Fault section estimation in automated distribution substations

In this paper, a methodology based on Unconstrained Binary Programming (UBP) model and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is proposed for estimating fault sections in automated distribution substations. The UBP model, established by using the parsimonious set covering theory, looks for the match between the relays' protective alarms informed by the SCADA system and their expected states. The GA is developed to minimize the UBP model and estimate the fault sections in a swift and reliable manner. The proposed methodology is tested by utilizing a real-life automated distribution substation. Control parameters of the GA are tuned to achieve maximum computational efficiency and reduction of processing time. Results show the potential and efficiency of the methodology for estimating fault section in real-time at Distribution Control Centers. ©2009 IEEE.

Design of a state observer using decay rate LMI constraints for fault detection in mechanical systems

Nowadays, one of the most important concerns for many companies is to maintain the operation of their systems without sudden equipment break down. Because of this, new techniques for fault detection and location in mechanical systems subject to dynamic loads have been developed. This paper studies of the influence of the decay rate in the design of state observers using LMI for fault detection in mechanical systems. This influence is analyzed by the performance index proposed by Huh and Stein for the condition of a state observer. An example is presented to illustrate the methodology discussed.

Test results of fault current limiter using YBCO tapes with shunt protection

A Fault Current Limiter (FCL) based on high temperature superconducting elements with four tapes in parallel were designed and tested in 220 V line for a fault current peak between 1 kA to 4 kA. The elements employed second generation (2G) HTS tapes of YBCO coated conductor with stainless steel reinforcement. The tapes were electrically connected in parallel with effective length of 0.4 m per element (16 elements connected in series) constituting a single-phase unit. The FCL performance was evaluated through over-current tests and its recovery characteristics under load current were analyzed using optimized value of the shunt protection. The projected limiting ratio achieved a factor higher than 4 during fault of 5 cycles without degradation. Construction details and further test results will be shown in the paper. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Optimal phasor measurement units placement for fault location on overhead electric power distribution feeders

This paper proposes a new approach for optimal phasor measurement units placement for fault location on electric power distribution systems using Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure metaheuristic and Monte Carlo simulation. The optimized placement model herein proposed is a general methodology that can be used to place devices aiming to record the voltage sag magnitudes for any fault location algorithm that uses voltage information measured at a limited set of nodes along the feeder. An overhead, three-phase, three-wire, 13.8 kV, 134-node, real-life feeder model is used to evaluate the algorithm. Tests show that the results of the fault location methodology were improved thanks to the new optimized allocation of the meters pinpointed using this methodology. © 2011 IEEE.

Fault location in underground systems through optimum-path forest

In this paper we propose an accurate method for fault location in underground distribution systems by means of an Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) classifier. We applied the Time Domains Reflectometry method for signal acquisition, which was further analyzed by OPF and several other well known pattern recognition techniques. The results indicated that OPF and Support Vector Machines outperformed Artificial Neural Networks classifier. However, OPF has been much more efficient than all classifiers for training, and the second one faster for classification. © 2011 IEEE.

Fast fault diagnosis in power transformers using optimum-path forest

In this paper we propose a fast and an accurate method for fault diagnosis in power transformers by means of Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) classifier. Since we applied Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), the samples have been labeled by IEEE/IEC standard, which was further analyzed by OPF and several other well known supervised pattern recognition techniques. The experiments have showed that OPF can achieve high recognition rates with low computational cost. © 2012 IEEE.

Fault location in underground systems using artificial neural networks and PSCAD/EMTDC

The need for high reliability and environmental concerns are making the underground networks the most appropriate choice of energy distribution. However, like any other system, underground distribution systems are not free of failures. In this context, this work presents an approach to study underground systems using computational tools by integrating the software PSCAD/EMTDC with artificial neural networks to assist fault location in power distribution systems. Targeted benefits include greater accuracy and reduced repair time. The results presented here shows the feasibility of the proposed approach. © 2012 IEEE.

