Testing the response of macroinvertebrate functional structure and biodiversity to flooding and confinement

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of flooding- and confinement-related environmentalfeatures in explaining macroinvertebrate trait structure and diversity in a pool of wetlands located in a Mediterranean riverfloodplain. To test hypothesized trait-environment relationships, we employed a recently implemented statistical procedure, thefourth-corner method. We found that flooding-related variables, mainly pH and turbidity, were related to traits that confer an abilityof the organism to resist flooding (e.g., small body-shape, protection of eggs) or recuperate faster after flooding (e.g., short life-span, asexual reproduction). In contrast, confinement-related variables, mainly temperature and organic matter, enhanced traits that allow organisms to interact and compete with other organisms (e.g., large size, sexual reproduction) and to efficiently use habitat and resources (e.g., diverse locomotion and feeding strategies). These results are in agreement with predictions made under the River Habitat Templet for lotic ecosystems, and demonstrate the ability of the fourth-corner method to test hypothesis that posit traitenvironment relationships. Trait diversity was slightly higher in flooded than in confined sites, whereas trait richness was not significantly different. This suggests that although trait structure may change in response to the main environmental factors, as evidenced by the fourth-corner method, the number of life-history strategies needed to persist in the face of such constraints remains more or less constant; only their relative dominance differs

Aplicação do Balanced Scorecard numa Pequena e Média Empresa. Estudo do Caso: Drogaria DSI, LDA

Devido à intensidade da concorrência entre as empresas, estas sentem-se cada vez mais forçadas a ter as suas estratégias organizacionais bem delimitadas e translúcidas de forma a garantir o sucesso e a vantagem competitiva. O BSC tem demonstrado, desde o primórdio, uma excelente ferramenta de gestão estratégica nas empresas, pois visa traduzir a estratégia da empresa em objetivos, indicadores, metas e iniciativas dentro de quatro perspetivas: financeira, clientes, processos internos e aprendizado e crescimento; ajuda as empresas a identificar os fatores críticos de sucesso e a interligar os objetivos estratégico através da relação de causa e efeito espelhado num mapa estratégico. Dado que os estudos desenvolvidos a respeito da aplicação desse instrumento estão voltados para as grandes organizações, o presente trabalho de investigação que versa o tema “Aplicação do Balanced Scorecard numa pequena e média empresa de São Vicente”, objetiva apresentar como o uso dos conceitos do BSC pode contribuir para a melhoria do seu desempenho organizacional a longo prazo. Para alcançar o objetivo definido em relação à fundamentação teórica fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e em relação à sua aplicabilidade desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso, em que foi necessário aplicação de entrevistas, questionários bem como o uso do método de observação direta e a análise documental. Os resultados conquistados indicam que, apesar das suas especificidades ou limitações, o BSC é exequível às PME desde que as mesmas seguem os procedimentos básicos dessa aplicação para as PME.

GESTÃO ESTRATÉGICA E MELHORIA DO DESEMPENHO DO BALANCED SCORECARD ESTUDO DE CASO NUMA EMPRESA DE VESTUARIO

A gestão estratégica procura dar destaque sistemático às suas funções para determinar o equilíbrio entre o ambiente interno e externo da organização, bem como a integração de todos os setores envolventes, com os objetivos principais de maximizar os lucros e concretizar os objetivos definidos. O Balanced Scorecard (BSC), que tem evoluído nos últimos anos, é hoje um dos instrumentos de gestão estratégica mais difundido nas empresas, pois mede o desempenho apoiado em indicadores financeiros e não financeiros. Algumas pesquisas têm sido conduzidas para estudar a influência da utilização da abordagem BSC na performance empresarial. Os resultados obtidos, em algumas dessas pesquisas, sugerem que a adoção do BSC tem um impacto positivo na sua performance empresarial. Por outro lado, outras pesquisas revelaram efeitos negativos do BSC, pois não encontraram um impacto considerável na implementação da abordagem BSC no desempenho, o que leva a querer que os seus gestores não entenderam os princípios fundamentais e, consequentemente, a sua implementação não foi bem-sucedida. Neste sentido, aproveitando a implementação deste instrumento numa empresa do setor do vestuário, levantou-se a questão os gestores compreenderiam os princípios da abordagem do BSC e se estaria a ser adequadamente concebido, desenvolvido e utilizado. Para responder as estas questões, recorreu-se a um estudo empírico, analisando as incumbências e aspetos críticos relacionados com os deveres das fases do ciclo de vida do BSC. Os principais resultados deste estudo revelaram que, apesar das dificuldades encontradas mas que foram ultrapassadas, a empresa otimizou os processos produtivos e assegurou ter orgulho na implementação da estratégia, porque contribuiu para o crescimento, volume de negócios e outros benefícios. Recorrendo à recolha de informação junto da empresa, no seu sítio da internet e a uma entrevista, validou-se o mapa estratégico proposto, ao identificarem-se relações entre as quatro perspetivas consideradas pelo BSC: financeira, clientes, processos internos e aprendizagem e crescimento.

