle and of The Jewish news. Of special interest is the correspondence with members of the U.S. Congress relating to aid to Israel, material relating to the boycott of Viceroy cigarettes, the question of the Jewish descent of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the dictionary definition of "Jew."

Philip Slomovitz South End collection 1969-1974

Contains 1969 and 1971-73 issues of The South End, Wayne State University student paper, as well as correspondence, public statements, petitions and a tape-recording relating to controversies generated by the printing of alleged anti-Zionist/anti-Semitic articles in the newspaper. The correspondence consists for the most part of an exchange of letters between university officials, Jewish community leaders and Leonard N. Simons, a Detroit advertising executive, during the 1969 controversy, and correspondence with Philip Slomovitz, editor of the Detroit Jewish news, in 1972-73. The tape recording is of a February 2, 1969 interview with John Watson, editor of the South end.

Letter regarding prohibition of Philip J. Joachimsen from receiving mitzvah

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Christianity and Christian Identity in the Gospel of Philip (NHC II,3)

Previous scholarship has often maintained that the Gospel of Philip is a collection of Valentinian teachings. In the present study, however, the text is read as a whole and placed into a broader context by searching for parallels from other early Christian texts. Although the Valentinian Christian identity of the Gospel of Philip is not questioned, it is read alongside those texts traditionally labelled as "mainstream Christian". It is obvious from the account of Irenaeus that the boundaries between the Valentinians and other Christians were not as clear or fixed as he probably would have hoped. This study analyzes the Valentinian Christian Gospel of Philip from two points of view: how the text constructs the Christian identity and what kind of Christianity it exemplifies. Firstly, it is observed how the author of the Gospel of Philip places himself and his Christian readers among the early Christianities of the period by emphasizing the common history and Christian features but building especially on particular texts and traditions. Secondly, it is noted how the Christian nature of an individual develops according to the Gospel of Philip. The identity of an individual is built and strengthened through rituals, experiences and teaching. Thirdly, the categorizations, attributes, beliefs and behaviour associated on the one hand with the "insiders", the true Christians, and, on the other, with outsiders in the Gospel of Philip, are analyzed using social identity theory the insiders and outsiders are described through stereotyping in the text. Overall, the study implies that the Gospel of Philip strongly emphasizes spiritual progress and transformation. Rather than depicting the Valentinians as the perfect Christians, it underlines their need for constant change and improvement. Although the author seeks to clearly distinguish the insiders from the outsiders, the boundaries of the categories are in fact fluid in the Gospel of Philip. Outsiders can become insiders and the insiders are also in danger of falling out again.

Edge of Danger: electric light and the negotiation of public and private domestic space in Philip Johnson's Glass and Guest House

In the first half of the twentieth century the dematerializing of boundaries between enclosure and exposure problematized traditional expectations of the domestic environment. At the same time, as a space of escalating technological control, the modern domestic interior also offered new potential to redefine the meaning and means of habitation. The inherent tension between these opposing forces is particularly evident in the introduction of new electric lighting technology and applications into the modern domestic interior in the mid-twentieth century. Addressing this nexus of technology and domestic psychology, this article examines the critical role of electric lighting in regulating and framing both the public and private occupation of Philip Johnson's New Canaan estate. Exploring the dialectically paired transparent Glass House and opaque Guest House, this study illustrates how Johnson employed electric light to negotiate the visual environment of the estate as well as to help sustain a highly aestheticized domestic lifestyle. Contextualized within the existing literature, this analysis provides a more nuanced understanding of the New Canaan estate as an expression of Johnson's interests as a designer as well as a subversion of traditional suburban conventions.

The Edge of Danger: artificial lighting and the dialectics of domestic occupation in Philip Johnson's Glass and Guest Houses

In the first half of the twentieth century the dematerializing of boundaries between enclosure and exposure problematized traditional acts of “occupation” and understandings of the domestic environment. As a space of escalating technological control, the modern domestic interior offered new potential to re-define the meaning and means of habitation. This shift is clearly expressed in the transformation of electric lighting technology and applications for the modern interior in the mid-twentieth century. Addressing these issues, this paper examines the critical role of electric lighting in regulating and framing both the public and private occupation of Philip Johnson’s New Canaan estate. Exploring the dialectically paired transparent Glass House and opaque Guest House (both 1949), this study illustrates how Johnson employed artificial light to control the visual environment of the estate as well as to aestheticize the performance of domestic space. Looking closely at the use of artificial light to create emotive effects as well as to intensify the experience of occupation, this revisiting of the iconic Glass House and lesser-known Guest House provides a more complex understanding of Johnson’s work and the means with which he inhabited his own architecture. Calling attention to the importance of Johnson serving as both architect and client, and his particular interest in exploring the new potential of architectural lighting in this period, this paper investigates Johnson’s use of electric light to support architectural narratives, maintain visual order and control, and to suit the nuanced desires of domestic occupation.