Time-frequency analysis combining wavelets and the envelope technique for fault identification in rotary machines

Nowadays the method based on demodulation by envelope finds wide application in industry as a technique for evaluation of bearings and other components in rotating machinery. In recent years the application of Wavelets for fault diagnosis in machinery has also obtained good development. This article demonstrates the effectiveness of the combined application of Wavelets and envelope technique (also known as HFRT High-Frequency Resonance Technique) to remove background noise from signals collected from defect bearings and identification of the characteristic frequencies of defects. A comparison of the results obtained with the isolated application of only one method against the combined technique is performed showing the increased capacity in detection of faults in rolling bearings. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Fault current limiter using transformer and modular device of YBCO coated conductor

In this work, we report on the evaluation of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). It is consisted of a modular superconducting device combined with a short-circuited transformer with a primary copper winding connected in series to the power line and the secondary side short-circuited by the superconducting device. The basic idea is adding a magnetic component to contribute to the current limitation by the impedance reflected to the line after transition of the superconducting device. The evaluation tests were performed with a prospective current up to 2 kA, with the short-circuited transformer of 2.5 kVA, 220 V/660 V connected to a test facility of 100 kVA power capacity. The resistive SFCL using a modular superconducting device was tested without degradation for a prospective fault current of 1.8 kA, achieving the limiting factor 2.78; the voltage achieved 282 V corresponding to an electric field of 11 V/m. The test performed with the combined SFCL (xsuperconducting device + transformer) using series and toroidal transformers showed current limiting factor of 3.1 and 2 times, respectively. The test results of the combined SFCL with short-circuited transformer showed undesirable influence of the transformer impedance, resulting in reduction of the fault current level. © 2002-2011 IEEE.

Strain rate of the South American lithospheric plate by SIRGAS-CON geodetic observations

A multiyear solution of the SIRGAS-CON network was used to estimate the strain rates of the earth surface from the changing directions of the velocity vectors of 140 geodetic points located in the South American plate. The strain rate was determined by the finite element method using Delaunay triangulation points that formed sub-networks; each sub-network was considered a solid and homogeneous body. The results showed that strain rates vary along the South American plate and are more significant on the western portion of the plate, as expected, since this region is close to the subduction zone of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. After using Euler vectors to infer Nazca plate movement and to orient the velocity vectors of the South American plate, it was possible to estimate the convergence and accommodation rates of the Nazca and South American plates, respectively. Strain rate estimates permitted determination of predominant contraction and/or extension regions and to establish that contraction regions coincide with locations with most of the high magnitude seismic events. Some areas with extension and contraction strains were found to the east within the stable South American plate, which may result from different stresses associated with different geological characteristics. These results suggest that major movements detected on the surface near the Nazca plate occur in regions with more heterogeneous geological structures and multiple rupture events. Most seismic events in the South American plate are concentrated in areas with predominant contraction strain rates oriented northeast-southwest; significant amounts of elastic strain can be accumulated on geological structures away from the plate boundary faults; and, behavior of contractions and extensions is similar to what has been found in seismological studies. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Evolução halocinética da região centro-norte da Bacia de Santos, Brasil

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Estudo da geometria e cinemática das rochas sedimentares arqueanas da mina do Igarapé do Azul – Carajás-PA