Balanced Scorecard como ferramenta de controlo de gestão e alinhamento estratégico nas organizações - Caso da Mindelo Hotel S.A.

Com a globalização dos mercados, que impõe competitividades mais agressivas, é imperativo o que os gestores utilizem meios capazes de ajudar no aperfeiçoamento das competências de modo a permitir maiores rendibilidades das organizações que dirigem. Ciente que, até o presente as empresas sustentam principalmente no sistema contabilístico, este que, muitas vezes, oferece informações escassos e limitados às tomadas de decisões, torna-se necessário investir em sistemas de medição capazes de apoiar a estratégia organizacional e que permitam excelência no planeamento e controlo e, ainda, conceber e medir indicadores de longo prazo. Com o propósito de auxiliar no aperfeiçoamento dos modelos da gestão, mais concretamente da gestão da empresa em análise, sugerimos, como objectivo deste trabalho, o estudo das ferramentas de gestão tradicional, face às novas ferramentas emergentes. Porquanto, apresentamos, como estudo de caso, a avaliação do sistema de controlo de gestão da Empresa Hoteleira MindelHotel (MH), à luz da literatura consultada, de acordo com o sistema de gestão estratégica utlizada pela empresa, de modo a poder propor eventuais melhorias. No decorrer da revisão bibliográfica, foram estudadas demais ferramentas da gestão estratégica, das quais escolhemos o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) como um instrumento habilitado a servir de base para o desenho de um sistema de controlo estratégico que visa essencialmente o alinhamento estratégico da organização. Em que após uma breve descrição do ponto de vista teórico dos conceitos, apresentamos à Empresa Hoteleira MindelHotel uma proposta para adopção, concepção e implementação do Balanced Scorecard. Durante o estudo constatou-se, por parte da direcção da empresa, uma maior consciência da importância da comunicação e divulgação da sua estratégia entre os diferentes níveis hierárquicos, o que evidencia que ela está, mesmo, disposta a apostar na sua inovação estratégica.

The cost of inappropriateness of coagulation testing [I costi dell'inappropriatezza in coagulazione]

Background. Laboratory utilization has steadily increased with a corresponding increase in overall costs; several authors have attempted to measure the impact of inappropriateness on clinical outcomes but data are insufficient. The aim of the study is to assess the cost of inappropriateness of test-ordering behaviour for second-level coagulation tests (hemorrhagic diathesisand thrombophilia). Methods. We reviewed all second-level coagulation testrequests received by our department during a six months period. Clinicians must fill out a specific order form for these kind of tests, containing all informations deemed necessary for the laboratory specialist to evaluatethe appropriateness of the request. We identified all inappropriate requests and counted the numbers and types of all coagulation tests that were not performed during the period. An analysis of the laboratory activity costs was done in order to calculate the global costof each test in our department and to estimate the savings achieved. Results. On a total of 1664 second-level coagulationtest requests, we estimated 150 as completely inappropriate. We found an overall of 295 inappropriate testswhich were not performed. This resulted in an economic saving of 20.000 euro in 6 months. Conclusions. The analysis of cost of our intervention shows the urgent need for a definite and sustained reduction in inappropriate requests of second-level coagulation tests. Even though we estimated only the economic aspect of inappropriate testing, this is also associated with the overuse of diagnostic tests which entailsthe risk of generating erroneous results with potentialnegative consequences on patients' health.

Patients with AIDS-defining cancers are not universally screened for HIV: a 10-year retrospective analysis of HIV-testing practices in a Swiss university hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have been listed as AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 1993. Despite this, HIV screening is not universally mentioned in ADC treatment guidelines. We examined screening practices at a tertiary centre serving a population where HIV seroprevalence is 0.4%. METHODS: Patients with KS, ICC, NHL and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), treated at Lausanne University Hospital between January 2002 and July 2012, were studied retrospectively. HIV testing was considered part of the oncology work-up if performed between 90 days before and 90 days after the cancer diagnosis date. RESULTS: A total of 880 patients were examined: 10 with KS, 58 with ICC, 672 with NHL and 140 with HL. HIV testing rates were 100, 11, 60 and 59%, and HIV seroprevalence was 60, 1.7, 3.4 and 5%, respectively. Thirty-seven patients (4.2%) were HIV-positive, of whom eight (22%) were diagnosed at oncology work-up. All newly diagnosed patients had CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL and six (75%) had presented to a physician 12-236 weeks previously with conditions warranting HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS: In our institution, only patients with KS were universally screened. Screening rates for other cancers ranged from 11 to 60%. HIV seroprevalence was at least fourfold higher than the population average. As HIV-positive status impacts on cancer patient medical management, HIV screening should be included in oncology guidelines. Further, we recommend that opt-out screening should be adopted in all patients with ADCs and HL.

Non-invasive RF built-in testing using on-chip temperature sensors

This poster shows how to efficiently observe high-frequency figures of merit in RF circuits by measuring DC temperature with CMOS-compatible built-in sensors.

Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing.

According to the annual report of the World Anti-Doping Agency, steroids are the most frequently detected class of doping agents. Detecting the misuse of endogenously occurring steroids, i.e. steroids such as testosterone that are produced naturally by humans, is one of the most challenging issues in doping control analysis. The established thresholds for urinary concentrations or concentration ratios such as the testosterone/epitestosterone quotient are sometimes inconclusive owing to the large biological variation in these parameters.For more than 15 years, doping control laboratories focused on the carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids to distinguish between naturally elevated steroid profile parameters and illicit administration of steroids. A variety of different methods has been developed throughout the last decade and the number of different steroids under investigation by isotope ratio mass spectrometry has recently grown considerably. Besides norandrosterone, boldenone was found to occur endogenously in rare cases and the misuse of corticosteroids or epitestosterone can now be detected with the aid of carbon isotope ratios as well. In addition, steroids excreted as sulfoconjugates were investigated, and the first results regarding hydrogen isotope ratios recently became available.All of these will be presented in detail within this review together with some considerations on validation issues and on identification of parameters influencing steroidal isotope ratios in urine.

Spare non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis by active contacting and testing of the source person.

OBJECTIVE: HIV-1 post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is frequently prescribed after exposure to source persons with an undetermined HIV serostatus. To reduce unnecessary use of PEP, we implemented a policy including active contacting of source persons and the availability of free, anonymous HIV testing ('PEP policy'). METHODS: All consultations for potential non-occupational HIV exposures i.e. outside the medical environment) were prospectively recorded. The impact of the PEP policy on PEP prescription and costs was analysed and modelled. RESULTS: Among 146 putative exposures, 47 involved a source person already known to be HIV positive and 23 had no indication for PEP. The remaining 76 exposures involved a source person of unknown HIV serostatus. Of 33 (43.4%) exposures for which the source person could be contacted and tested, PEP was avoided in 24 (72.7%), initiated and discontinued in seven (21.2%), and prescribed and completed in two (6.1%). In contrast, of 43 (56.6%) exposures for which the source person could not be tested, PEP was prescribed in 35 (81.4%), P &lt; 0.001. Upon modelling, the PEP policy allowed a 31% reduction of cost for management of exposures to source persons of unknown HIV serostatus. The policy was cost-saving for HIV prevalence of up to 70% in the source population. The availability of all the source persons for testing would have reduced cost by 64%. CONCLUSION: In the management of non-occupational HIV exposures, active contacting and free, anonymous testing of source persons proved feasible. This policy resulted in a decrease in prescription of PEP, proved to be cost-saving, and presumably helped to avoid unnecessary toxicity and psychological stress.

Robust volume-targeted balanced steady-state free-precession coronary magnetic resonance angiography in a breathhold at 3.0 Tesla: a reproducibility study.

BACKGROUND: Transient balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) has shown substantial promise for noninvasive assessment of coronary arteries but its utilization at 3.0 T and above has been hampered by susceptibility to field inhomogeneities that degrade image quality. The purpose of this work was to refine, implement, and test a robust, practical single-breathhold bSSFP coronary MRA sequence at 3.0 T and to test the reproducibility of the technique. METHODS: A 3D, volume-targeted, high-resolution bSSFP sequence was implemented. Localized image-based shimming was performed to minimize inhomogeneities of both the static magnetic field and the radio frequency excitation field. Fifteen healthy volunteers and three patients with coronary artery disease underwent examination with the bSSFP sequence (scan time = 20.5 ± 2.0 seconds), and acquisitions were repeated in nine subjects. The images were quantitatively analyzed using a semi-automated software tool, and the repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were determined using regression analysis and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), in a blinded manner. RESULTS: The 3D bSSFP sequence provided uniform, high-quality depiction of coronary arteries (n = 20). The average visible vessel length of 100.5 ± 6.3 mm and sharpness of 55 ± 2% compared favorably with earlier reported navigator-gated bSSFP and gradient echo sequences at 3.0 T. Length measurements demonstrated a highly statistically significant degree of inter-observer (r = 0.994, ICC = 0.993), intra-observer (r = 0.894, ICC = 0.896), and inter-scan concordance (r = 0.980, ICC = 0.974). Furthermore, ICC values demonstrated excellent intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-scan agreement for vessel diameter measurements (ICC = 0.987, 0.976, and 0.961, respectively), and vessel sharpness values (ICC = 0.989, 0.938, and 0.904, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The 3D bSSFP acquisition, using a state-of-the-art MR scanner equipped with recently available technologies such as multi-transmit, 32-channel cardiac coil, and localized B0 and B1+ shimming, allows accelerated and reproducible multi-segment assessment of the major coronary arteries at 3.0 T in a single breathhold. This rapid sequence may be especially useful for functional imaging of the coronaries where the acquisition time is limited by the stress duration and in cases where low navigator-gating efficiency prohibits acquisition of a free breathing scan in a reasonable time period.