Analisi contrastiva delle modalità di traduzione in finnico dei Tempi verbali e delle perifrasi aspettuali dell'italiano

Analisi contrastiva delle modalità di traduzione in finnico dei Tempi verbali e delle perifrasi aspettuali dell italiano (Italian Philology) The topic of this research is a contrastive study of tenses and aspect in Italian and in Finnish. The study aims to develop a research method for analyzing translations and comparable texts (non-translation) written in a target language. Thus, the analysis is based on empirical data consisting of translations of novels from Italian to Finnish and vice versa. In addition to this, for the section devoted to solutions adopted in Finnish for translating the Italian tenses Perfetto Semplice and Perfetto Composto, 39 Finnish native speakers were asked to answer questions concerning the choice of Perfekti and Imperfekti in Finnish. The responses given by the Finnish informants were compared to the choices made by translators in the target language, and in this way it was possible both to benefit from the motivation provided by native speakers to explain the selection of a tense (Imperfekti/Perfekti) in a specific context compared with the Italian formal equivalents (Perfetto Composto/Perfetto Semplice), and to define the specific features of the Finnish verb tenses. The research aims to develop a qualitative method for the analysis of formal equivalents and translational changes ( shifts ). Although, as the choice of Italian and Finnish progressive forms is optional and related to speaker preferences, besides the qualitative analysis, I also considered it necessary to operate a quantitative one in order to find out whether the two items share the same degree of correspondence in frequency of use. In this study I explain translation choices in light of cognitive grammar, suggesting that particular translation relationships derive from so-called construal operations. I use the concepts of cognitive linguistics not only to analyze the convergences and divergences of the two aspectual systems, but also to redefine some general procedures related to the phenomenon of translation. For the practical analysis of the corpus were for the most part employed theoretical categories developed in a framework proposed by Pier Marco Bertinetto. Following this approach, the notions of aspect (the morphologic or morphosyntactic, subjective level) and actionality (the lexical aspect or objective level, traditionally Aktionsart) are carefully distinguished. This also allowed me to test the applicability of these distinctions to two languages typologically different from each other. The data allowed both the analysis of the semantic and pragmatic features that determine tense and aspect choices in these two languages, and to discover the correspondences between the two language systems and the strategies that translators are forced to resort to in particular situations. The research provides not only a detailed and analytically argued inventory about possible solutions for translating Italian tenses and aspectual devices in Finnish that could be of pedagogical relevance, but also new contributions about the specific uses of time-aspectual devices in the two languages in question.

Emergenssi tieteessä ja teologiassa : Huomioita Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriasta

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan emergenssiä luonnontieteellisenä, metafyysisenä ja teologisena käsitteenä, ja erityisesti Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriaa. Tutkimuskohteena on Philip Claytonin kirja Mind and Emergence From Quantum to Consciousness ja tutkimusmetodina käsitteellinen analyysi. Kun emergenssiä tarkastellaan metafyysisenä teoriana, se on mahdollista nähdä fysikalismille ja dualismille vaihtoehtoisena filosofisena katsantokantana todellisuuteen. Fysikalismi on havaittavaa todellisuutta koskeva näkemys, jonka mukaan kaikki ilmiöt ovat lopulta palautettavissa fysiikkaan ja selitettävissä fysiikan käsittein. Dualismi taas on näkemys, että erityisesti ihmisen mieli ja tietoisuus ovat jotain fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden täysin erilaista ja siitä riippumatonta. Emergenssiteoriassa maailman nähdään kehittyvänä kokonaisuutena, jossa kompleksisuuden kasvun myötä syntyy jatkuvasti uusia ominaisuuksia. Nämä ominaisuudet eivät ole palautettavissa niihin rakenteisiin, joiden pohjalta ne ovat syntyneet. Niiden syntymistä ei ole mahdollista luonnontieteellisin tai muinkaan menetelmin ennakoida. Emergenssin heikossa muodossa tämä ennakoimattomuus on vain episteeminen, tiedon mahdollisuuksiin liittyvä rajoitus, ja kausaalisia vaikutuksia esiintyy ainoastaan fysikaalisten objektien tasolla. Metafyysinen teoria edellyttää kuitenkin vahvaa emergenssiä, jossa syntyvillä ominaisuuksilla on fysikaalisesta perustastaan riippumatonta kausaalista vaikutusta. Tätä kutsutaan alaspäin -kausaalisuudeksi. Käsitys todellisuudesta on monistinen ja holistinen. Kaikki olemassa oleva on kehittynyt samasta aineksesta, mutta ei ole palautettavissa siihen. Maailmassa on ontologisesti toisistaan poikkeavia todellisuuden tasoja. Todellisuus on enemmän kuin osiensa summa. Emergenssille on tarjottu myös teologisia sovelluksia. Kun fysikalismissa uskonnolliselle uskolle ei jää tilaa ja dualismi on luonnontieteen näkökulmasta ongelmallinen, emergenssistä on etsitty filosofista viitekehystä, jossa luonnontiede ja uskonto olisivat sovitettavissa yhteen. Ensimmäisessä luvussa käsitellään fysikalismia ja dualismia ja erityisesti filosofista ja luonnontieteellistä kritiikkiä, jota niitä vastaan voidaan esittää. Toisessa luvussa tarkastellaan erilaisia mahdollisuuksia määritellä emergenssin käsite ja esitellään erityisesti Philip Claytonin käsityksiä heikosta ja vahvasta emergenssistä, emergenssistä luonnontieteissä sekä ihmismielestä fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden emergenttinä ilmiönä. Emergenssi mainitaan monien sellaisten ilmiöiden yhteydessä, joita on pyritty tutkimaan kaaosteorian ja kompleksisuuden tutkimuksen keinoin. Työn kolmannessa luvussa pyritään antamaan kuva emergenssin suhteesta näihin teorioihin ja ylipäätään moderniin fysiikkaan. Philip Clayton on luonut emergenssiteorian pohjalta myös teologisen teorian, jossa käsitys Jumalasta luojana ja Jumalan vaikutus maailmassa pyritään sovittamaan yhteen emergentin todellisuuskäsityksen kanssa. Tätä teologista teoriaa esitellään ja arvioidaan työn neljännessä luvussa.

La distruzione delle statue di Pausania nella Sparta tardoantica (Lib. Ep. 1518)

Abstract: The late antique destruction of two bronze statues of Pausanias - the Spartan general responsible for the Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea (479 BC) - housed in the temple of Athena Chalkioikos in Sparta (Lib. Ep. 1518), has been interpreted as one of the few cases of a violent conflict between pagan and Christian population in Greece. Nevertheless the sources suggest that late antique Sparta was a bastion of Hellenic paganism and give a picture of a small and quiet town ruled by a pagan educated élite, where pagans like Libanius wanted to live. Since there is no evidence of a violent conflict between pagans and Christians in Sparta, and Libanius confirms that in 365 AD all the temples and cult statues were still in place, this paper addresses the issue from a different point of view and offers a new contribution to the history of Sparta in Late Antiquity. By using literary, archaeological and epigraphic evidence the paper explores: 1) the relationship between Roman administration and Spartan élite in the IVth century AD; 2) the historical memory of Pausanias in Late Antiquity. It will be emphasized that the obscure burning of the two statues helped to remove from Sparta the memory of Pausanias - a controversial figure, misrepresented in Late Antiquity and connected to the ancient staseis in Laconia - in order to promote a positive image of Sparta as a city without conflicts and ruled by the political system of Lycurgus (eunomia). As documented by local inscriptions in praise of late Roman governors, the mythical lawgiver Lycurgus was the paradigm of the imperial governors who rebuilded the town in the IVth cent. AD. It can be assumed that while Rome, Constantinople, Antioch and Athens were troubled by political and religious violence or by seditions between different factions, Sparta aimed to revive its traditional model of civic order in the new historical context of Late Antiquity.

Enfoques de la teoría de la firma y su vinculación con el cambio tecnológico y la innovación

Resumen: A partir de la escuela neoclásica, las ideas de Ronald Coase y la teoría evolucionista representada por Joseph Schumpeter, el artículo presenta la evolución del concepto de empresa desde una perspectiva estática y exógena, a analizarse dinámicamente, a una perspectiva evolutiva y endógena al sistema económico. La firma es desde este punto de vista, el principal agente innovador de la economía, y se concibe en la nueva economía institucional como respuesta a los problemas de información inherentes a los procesos productivos. En la coyuntura actual, el desarrollo económico está basado en la información; por lo tanto, cada empresa debe capitalizar la cualificación de sus recursos humanos, su saber-hacer, y la creación y difusión de tecnología innovadora.