Assessment of production efficiency, physicochemical properties and storage stability of spray-dried chlorophyllide, a natural food colourant, using gum Arabic, maltodextrin and soy protein isolate-based carrier systems

P>The aim of this research was to study spray drying as potential action to protect chlorophyllide from environmental conditions for shelf-life extension and characterisation of the powders. Six formulations were prepared with 7.5 and 10 g of carrier agents [gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MA) and soybean protein isolate (SPI)]/100 mL of chlorophyllide solutions. The powders were evaluated for morphological characteristics (SEM), particle size, water activity, moisture, density, hygroscopicity, cold water solubility, sorption isotherms, colour and stability, during 90 days. All the powders were highly soluble, with solubility values around 97%. A significant lower hygroscopicity was observed for GA powders, whilst the lower X(m) values obtained by GAB equation fitting of the sorption isotherms was observed for the 7.5 g MA/100 mL samples. All formulations, but the 1 (7.5 g SPI/100 mL of chlorophyllide), provided excellent stability to the chlorophyllide during 90 days of storage even at room temperature.

L-Proline uptake in Crithidia deanei is influenced by its endosymbiont bacterium

Crithidia deanei, a monoxenic trypanosomatid, presents an endosymbiotic bacterium in its cytoplasm. Both the protozoan and the bacterium maintain intensive metabolic exchange, resulting in an interesting model to study the coevolution of metabolisms. The relevance of L-proline for the growth of C. deanei and its transport into these cells was studied. Both the endosymbiont-containing (wild) and the endosymbiont-free protozoa (aposymbiont or cured) strains, when grown in medium supplemented with L-proline, reached higher cell densities than those grown in unsupplemented media. We biochemically characterized the uptake of L-proline in both the wild (K(m)=0.153 +/- 0.022 mM, V(max)=0.239 +/- 0.011 nmol min(-1) per 4 x 10(7) cells) and the aposymbiont strains (K(m)=0.177 +/- 0.049 mM, V(max)=0.132 +/- 0.012 nmol min(-1) per 4 x 10(7) cells). These data suggest a single type of proline transporter whose activity is upregulated by the presence of the symbiotic bacterium. Proline transport was further characterized and was found to be insensitive to the extracellular concentration of Na(+), but sensitive to K(+) and pH. The abolition of proline uptake by respiratory chain inhibitors and valinomycin indicates that the proline transport in C. deanei is dependent on the plasma membrane K(+) gradient.

Xyloglucan nano-aggregates: Physico-chemical characterisation in buffer solution and potential application as a carrier for camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug

In this work, native xyloglucan was extracted from Tamarindus indica seeds (XGT), and its properties in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) were evaluated in comparison with a commercial tamarind kernel powder (TKP). The physico-chemical characteristics of the polysaccharides such as molar mass, critical concentration and intrinsic viscosity were determined. Furthermore, using spectroscopic and microscopy techniques, it was observed that the XGs tested can be considered macromolecules able to aggregate as nano-entities of 60-140 nm. The XGT tended to an ordered and compact spherical conformation determined by the Huggins constant, circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. After the determination of the properties in PBS the XGs, at concentrations of 25% above their critical aggregation concentration, were used to encapsulate camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug. The XGT sample showed an encapsulation efficiency of 42% and first-order drug delivery kinetics. These results demonstrated the importance of knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of polysaccharides, for example, to better conduct their biotechnological applications as drug carriers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Protoporphyrin IX Nanoparticle Carrier: Preparation, Optical Properties, and Singlet Oxygen Generation

The present study is focused on developing a nanoparticle carrier for the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX for use in photodynamic therapy. The entrapment of protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) in silica spheres was achieved by modification of Pp IX molecules with an organosilane reagent. The immobilized drug preserved its optical properties and the capacity to generate singlet oxygen, which was detected by a direct method from its characteristic phosphorescence decay curve at near-infrared and by a chemical method using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran to trap singlet oxygen. The lifetime of singlet oxygen when a suspension of Pp IX-loaded particles in acetonitrile was excited at 532 nm was determined as 52 mu s, which is in good agreement with the value determined for methylene blue in acetonitrile solution under the same conditions. The Pp IX-loaded silica particles have an efficiency of singlet oxygen generation (eta Delta) higher than the quantum yield of free porphyrins. This high efficiency of singlet oxygen generation was attributed to changes on the monomer-dimer equilibrium after photosentisizer immobilization.