Mina de Manganês do Igarapé Azul posiciona-se geologicamente no interior do feixe da Falha Carajás, na porção central do Sistema Transcorrente de Carajás. O depósito do Manganês do Azul relaciona-se a rochas sedimentares pelíticas do Membro Azul, na base da Formação Águas Claras (Arqueano), em contato discordante, acima do Grupo Grão Pará (Nogueira et al, 1995). Três frentes de lavra a céu aberto estão atualmente em andamento na área: (1) Mina Principal (Mina 1), (2) Mina 2 e (3) Mina 3. Nestes locais encontram-se excelentes afloramentos de siltitos intercalados com argilitos e arenitos finos, intercalados com níveis manganesíferos. Essas rochas estão organizadas em conjuntos de dobras e falhas normais e inversas sob deformação heterogênea, particionada em diferentes escalas. As seções geológicas realizadas nas frentes de lavra mostram a predominância de siltitos intercalados com argilitos em contato com rochas pelíticas manganesíferas e minério (bióxido de Mn). Nessas rochas são comuns estruturas primárias tipo hummocky, estratificações cruzadas, e laminações plano-paralelas. O acamamento centimétrico a métrico (em média de 30 a 50 cm ) representa a principal estrutura primária, usada como marcador de deformação, observada nas rochas. A Mina do Igarapé Azul encontra-se dividida em dois blocos, separados por falha normal com rejeito de até dezenas de metros, com o bloco norte alto em relação ao bloco sul. O bloco sul encontra-se pouco deformado, apresentado uma regularidade no acamamento que mergulha com ângulos suaves para sul, colocando a camada de minério sucessivamente em níveis mais profundos na direção S. No bloco norte o acamamento apresenta um comportamento heterogêneo. A deformação é mais expressiva nessa região, estando o nível de minério deformado por dobras e falhas inversas. Além da cinemática vertical, as falhas apresentam deslocamento conjugado destral dando a essas feições um caráter oblíquo. Essa região pode ser definida como um corredor de deformação. O corredor observado no bloco norte, de acordo com os domínios principais separados pelas falhas anteriormente descritas, possui orientação NW-SE, com aproximadamente um quilômetro de extensão, sendo caracterizado por dobras assimétricas curvilineares com eixos de mergulhos suaves (10° a 25°) para NW e SE. Essas dobras são seccionadas por falhas normais sinuosas NW-SE e/ou E-W, com baixo ângulo de mergulho (em torno de 10° a 30°), subordinadas a transcorrências destrais, gerando em escala de detalhes feições como drag folds. Observam-se ainda falhas inversas retas e/ou sinuosas NW-SE e zonas de falhas sub-verticalizadas WNW -ESE. As dobras individuais nesta área são estruturas do tipo reversas, flexurais e com geometria en echelon com orientação semelhante às dobras curvilineares: eixos com baixo ângulo de mergulho (10° a 25°) e caimento para SE. O conjunto de feições anteriormente descrito desenha, em escala quilométrica, um antiforme aberto, provavelmente resultante da acomodação do acamamento em resposta a deformação dessas falhas. O paralelismo entre feições observadas na área da Mina do Igarapé Azul e os lineamentos maiores que desenham a Falha Carajás em planta sugere uma relação com dois importantes episódios deformacionais ocorridos durante a história tectônica da Falha Carajás. As falhas normais associadas a componente direcional destral, de maior expressividade da área da mina, estariam relacionadas ao episódio de transtensão destral responsável pela instalação da Falha Carajás anterior a 2.6 Ga (Pinheiro, 1997). As dobras, as falhas de cavalgamento e as zonas de falhas sub-verticalizadas estariam relacionados a deformações sob regime de transpressão sinistral, um segundo evento atuante na região, responsável pela reativação e inversão da maioria das estruturas próximas à zona da Falha Carajás (Pinheiro, 1997; Pinheiro & Holdsworth, 2000; Lima, 2002).

Erosion of an active fault scarp leads to drainage capture in the Amazon region, Brazil

Far from the continental margin, drainage basins in Central Amazonia should be in topographic steady state; but they are not. Abandoned remnant fluvial valleys up to hundreds of square kilometers in size are observed throughout Amazonia, and are evidence of significant landscape reorganization. While major Late Miocene drainage shifts occurred due to initiation of the transcontinental Amazon River, local landscape change has remained active until today. Driven either by dynamic topography, tectonism, and/or climatic fluctuations, drainage captures in Amazonia provide a natural experiment for assessing the geomorphic response of low-slope basins to sudden, capture related base-level falls. This paper evaluates the timing of geomorphic change by examining a drainage capture event across the Baependi fault scarp involving the Cuieiras and TarumA-Mirim River basins northwest of the city of Manaus in Brazil. A system of capture-related knickpoints was generated by base-level fall following drainage capture; through numerical modeling of their initiation and propagation, the capture event is inferred to have occurred between the middle and late Pleistocene, consistent with other studies of landscape change in surrounding areas. In low-slope settings like the Amazon River basin, base-level fall can increase erosion rates by more than an order of magnitude, and moderate to large river basins can respond to episodes of base-level fall over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Prototype Fault Current Limiter Using Transformer and a Modular Device of YBCO Coated Conductor

A superconducting fault current limiter (SCFL) consisted of a transformer with low reactance connected to the power line and with the secondary winding short-circuited by a modular superconducting limiter device with 16 elements connected in series was constructed and tested. The designed coupling transformer has low dispersion reactance in order to limit the voltage drop in the power line within the range of 5 % to 10 %. The experimental results showed that an insertion of a 0.125 Omega resistance limited the peak current to a factor of 2.5 times of the unlimited current. The power dissipation reached 39 kW during 100 ms, with an energy density of 380 J/cm(3). Based on these results, the SCFL will be further tested in a 3 MVA (15 kV/380 V) generator for currents up to 10 kA.

Fast fault section estimation in distribution control centers using adaptive genetic algorithm

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)