Determination of Minoxidil by Bleaching the Permanganate Carrier Solution in a Flow-Based Spectrophotometric System

The determination of minoxidil (MX) with potassium permanganate as a carrier in a flow injection method is described. The detection at 550nm was linear from 1.0x10-5 to 5.0x10-4mol L-1. The limit of detection (3 sigma/slope) was 8.92x10-6mol L-1, with an analytical frequency of 32h-1. The proposed method was applied to commercial samples, with recoveries from 104.7 to 106.4%. Comparison with the HPLC procedure reveled relative errors from 0.48 to 1.4%, and the results agreed within a 95% confidence level.

Qualidade de vida do trabalhador na Springer Carrier : uma análise dos principais programas e políticas da empresa num contexto de flexibilização do trabalho

Contempla-se, aqui, a realização de um estudo de caso na Springer Carrier, com o propósito principal de identificar e analisar os programas direcionados para a Qualidade de Vida dos Trabalhadores. Também levando em conta a forte tendência de flexibilização das relações de trabalho no país, estuda-se Qualidade de Vida do Trabalhador com uma proposta tangencial de captar as percepções dos dirigentes empresariais, trabalhadores e representantes sindicais sobre a influência das Relações Flexíveis de Trabalho na Qualidade de Vida do Trabalhador. A Springer Carrier possui vários Programas e Políticas que têm, entre outros propósitos, aumentar e/ou melhorar a Qualidade de Vida do Trabalhador. Como resultados da pesquisa, verificou-se que tais programas foram considerados, em sua maioria, como muito importante e importante para a Qualidade de Vida, na opinião dos entrevistados. Os trabalhadores destacaram os Programas voltados para os cuidados com a saúde, ambiente de trabalho e relacionamentos. Contudo, enfatizaram a importância dos Programas e Políticas voltados à qualificação e à educação oferecidos pela Empresa e consideram o desenvolvimento profissional como uma das formas de obter melhor Qualidade de Vida. Quanto à percepção dos entrevistados sobre a influência das Relações Flexíveis de Trabalho na Qualidade de Vida do Trabalhador, não existe um consenso. Os dirigentes acreditam que esta seja uma forma de abrir novas oportunidades. Para a maioria dos trabalhadores estáveis e terceirizados da Springer Carrier, alguns tipos de flexibilização do trabalho são positivos para a Qualidade de Vida (quando envolve um ganho financeiro adicional e como alternativas de emprego etc.) e outros são negativos (relacionados à insegurança em manter-se no emprego, na redução dos vínculos empregatícios etc.). Para o Representante Sindical, a flexibilização do trabalho é sinônimo de perda de regulamentação, deixando a vida do trabalhador à cargo da empresa. Com base nos dados coletados e analisados, acredita-se que os Programas e Políticas instituídos na Springer Carrier contribuem, em sua maioria, positivamente na Qualidade de Vida dos Trabalhadores e que a Empresa encaminha-se para o desenvolvimento de uma gestão voltada à responsabilidade social.

Identificação das competências organizacionais de uma empresa do segmento eletro-eletrônico : caso Spring Carrier

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar as competências organizacionais essenciais da Springer Carrier Ltda. Os sujeitos da pesquisa realizada foram os executivos de primeira linha, gerentes de segunda linha, técnicos, um representante do acionista e alguns clientes. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso de natureza exploratória e descritiva, sendo os dados coletados através de entrevistas e aplicação de questionário. A análise dos dados foi feita de forma qualitativa, traçando-se uma relação entre as percepções dos públicos pesquisados, com o referencial teórico e a opinião do Gerente de Recursos Humanos da empresa, que é o autor deste estudo. Pôde-se concluir, com base na pesquisa, que a Springer Carrier possui três competências essenciais em seu contexto organizacional: gestão tecnológica voltada para produtos, gestão da produção e gestão de pessoas e ambiente interno. Foram, portanto, explorados os conceitos e os benefícios da abordagem do tema competências empresariais que poderão possibilitar à empresa várias análises futuras e desdobramentos em ações estratégicas, partindo-se do conteúdo deste estudo.

Elementos de gestão para o alto desempenho : o caso da Springer Carrier

O presente trabalho buscou conhecer os elementos de gestão que levam uma empresa ao alto desempenho. Tendo como ponto de partida estudos feitos no exterior, obteve-se onze elementos que foram avaliados por executivos experientes. Esses elementos são: Liderança, Valorização das Pessoas, Estratégia, Cultura, Viés para a Ação, Estrutura, Orientação ao Valor, Inovação, Parcerias, Foco no Cliente e Processos. Em paralelo a isto, considerando um segmento composto pelas 500 maiores empresas brasileiras, ao longo do período de 1995 a 2002, foi realizada uma triagem com base em critérios que resultou em apenas 59 empresas de alto desempenho, das quais oito com sede no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, dessas foi escolhida a Springer Carrier para a execução de um estudo de caso que também confirmou os onze elementos de gestão encontrados que, na análise seguinte, verificou-se que poderiam ser colocados num espaço delimitado por três grandes eixos: cultura, pessoas e sistemas gerenciais. O alinhamento desses eixos com os elementos de gestão é, que, então, poderá gerar o alto desempenho. Os três eixos receberam o nome de raízes para o alto desempenho.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)nanocapsules as carrier systems for herbicides: Physico-chemical characterization and genotoxicity evaluation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Draft Genome Sequence of the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Bacterium Bradyrhizobium elkanii 587

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Analysis of Factor VIII polymorphic markers as a means for carrier detection in Brazilian families with haemophilia A

Haemophilia A is an X-linked, recessively inherited bleeding disorder of varying severity, which results from the deficiency of procoagulant factor VIII f(8). Linkage diagnosis using polymorphic markers in the f8 gene is widely used to detect carriers. The objective of this study was to verify the informativeness of three polymorphic markers in the Brazilian population, to evaluate the usefulness of such markers in carrier detection procedures. Sixty-three unrelated healthy volunteers and 10 haemophilic families were studied. Two microsatellite repeats and one HindIII RFLP markers were used. Carrier and non-carrier status could be determined in 80% of females investigated. Intron 13 markers presented the highest heterozygosity rate (79%) followed by intron 22 (68%) and intron 19 (57%). When all three markers were used together, linkage analysis informativeness increased significantly. We conclude that these markers are suitable for carrier detection in the Brazilian population and we recommend their use in combination to maximize diagnostic efficiency.

Impedance of carrier injection at the metal-organic interface mediated by surface states in electron-only tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq(3)) thin layers

Capacitance spectra of thin (< 200 nm) Alq(3) electron-only devices have been measured as a function of bias voltage. Capacitance spectra exhibit a flat response at high frequencies (> 10(3) Hz) and no feature related to the carrier transit time is observed. Toward low frequencies the spectra reach a maximum and develop a negative excess capacitance. Capacitance response along with current-voltage (J-V) characteristics are interpreted in terms of the injection of electrons mediated by surface states at the metal organic interface. A detailed model for the impedance of the injection process is provided that highlights the role of the filling/releasing kinetics of energetically distributed interface states. This approach connects the whole capacitance spectra to the occupancy of interface states, with no additional information about bulk trap levels. Simulations based on the model allow to derive the density of interface states effectively intervening in the carrier injection (similar to 1.5 x 10(12) cm (2)). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Experimental Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease in Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis): Investigation of the State of Virus Carrier.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) in lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) and to investigate the state of carrier of the virus (NDV) in this species. There were used 48 lovebirds, distributed at random into 4 experimental groups: GI (Ulster 2C strain), Gil (B1 strain), Gill (LaSota strain) and GIV (non-vaccinated group). At 12 months of age, all groups were challenged with a pathogenic virus (NDV) suspension (ElD50 = 1081510.1 mL) and a group of Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) chicks were used as control of the virus. Cloaca) swabs from each bird were collected after 9, 14 and 21 days post-challenge for detection of genome viral excretion by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR. Lovebirds of GI, Gil and Gill did not demonstrate any signs of ND. They were refractory to the clinical disease. In lovebirds from the control group, NDV genome was detected 9 and 21 days after challenge. Therefore it was demonstrated the state of carrier of NDV by lovebirds. In birds from the vaccinated groups, genome viral excretion was not detected by RT-PCR. It was also demonstrated the importance of the vaccination in the suppression of the state of virus carrier of ND in lovebirds.

Development of an operational substrate for ZapA, a metalloprotease secreted by the bacterium Proteus mirabilis

The protease ZapA, secreted by Proteus mirabilis, has been considered to be a virulence factor of this opportunistic bacterium. The control of its expression requires the use of an appropriate methodology, which until now has not been developed. The present study focused on the replacement of azocasein with fluorogenic substrates, and on the definition of enzyme specificity. Eight fluorogenic substrates were tested, and the peptide Abz-Ala-Phe-Arg-Ser-Ala-Ala-Gln-EDDnp was found to be the most convenient for use as an operational substrate for ZapA. A single peptide bond (Arg-Ser) was cleaved with a Km of 4.6 µM, a k cat of 1.73 s-1, and a catalytic efficiency of 376 (mM s)-1. Another good substrate for ZapA was peptide 6 (Abz-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg-Gln-EDDnp) which was cleaved at a single bond (Phe-Ser) with a Km of 13.6 µM, a k cat of 3.96 s-1 and a catalytic efficiency of 291 (mM s)-1. The properties of the amino acids flanking the scissile bonds were also evaluated, and no clear requirement for the amino acid residue at P1 was found, although the enzyme seems to have a preference for a hydrophobic residue at P2.